RESUMO
The Breast Cancer Revealed initiative was designed and conducted to know the status of breast cancer at each point of breast cancer care, through i) prevention, ii) detection, iii) diagnosis, iv) treatment, and iv) the capacity of our health systems. The expert panel from 11 Latin American countries identified several strategies and proposed high impact priorities, including implementation of prevention policies, improve primary healthcare capacity for breast cancer screening, have adequate infrastructure to make effective and timely diagnoses, have a multidisciplinary team in the treatment process, access to a variety of treatments for all types of patients, have a coordinated and articulated system from primary care to specialized hospital. In a region with limited resources, prioritization in high-impact strategies for breast cancer control could lead to improved clinical outcomes and quality of life for our patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , América Latina/epidemiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Atenção à Saúde , Detecção Precoce de CâncerRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The incidence of breast cancer (BC) in LMICs has increased by more than 20% within the last decade. In areas such as Latin America (LA), addressing BC at national levels evoke discussions surrounding fragmented care, limited resources, and regulatory barriers. Precision Medicine (PM), specifically companion diagnostics (CDx), links disease diagnosis and treatment for better patient outcomes. Thus, its application may aid in overcoming these barriers. RECENT FINDINGS: A panel of LA experts in fields related to BC and PM were provided with a series of relevant questions to address prior to a multi-day conference. Within this conference, each narrative was edited by the entire group, through numerous rounds of discussion until a consensus was achieved. The panel proposes specific, realistic recommendations for implementing CDx in BC in LA and other LMIC regions. In these recommendations, the authors strived to address all barriers to the widespread use and access mentioned previously within this manuscript. CONCLUSION: This manuscript provides a review of the current state of CDx for BC in LA. Of most importance, the panel proposes practical and actionable recommendations for the implementation of CDx throughout the Region in order to identify the right patient at the right time for the right treatment.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Testes Genéticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto/normas , Medicina de Precisão , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologiaRESUMO
RESUMEN: 21. Actualmente las empresas que aplican las herramientas de Manufactura Esbelta cometen el error de implementarlas de manera aislada para cubrir las necesidades de mejora a un corto plazo, por lo que obtienen beneficios limitados. Se presenta una revisión de litera tura relacionada con la implementación de herramientas de Manufactura Esbelta en la Industria, tales como Takt Time, 5's, Ocho desperdicios "mudas", Control Visual, Células de Manufactura, a prueba de errores (Poka-Yoke), Nivelación de la producción (Heijunka), Automatización inteligente (Jidoka), Mejora continua (Kaizen), Kanban, Cambios rápidos de modelo (SMED), Mantenimiento total de la producción (TPM), Justo a tiempo (JIT) y Mapeo del flujo de valor (VSM), analizando su aplicación tanto individual como en conjunto. Se visualiza que las 5'S, el VSM, Kaizen, Kanban y TPM son las más utilizadas en el ramo Manufacturero con un 9,46%, 8.1%, 6,75%, 5,4% y 4,05% respectivamente, y SMED con un 4,05% y JET con un 6,76% en el sector Automotriz; caso contrario, las Células de Manufactura, Heijunka y Andon son las menos utilizadas (en 1,35%).
ABSTRACT: 26. Currently the industries that apply Len Manufacturing tools commit the mistake of implement them in insolation to meet short-term improvement needs, so that, they obtain limited benefits. A literature review present is related with the implementation of Lean Manufacturing tools in the industry, such as Takt Time, 5's, Eight wastes "mudas", Visual Control, Manufacturing Cells, mistake proof ing (Poka-Yoke), Leveling production (Heijunka), Intelligent automa tion (Jidoka), Continuous improvement (Kaizen), Kanban, Quick changeover of model (SMED), Total productive maintenance (TPM), Just in time (JIT) and Value stream map (VSM), analyzing their application both individual and in assemblage. It is visualized that the 5's, the VSM, Kaizen, Kanban and TPM are the most utilized tools in the Manufacturing branch with 9.46%, 8.1%, 6.75%, 5.4% and 4.05% respectively, and SMED with 4.05% and JIT with 6.76% in the Automotive sector, otherwise, the Manufacturing Cells, Heijunka and Andon are the least used in 1.35%.
