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BACKGROUND: Pintomyia longiflocosa is considered a vector of etiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The objective of this research was to establish the parameters of the life cycle of Pi. longiflocosa in semi-controlled conditions in a rural area of the Campoalegre municipality, Huila, Colombia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The life cycle of individuals of Pi. longiflocosa, obtained from two cohorts of collected, fed, and individualized females, was monitored during two different times of the year (between February and August 2020 and between July 2020 and January 2021, respectively). Determining parameters associated with the fertility and fecundity, time and attributes of development and survival, and its association with abiotic variables. The average duration of Cycle 1 (C1) and Cycle 2 (C2) was 134.9 and 148.78 days, respectively. The gonotrophic cycle of parental females presented significant differences (p-value <0.05) between C1 and C2 (8.47 and 11.42 days) as well as between fecundity and fertility parameters. The number of days it takes the development of the immature stages between the two cycles studied, also showed significant differences in the larvae II (15.21 and 22.23), larvae III (11.93 and 17.56), and pupae (24.48 and 22.9) stages. During C1, the survival rate was higher and consistent with the productivity of adult individuals (F1), compared to C2. Fecundity and fertility values were significantly higher in C2. Finally, a significant correlation between the number of individuals and temperature was evidenced in C1 while, for C2, there was a negative correlation with precipitation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Significant differences were found in several biological and reproductive parameters between the two cycles monitored. The parameters of the life cycle of Pi. longiflocosa in its natural habitat would be influenced by environmental factors related to the annual seasonality in the sub-Andean rural area, conditioning the temporal distribution of this species and, consequently, the possible transmission of causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease and public health concern, is associated with various factors such as biological, social, economical conditions and climate, increasing the risk of human infection. Understanding the population dynamics of the vectors, like Pintomyia longiflocosa, and its relationship with ecological variables is crucial for developing effective strategies to control sand fly populations and combat cutaneous leishmaniasis in a tropical country like Colombia. METHODOLOGY: Adult sand flies were collected in three different sample locations: outdoor, indoor, and peri-domestic areas in three houses located in the rural settlement of Campoalegre (Huila) between February 2020 and February 2021, using the CDC light traps. The sand fly density was quantified and associated with the sample locations and the sampling months using Analysis of Variance and Pearson correlations. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the period of the sample, 98.86% of sand fly collected was identified as Pi. longiflocosa. The density of this species was significantly different between males and females, the latter contributing more to density in all sample locations (P<0.0001). The outdoor was the sample location with the highest and most significative density in this study (70%, P = 0.04). The density of these sand flies is related to the seasonality of Campoalegre, revealing a density peak from February and June to October (P < 0.05). Finally, precipitation is the environmental variable prominently linked to the density pattern, showing a negative correlation with it. Months with the highest precipitations show the lowest values of Pi. longiflocosa abundance. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNICANCE: Our investigation reveals a inverse correlation between precipitation levels and the abundance of Pi. longiflocosa in Campoalegre (Huila), particularly in outdoor areas. This suggests that vector control strategies to periods of reduced precipitation in outdoor settings could offer an effective approach to minimizing cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region.

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El objetivo del presente artículo se orienta hacia una reflexión en torno a las brechas presentes en determinados elementos que tipifican el acceso al agua de la población pobre y la persistencia de esa inequidad en Colombia. La metodología y método aplicados favorecen un acercamiento teórico y estadístico donde se aborda el análisis asimétrico de la pobreza, la cobertura de acueducto, el acceso al agua y el impacto nacido en la prestación de un servicio de abastecimiento hídrico inadecuado, todo ello visto en los contextos urbano y rural. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el lento desarrollo de la voluntad política para intervenir la problemática se refleja igualmente en el lento avance de las variables que permiten eliminar la brecha de inequidad en cuanto pobreza de 21,8 puntos porcentuales (PP), cobertura del servicio en 47,1 PP y acceso al agua en 44,4 PP. Esto, de alguna manera, se puede entender como una falta de ética social y ambiental desde el quehacer público.

The aim of this article is geared toward reflection on gaps present in certain elements which define access to water for the poor and the persistence of this inequality in Colombia. The methodology applied favor a theoretical method and statistical approach where the asymmetric analysis of poverty is addressed, the coverage of water supply, access to water and impact born in providing an inadequate water supply service, all viewed in the urban and rural contexts. The results show that the slow development of political will to intervene the problem is also reflected in the slow progress of the variables that eliminate the inequality gap as poverty of 21.8 percentage points (PP), service coverage 47.1 PP and access to water at 44.4 PP. This, somehow, can be understood as a lack of social and environmental ethics from public affairs.

