RESUMO
The objective of this study was to examine the clinical and genetic variables associated with extra-articular rheumatoid arthritis (ExRA). This was a cross-sectional study in which 538 Northwestern Colombian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were included. Information about demographics and clinical characteristics including disease activity, inflammatory markers, co-morbidities, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, history of familial autoimmunity and therapy was recorded. The presence of HLA "shared epitope" (SE) alleles and TNF gene polymorphism was assessed. A multivariate statistical analysis was performed. ExRA was found in 32% of the patients, of which nodulosis, Sjögren's syndrome, and lung involvement were registered in 21%, 9%, and 4% of patients, respectively. Patients with ExRA were older than patients without it and they presented longer disease duration as well. Thus, an association between disease duration and ExRA manifestations was also observed. Patients with ExRA presented significant higher titers of anti-CCP antibodies as compared to patients without ExRA. Hypertension and thrombosis were significantly associated with ExRA. Never having smoked constituted a protective factor against ExRA onset. Associations between ExRA and the presence of traditional CV risk factors were also found. Our results show that duration of RA, CV disease and high titers of anti-CCP antibodies are associated with ExRA in Colombian patients with RA, and highlight the importance of preventing smoking in those who are prone to develop autoimmune diseases including RA.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/imunologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Genótipo , Antígenos HLA-DQ/genética , Cadeias beta de HLA-DQ , Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Cadeias HLA-DRB1 , Teste de Histocompatibilidade , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peptídeos Cíclicos/imunologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de Tempo , População BrancaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To review the physiological and physiopathological roles of pentraxin 3 (PTX3), focusing on autoimmunity and vascular pathology. METHODS: A systematic literature review using the keywords "pentraxin 3," "innate immunity," "apoptosis," "autoimmunity," and "endothelial dysfunction" from 1990 to 2007 was performed. All relevant articles and pertinent secondary references in English were reviewed. RESULTS: PTX3 has a large number of multiple functions in different contexts. PTX3 plays an important role in innate immunity, inflammation, vascular integrity, fertility, pregnancy, and also in the central nervous system. In innate immunity, its normal function is to increase the immune response to selected pathogens while also exerting control over potential autoimmune reactions. It maintains a tightly homeostatic equilibrium in the local immune microenvironment by avoiding an exaggerated immune response and controlling peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. In contrast, in some autoimmune diseases, PTX3 appears to be involved in the development of autoimmune phenomena. A possible explanation for these apparent paradoxical functions may be related to the highly polymorphic PTX3 gene. CONCLUSION: PTX3 is physiologically a protective molecule. However, in several autoimmune diseases PTX3 appears to facilitate the development of autoimmunity. The PTX3 gene could influence the development of autoimmune reactions and vascular involvement in human pathology.
Assuntos
Autoimunidade/fisiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/fisiologia , Componente Amiloide P Sérico/fisiologia , Proteína C-Reativa/química , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/fisiologia , Componente Amiloide P Sérico/química , Doenças Vasculares/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Las enfermedades autoinmunes comprenden un conjunto de desórdenes crónicos multisistémicos y complejos de etiología desconocida, asociados a factores genéticos, hormonales y ambientales. La susceptibilidad a padecerlas incluye la presencia de ciertos genes, algunos de ellos del complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (CMH), combinados con determinados autoanticuerpos. Clínicamente definida, la enfermedad autoinmune es precedida por un largo período de tiempo, en el que ciertos tipos de autoanticuerpos se pueden identificar en el suero. En conjunto, los autoanticuerpos y la identificación de alelos de susceptibilidad se pueden usar como predictores del inicio de la enfermedad e, inclusive, de ciertas manifestaciones clínicas y desenlaces. A continuación revisamos los principales factores de riesgo usados como predictores de enfermedades autoinmunes, al igual que las potenciales implicaciones clínicas y éticas...
Autoimmune diseases are chronic complex multisystem disorders. Their etiology is unknown but genetic, horonal and environmental factors have been associated. The susceptibility to autoimmune diseases includes the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes and others non-related, combined with autoantibodies. The clinical autoimmune disease is preceded by the presence of autoantibodies in serum a long period of time before the onset of clinical manifestations. Together, the presence of autoantibodies as well as the identification of susceptible alleles could be used as predictors of disease onset and clinical outcomes in these patients. Herein, we review the major risk factors that can be used as predictors for autoimmune diseases and their potential clinical and ethical implications as well...
As doenças autoinmunes compreendem um conjunto de desordens crônicas multisistémicos e complexos de etiología desconhecida, associado a fatores genéticos, hormonais e ambientais. A susceptibilidade a padecê-las inclui a presença de certos genes, alguns deles do complexo principal de histocompatibilidade (CMH), combinados com determinados auto-anticorpos. Clinicamente definida, a doença autoinmune é precedida por um longo período de tempo no que certos tipos de auto anticuerpos se podem identificar no soro. Em conjunto, os auto-anticorpos e a identificação de alelos de susceptibilidade se podem usar como previsões do início da doença e, inclusive, de certas manifestações clínicas e desenlaces. A seguir revisamos os principais fatores de risco usados como predictores de doenças autoinmunes, ao igual que os potenciais envolvimentos clínicos e éticos...
Assuntos
Humanos , Autoanticorpos , Doenças Autoimunes , Previsões , Complexo Principal de HistocompatibilidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since atherosclerosis development is a gradual process of damage inside the artery wall, and the phenotype-genotype correlation of complex diseases may vary depending on ethnicity, we sought to investigate the influence of clinical features, routine inflammatory markers, and the genetic component of RA on different stages of atherosclerosis in northwestern Colombian patients with RA. METHODS: A group of 140 patients with RA were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent a noninvasive evaluation of endothelial function by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMV) and an assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) by high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. The patients were classified into 3 categories: endothelial dysfunction (FMV <5%), increased IMT (0.91-1.29 mm), and plaque (IMT >1.30 mm). The risk of being in each category was assessed by investigating traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. For each stage of atherosclerosis development, we searched for nontraditional risk factors that were significantly associated with the stage after adjusting for traditional risk factors and current age. RESULTS: Rheumatoid factor seropositivity was significantly associated with endothelial dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 3.0). A duration of RA >10 years (AOR = 29.0) and being a carrier of an HLA-DRB1 shared epitope allele (AOR = 4.8) were associated with atherosclerotic plaque. No association of extra-articular manifestations, anticyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP3) antibodies, and tumor necrosis factor -308 polymorphism with CVD was found. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal the presence of RA-related risk factors for CVD which act independently of traditional risk factors. These factors can be used by clinicians to predict CVD in RA patients, and this data should assist in the development of public health policies in our population for the improvement of patient outcomes.