Assuntos
Gestão da Qualidade Total , Melhoria de Qualidade , IndústriasRESUMO
Introducción: existen dos formas de respuesta tumoral a la quimioterapia neoadyuvante: concéntrica o dispersa. Los pacientes con respuesta dispersa no son buenos candidatos a cirugía conservadora porque sus microfocos tumorales pueden pasar desapercibidos en el tejido que rodea el tumor residual principal. Este tipo de respuesta se ha identificado como marcador de recurrencia ipsilateral luego de cirugía conservadora. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el porcentaje de respuesta de cada patrón y la suficiencia del margen obtenido en los casos de cirugía conservadora. Material y método: se analizaron los registros médicos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía luego de quimioterapia neoadyuvante entre mayo de 2004 y diciembre de 2013. Se efectuó un análisis detallado del tipo de quimioterapia recibida y de los informes patológicos para determinar el patrón de respuesta así como la de los fenotipos moleculares y el grado tumoral en cada caso. Resultados: 14 de los 55 casos (25%) presentaron un patrón de respuesta dispersa (diez con microfocos distantes de cáncer invasor y cuatro con microfocos distantes de cáncer in situ). El porcentaje de respuesta patológica completa fue de 15,4%. No hubo diferencias significativas en el tipo de respuesta entre los diferentes inmunofenotipos ni entre diferentes grados tumorales, ni entre las pacientes que recibieron taxanos y las que no los recibieron. Conclusiones: un cuarto de las pacientes de nuestra serie presentó un patrón de respuesta dispersa luego de quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Este es un signo de advertencia para aquellos que abogan por la cirugía conservadora luego de neoadyuvancia, ya que la respuesta difusa aumenta el riesgo de márgenes insuficientes y recurrencia ipsilateral.
Abstract Introduction: there are two patterns of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: concentric or scattered. Patients with scattered response are not good candidates for conservative surgery since its tumor microfoci can go unnoticed in the tissue around the main residual tumor. The kind of response has been identified as an ipsilateral recurrence factor after conservative surgery. Objective: the study aims to evaluate the response percentage for each pattern and sufficiency of the surgical resection margin obtained in the cases of conservative surgery. Method: the medical records of patients who underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy between May 2004 and December 2013 were analysed. The type of chemotherapy and the histopathology reports were thoroughly analysed to determine the reponse pattern, as well as the molecular phenotypes and the degree of tumor for each case. Results: 14 out of 55 cases (25%) presented a scattered response pattern (ten of them with distant microfoci from the invasive cancer and four with distant microfoci of in situ cancer). Percentage of pathologic complete response was 15.4%. There were no significant differences in the response patterns among the different immunophenotypes or among different degrees of tumors, and neither was there a significant difference between those who received taxenes and those who did not receive it. Conclusions: one fourth of patients in our series presented a scattered reponse pattern after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This may be a warning signal for those who advocate for conservative surgery after neoadjuvant treatment, since scattered response increases the risk of insufficient margins and ipsilateral recurrence.
Resumo Introdução: existem duas formas de resposta tumoral à quimioterapia neoadjuvante: concêntrica ou dispersa. Os pacientes com resposta dispersa não são bons candidatos à cirurgia conservadora porque seus microfocos tumorais podem passar despercebidos no tecido que rodea o tumor residual principal. Este tipo de resposta foi identificado como marcador de recorrência ipsilateral pós-cirurgia conservadora. Objetivo: avaliar a porcentagem de resposta de cada padrão e a suficiência da margem obtida nos casos de cirurgia conservadora. Material e método: os prontuários médicos dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia pós-quimioterapia neoadjuvante no período maio de 2004 - dezembro de 2013 foram analisados. Foi realizada uma análise detalhada do tipo de quimioterapia recebida e dos laudos patológicos para determinar o padrão de resposta bem como dos fenótipos moleculares e do grau tumoral em cada caso. Resultados: 14 dos 55 casos (25%) apresentaram um padrão de resposta dispersa (dez com microfocos distantes de câncer invasor e quatro com microfocos distantes de câncer in situ). A porcentagem de resposta patológica completa foi de 15,4%. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no tipo de resposta entre os diferentes imunofenótipos nem entre os diferentes graus tumorais, nem entre os pacientes que receberam taxanos e os que não os receberam. Conclusões: um quarto dos pacientes da nossa serie apresentou um padrão de resposta dispersa pós-quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Este é um sinal de advertência para os que defendem a cirurgia conservadora pós neoadjuvancia, considerando que a resposta difusa aumenta o risco de margens insuficientes e recorrência ipsilateral.