O objetivo deste artigo é voltado para a reflexão sobre as lacunas presentes emcertos elementos que definem o acesso à água para os pobres eapersistênciadessadesigualdade na Colômbia. A metodologia e os métodos aplicados, a favor de umaabordagem teórica e estatística, onde a análiseassimétrica da pobreza é abordada, a cobertura de abastecimento de água, acesso à água e impacto nascido na prestação de umserviço de abastecimento de águainadequado, tudo visto em contextos urbanos e rurais. Os resultados mostram que o lento desenvolvimento de vontade política para intervir o problema também se reflete no progresso lento das variáveis que eliminam a lacuna da desigualdade como a pobreza de 21,8 pontos percentuais (pp), a cobertura do serviço 47,1 pp e acesso à águaem 44,4 pp;que de alguma forma tambémpode ser entendida como uma falta de ética social e ambiental doassuntos públicos.

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Colombia hosts the second highest amphibian species diversity on Earth, yet its fauna remains poorly studied, especially using molecular genetic techniques. We present the results of the first wide-scale DNA barcoding survey of anurans of Colombia, focusing on a transect across the Eastern Cordillera. We surveyed 10 sites between the Magdalena Valley to the west and the eastern foothills of the Eastern Cordillera, sequencing portions of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) genes for 235 individuals from 52 nominal species. We applied two barcode algorithms, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Refined Single Linkage Analysis, to estimate the number of clusters or "unconfirmed candidate species" supported by DNA barcode data. Our survey included ~7% of the anuran species known from Colombia. While barcoding algorithms differed slightly in the number of clusters identified, between three and ten nominal species may be obscuring candidate species (in some cases, more than one cryptic species per nominal species). Our data suggest that the high elevations of the Eastern Cordillera and the low elevations of the Chicamocha canyon acted as geographic barriers in at least seven nominal species, promoting strong genetic divergences between populations associated with the Eastern Cordillera.

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Las enfermedades parasitarias se pueden presentar como emergencias médicas, en los países tropicales y subdesarrollados. La actualización permanente de su manejo clínico-terapéutico se puede realizar mediante la descripción de casos representativos. Se describen seis pacientes atendidos como emergencias: un electricista con absceso hepático amibiano que drenó a pleura, una hiperinfección por Strongyloides stercoralis, una recaida por leishmaniasis visceral, una niña con leishmaniasis de la mucosa nasal, un minero con insuficiencia renal que adquirió un paludismo por P.facilparum resistente a la cloroquina y un transportista con paludismo por P.vivax resistente a primaquina. Se discuten las complicaciones clínico-terapéuticas de los pacientes y se revisa la literatura médica disponible para actualizar estas parasitosis

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La ciprofloxacina es un nuevo agente antimicrobiano que pertenece al grupo de las quinolonas, con un amplio espectro de actividad. Esta nueva quinolona es altamente eficaz contra cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa y enterobacterias resistentes o no a otros antimicrobianos. La droga puede administrarse tanto vía parenteral como oral, siendo bactericida a las concentraciones habitualmente alcanzadas. Se procedió al estudio de la eficacia de este medicamento en 100 pacientes, a través de un estudio multicéntrico. Los pacientes padecían diferentes tipos de infecciones, que clasificamos como moderadas o graves, causadas por diferentes microorganismos, muchos de ellos enterobacterias multiresistentes y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La droga se administró por vía oral en 82 pacientes y por vía intravenosa en 18, por un lapso que varió entre 7 y 90 días. Los diagnósticos principales, fueron: infección de partes blandas, infección urinaria, osteomielitis, otomastoiditis, sepsis, infección intra-abdominal, etc. La eficacia encontrada fue de 92%, con una toxicidad baja, caracterizada, entre otras, por cefalea y alteraciones de la bioquímica hepática, reversibles al omitir el tratamiento. De lo anterior concluimos que la ciprofloxacina constituye, en base a este estudio y a otras publicaciones en la literatura, uno de los adelantos más prometedores en el tratamiento de infecciones moderadas y graves causadas por bacterias Gram negativas susceptibles, siendo una droga poco tóxica, facil de administrar y bien tolerada

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