Assuntos
Humanos , Neoplasias da Mama , Mastectomia Segmentar , Terapia NeoadjuvanteRESUMO
Introducción: existen dos formas de respuesta tumoral a la quimioterapia neoadyuvante: concéntrica o dispersa. Los pacientes con respuesta dispersa no son buenos candidatos a cirugía conservadora porque sus microfocos tumorales pueden pasar desapercibidos en el tejido que rodea el tumor residual principal. Este tipo de respuesta se ha identificado como marcador de recurrencia ipsilateral luego de cirugía conservadora. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el porcentaje de respuesta de cada patrón y la suficiencia del margen obtenido en los casos de cirugía conservadora. Material y método: se analizaron los registros médicos de pacientes sometidos a cirugía luego de quimioterapia neoadyuvante entre mayo de 2004 y diciembre de 2013. Se efectuó un análisis detallado del tipo de quimioterapia recibida y de los informes patológicos para determinar el patrón de respuesta así como la de los fenotipos moleculares y el grado tumoral en cada caso. Resultados: 14 de los 55 casos (25%) presentaron un patrón de respuesta dispersa (diez con microfocos distantes de cáncer invasor y cuatro con microfocos distantes de cáncer in situ). El porcentaje de respuesta patológica completa fue de 15,4%. No hubo diferencias significativas en el tipo de respuesta entre los diferentes inmunofenotipos ni entre diferentes grados tumorales, ni entre las pacientes que recibieron taxanos y las que no los recibieron. Conclusiones: un cuarto de las pacientes de nuestra serie presentó un patrón de respuesta dispersa luego de quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Este es un signo de advertencia para aquellos que abogan por la cirugía conservadora luego de neoadyuvancia, ya que la respuesta difusa aumenta el riesgo de márgenes insuficientes y recurrencia ipsilateral.(AU)
Abstract Introduction: there are two patterns of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: concentric or scattered. Patients with scattered response are not good candidates for conservative surgery since its tumor microfoci can go unnoticed in the tissue around the main residual tumor. The kind of response has been identified as an ipsilateral recurrence factor after conservative surgery. Objective: the study aims to evaluate the response percentage for each pattern and sufficiency of the surgical resection margin obtained in the cases of conservative surgery. Method: the medical records of patients who underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy between May 2004 and December 2013 were analysed. The type of chemotherapy and the histopathology reports were thoroughly analysed to determine the reponse pattern, as well as the molecular phenotypes and the degree of tumor for each case. Results: 14 out of 55 cases (25%) presented a scattered response pattern (ten of them with distant microfoci from the invasive cancer and four with distant microfoci of in situ cancer). Percentage of pathologic complete response was 15.4%. There were no significant differences in the response patterns among the different immunophenotypes or among different degrees of tumors, and neither was there a significant difference between those who received taxenes and those who did not receive it. Conclusions: one fourth of patients in our series presented a scattered reponse pattern after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This may be a warning signal for those who advocate for conservative surgery after neoadjuvant treatment, since scattered response increases the risk of insufficient margins and ipsilateral recurrence.(AU)
Resumo Introdução: existem duas formas de resposta tumoral à quimioterapia neoadjuvante: concêntrica ou dispersa. Os pacientes com resposta dispersa não são bons candidatos à cirurgia conservadora porque seus microfocos tumorais podem passar despercebidos no tecido que rodea o tumor residual principal. Este tipo de resposta foi identificado como marcador de recorrência ipsilateral pós-cirurgia conservadora. Objetivo: avaliar a porcentagem de resposta de cada padrão e a suficiência da margem obtida nos casos de cirurgia conservadora. Material e método: os prontuários médicos dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia pós-quimioterapia neoadjuvante no período maio de 2004 - dezembro de 2013 foram analisados. Foi realizada uma análise detalhada do tipo de quimioterapia recebida e dos laudos patológicos para determinar o padrão de resposta bem como dos fenótipos moleculares e do grau tumoral em cada caso. Resultados: 14 dos 55 casos (25%) apresentaram um padrão de resposta dispersa (dez com microfocos distantes de câncer invasor e quatro com microfocos distantes de câncer in situ). A porcentagem de resposta patológica completa foi de 15,4%. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no tipo de resposta entre os diferentes imunofenótipos nem entre os diferentes graus tumorais, nem entre os pacientes que receberam taxanos e os que não os receberam. Conclusões: um quarto dos pacientes da nossa serie apresentou um padrão de resposta dispersa pós-quimioterapia neoadjuvante. Este é um sinal de advertência para os que defendem a cirurgia conservadora pós neoadjuvancia, considerando que a resposta difusa aumenta o risco de margens insuficientes e recorrência ipsilateral.(AU)
RESUMO
Se exponen las características y fases de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, así como las etapas de construcción, siendo estas la especificación, identificación, estimación de parámetros, evaluación del ajuste, reespecificación del modelo y la interpretación de resultados. Se presenta el análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio como parte para la construcción de un modelo. Se detallan algunos paquetes computacionales como el LISREL, AMOS y SPSS. A modo de ejemplificar los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, se realiza un estudio en la población docente de tiempo completo del departamento de ingeniería Industrial y Manufactura de una universidad pública de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México. Se estudia el impacto de los factores socioculturales y ergoambientales en la satisfacción laboral, obteniendo un modelo resultante en el que se detallan las variables más y menos significativas. No se rechazan las cuatro hipótesis cuyos valores son 0,06, 0,06, 0,071, 0,074, respectivamente.
The characteristics and phases of structural equation modeling and construction phases, and these are the specification, identification, parameter estimation, assessment of adjustment, re-specification of the model and the interpretation of results are shown. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis as part for the construction of a model is presented. Some software packages like LISREL, AMOS and SPSS are detailed. By way of illustrating the structural equation modeling, a study was performed on the population of full-time faculty of the Department of Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing of a public university in Ciudad juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The impact of sociocultural and ergoambientales factors in getting a job satisfaction resulting model in which more and less significant variables detailed studied. The four scenarios whose values are 0,06, 0,06, 0,071, 0,074 respectively can not refuse.
Assuntos
Humanos , Local de Trabalho , Análise de Classes Latentes , Ergonomia , Satisfação no Emprego , Modelos Estruturais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Universidades , Análise Fatorial , MéxicoRESUMO
Se realiza una búsqueda exhaustiva de las variables pertenecientes a la Satisfacción Laboral, los Factores Socioculturales y los Factores Ergoambientales. Se examinan cuatro instrumentos de medición de la Satisfacción Laboral validados en el sector educativo de varios países, seleccionando las variables más relevantes para el caso de estudio. Se presenta la operacionalización de las variables del instrumento específico conformado por 32 items. Se valida en una prueba piloto de 26 encuestas con un nivel de confianza del 95%, obteniendo un valor Alpha de Crombach de 0,941. Se recomienda aplicarlo en las Instituciones de Educación Superior en México, tanto privadas como públicas y observar los resultados.
An exhaustive search of the variables belonging to the Job Satisfaction, Sociocultural Factors and environmental ergonomic factors is performed. Four instruments measuring job satisfaction validated in the education sector in several countries, selecting the most relevant variables to the case study are examined. The operationalization of the variables of the specific instrument conformed 32 by items is presented. It is validated in a pilot test of 26 surveys with a level of confidence of 95%, obtaining a Cronbach Alpha value of 0,941. It is recommended to apply in Institutions of Higher Education in Mexico, both private and public and observe the results.
Assuntos
Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Docentes/psicologia , Satisfação no Emprego , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Condições de Trabalho , Projetos Piloto , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores Culturais , Universidades , Correlação de Dados , Ergonomia , MéxicoRESUMO
Se presenta un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, cuantitativo y de observación directa en el que se evalúan los factores ergoambientales tales como iluminación, ruido y temperatura, al igual que el entorno físico dado por el mobiliario, áreas internas y externas, en las instalaciones de una institución de educación infantil. Se utiliza equipo de medición como el luxómetro EXTECH, sonómetro Quest modelo 1100 tipo 1, termómetro ambiental QUESTemp 34 y un flexómetro Tajima G-Lock de 10 metros. Se analizan los criterios de las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas y del Instituto Nacional de la Infraestructura Física y Educativa comparándolos con los resultados. Se encuentra que la iluminación en las aulas incumple con los parámetros de la norma. La temperatura se detecta normal y el nivel de ruido es crítico en ciertas horas de la mañana. Se recomienda realizar el estudio en épocas de frío y calor extremo respectivamente para determinar si los parámetros son los correctos. Cambiar el tipo de iluminación y mobiliario en los salones de clases y taller de juegos así como establecer programas preventivos de mantenimiento para disminuir el ruido. De igual manera, aplicar este estudio en otras escuelas de iniciación infantil.
An exploratory, descriptive, quantitative and direct observation study is presented, in which environmental ergonomic factors such as illumination, noise and temperature, as the the physical environment given by furniture, indoor and outdoor areas are evaluated in the facilities of a childhood education institution. Measuring equipment as the light meter EXTECH, sound level meter Quest Model 1100 Type 1, environmental thermometer QUESTemp 34 and a tape measure Tajima G-Lock of 10 meters. Criteria of Mexican Official Standards and the National Institute of Physical Education Infrastructure are analyzed and compared with the results. It is found that the illumination in classrooms violates the standard parameters. Normal temperature is detected and the noise level is critical in certain hours of the morning. It is recommended to perform the study in times of extreme heat and cold respectively to determine if the parameters are correct. Changing the type of illumination and furniture in classrooms and game workshops and establishing preventive maintenance programs to reduce noise as well. In a like manner, apply this study to other schools of child initiation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Instituições Acadêmicas , Condições de Trabalho , Escolas Maternais , Ergonomia/normas , Segurança , Temperatura , Iluminação/normas , Infraestrutura , Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário/normas , México , Ruído OcupacionalRESUMO
Primary Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) of the stomach is an extremely rare entity. Most cases of gastric involvement by HL are observed in the setting of disseminated disease. The nonspecific nature of the symptoms and endoscopic findings, which include a large malignant-looking ulcer and mass or wall thickening, together with the considerable histological overlap between HLs and some non-HLs or undifferentiated carcinoma, make the surgical resection diagnosis extremely difficult. An accurate diagnosis is important as treatment and outcome differ significantly for these neoplasms. In small endoscopic gastric biopsies and even in postoperative specimens, the precise histological diagnosis of HL is particularly challenging. Here, the authors report 5 cases of 2 women and 3 men aged 22 to 68, with gastric involvement by classic HLs-3 primary gastric HLs and 2 as part of widespread disease. All 5 patients presented with digestive symptoms. At endoscopy, the lesions presented as ulcerated and elevated lesions, with or without mucosal thickening. Four patients were misdiagnosed in the preoperative biopsy or in the gastrectomy specimen. Association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was detected in 4 cases, with a predominance of subtype A EBV. These cases illustrate the significant difficulties, both clinical and pathological, in achieving the diagnosis of HL involving the stomach in immunocompetent patients.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Doença de Hodgkin , Biópsia , Doença de Hodgkin/diagnóstico , Humanos , EstômagoRESUMO
Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue validar la PAAF en el diagnóstico de linfadenitis tuberculosa (TB) en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), utilizando como "gold standard" el cultivo de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en biopsia ganglionar o la histopatolog¡a más la respuesta al tratamiento espec¡fico. Material y método: estudio clínico-patológico prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH infectados, previo consentimiento informado, mayores a 18 años, con adenomegalias superficiales mayores a 2 cm, asistidos en la Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas entre octubre de 2004 y diciembre de 2006. Se realizó PAAF y biopsia del mismo ganglio. En las muestras citológicas e histopatológicas se realizaron tinciones habituales, Ziehl-Neelsen y cultivos para micobacterias. Se definió como citolog¡a sugestiva de linfadenitis TB: 1) linfadenitis reactiva con necrosis; 2) linfadenitis reactiva con células epitelioides y/o macrófagos y/o células gigantes multinucleadas; con o sin bacilos cido-alcohol resistentes en el directo con tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen. De 30 pacientes incluidos, 23 correspondieron a una TB ganglionar. En los 7 pacientes restantes la PAAF descartó el diagnóstico de TB en 6, evitando tratamientos innecesarios, e indicando estudio histológico para diagnóstico definitivo. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo de la PAAF para el diagnóstico de linfadenitis TB fue de 95%, 86%, 95% y 86%. El coeficiente de concordancia de Kappa entre ambos procedimientos fue de 90%. Conclusiones: la PAAF de ganglio linfático en pacientes VIH tiene un elevado rendimiento como técnica diagnóstica de TB ganglionar. A su vez permite seleccionar qué pacientes requieren biopsia ganglionar para diagnóstico definitivo, evitando la realización sistemática de la misma en todos los pacientes con adenomegalias.
Objective: the objective of the study was to validate PAAF for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in patients with HIV, by using culture for Mycobacodeterium tuberculosis in node biopsy or histopathology as goldstandard, together to the response to the specific treatment. Method: prospective clinical-pathological study. Patients included in our study: were infected with HIV, provided their informed consent, were older than 18 years of age, had superficial adenomagaly larger than 2 cm, and were seen at the Infectious Diseases Service from October 2004 through December 2006. Fine needle puncture aspiration (PAAF ) and biopsy of the same node were performed. Usual stain and Ziehl-Neelsen stain were use din cytological and histopatological samples, and microbacteria cultures were made. We defined the following citology suggested TB lymphadenitis:1) reactive lymphadenitis with necrosis; 2) reactive lymphadenitis with epithelial cells and/or macrophagos and/or multinuclear giant cells; with or without acid-alcohol resistant bacilli in the direct (sample?) with Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Results: out of 30 patients included in the study, 23 corresponded to node TB. In the remaining seven patients, diagnosis was negative in six of them, according to PAAF, and thus unnecessary treatment was avoided, and histological study was determined for final diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of PAAF for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis was 95%, 86%, 95% and 86% respectively. Kappa concordance coefficient between both procedures was 90%. Conclusions: lymph node PAAF in patients with HIV is a high performance diagnostic technique for the diagnosisof node TB. Likewise, it enables selecting patients to undergo node biopsy for final diagnose, avoiding its systematic conduction in all patients with adenomegaly.
Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi validar a PAAF no diagnóstico de linfadenite tuberculosa (TB) em pacientes infectados pelo v¡rus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH), utilizando como gold standard o cultivo de Mycobacterium tuberculosis em biopsia ganglionar ou a histopatologia com resposta ao tratamento espec¡fico. Material e método: estudo clínico-patológico prospectivo. Foram inclu¡dos pacientes portadores de VIH, com consentimento informado prévio, maiores de 18 anos, com adenomegalias superficiais maiores que 2 cm, atendidos na Cátedra de Doenças Infecciosas entre outubro de 2004 e dezembro de 2006. Em cada gânglio foi realizada PAAF e biopsia. Nas amostras citológicas e histopatológicas foram realizadas as colorações habituais, Ziehl-Neelsen e cultivos para micobacterias. Foi definida como citologia sugestiva de linfadenite TB: 1) linfadenite reativa com necrose; 2) linfadenite reativa com células epitelioides e/ou macrófagos e/ou células gigantes multinucleadas; com ou sem bacilos cido- lcool resistentes no exame direto com coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen. Resultados: dos 30 pacientes inclu¡dos, 23 apresentaram TB ganglionar. Nos sete pacientes restantes a PAAF descartou o diagnóstico de TB em seis, evitando tratamentos desnecessários, e indicando exame histológico para diagnóstico definitivo. A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo da PAAF para o diagnóstico de linfadenite TB foram respectivamente 95%, 86%, 95% e 86%. O coeficiente de concordância de Kappa entre ambos procedimentos foi de 90%. Conclusães: a PAAF de gânglio linfático em pacientes VIH tem alto rendimento como técnica diagnóstica de TB ganglionar. Permite também selecionar os pacientes que necessitam biopsia ganglionar para diagnóstico definitivo, evitando sua realização sistemática em todos os pacientes com adenomegalias.
Assuntos
Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Tuberculose dos LinfonodosRESUMO
Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue validar la PAAF en el diagnóstico de linfadenitis tuberculosa (TB) en pacientes infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), utilizando como gold standard el cultivo de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en biopsia ganglionar o la histopatología más la respuesta al tratamiento específico. Material y método: estudio clínico-patológico prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes VIH infectados, previo consentimiento informado, mayores a 18 años, con adenomegalias superficiales mayores a 2 cm, asistidos en la Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas entre octubre de 2004 y diciembre de 2006. Se realizó PAAF y biopsia del mismo ganglio. En las muestras citológicas e histopatológicas se realizaron tinciones habituales, Ziehl-Neelsen y cultivos para micobacterias. Se definió como citología sugestiva de linfadenitis TB: 1) linfadenitis reactiva con necrosis; 2) linfadenitis reactiva con células epitelioides y/o macrófagos y/o células gigantes multinucleadas; con o sin bacilos cido-alcohol resistentes en el directo con tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen. De 30 pacientes incluidos, 23 correspondieron a una TB ganglionar. En los 7 pacientes restantes la PAAF descartó el diagnóstico de TB en 6, evitando tratamientos innecesarios, e indicando estudio histológico para diagnóstico definitivo. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo de la PAAF para el diagnóstico de linfadenitis TB fue de 95%, 86%, 95% y 86%. El coeficiente de concordancia de Kappa entre ambos procedimientos fue de 90%. Conclusiones: la PAAF de ganglio linfático en pacientes VIH tiene un elevado rendimiento como técnica diagnóstica de TB ganglionar. A su vez permite seleccionar qué pacientes requieren biopsia ganglionar para diagnóstico definitivo, evitando la realización sistemática de la misma en todos los pacientes con adenomegalias.(AU)
Objective: the objective of the study was to validate PAAF for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in patients with HIV, by using culture for Mycobacodeterium tuberculosis in node biopsy or histopathology as ôgoldstandardö, together to the response to the specific treatment. Method: prospective clinical-pathological study. Patients included in our study: were infected with HIV, provided their informed consent, were older than 18 years of age, had superficial adenomagaly larger than 2 cm, and were seen at the Infectious Diseases Service from October 2004 through December 2006. Fine needle puncture aspiration (PAAF ) and biopsy of the same node were performed. Usual stain and Ziehl-Neelsen stain were use din cytological and histopatological samples, and microbacteria cultures were made. We defined the following citology suggested TB lymphadenitis:1) reactive lymphadenitis with necrosis; 2) reactive lymphadenitis with epithelial cells and/or macrophagos and/or multinuclear giant cells; with or without acid-alcohol resistant bacilli in the direct (sample?) with Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Results: out of 30 patients included in the study, 23 corresponded to node TB. In the remaining seven patients, diagnosis was negative in six of them, according to PAAF, and thus unnecessary treatment was avoided, and histological study was determined for final diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of PAAF for the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis was 95%, 86%, 95% and 86% respectively. Kappa concordance coefficient between both procedures was 90%. Conclusions: lymph node PAAF in patients with HIV is a high performance diagnostic technique for the diagnosisof node TB. Likewise, it enables selecting patients to undergo node biopsy for final diagnose, avoiding its systematic conduction in all patients with adenomegaly.(AU)
Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi validar a PAAF no diagnóstico de linfadenite tuberculosa (TB) em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH), utilizando como ôgold standardö o cultivo de Mycobacterium tuberculosis em biopsia ganglionar ou a histopatologia com resposta ao tratamento específico. Material e método: estudo clínico-patológico prospectivo. Foram incluídos pacientes portadores de VIH, com consentimento informado prévio, maiores de 18 anos, com adenomegalias superficiais maiores que 2 cm, atendidos na Cátedra de Doenças Infecciosas entre outubro de 2004 e dezembro de 2006. Em cada gânglio foi realizada PAAF e biopsia. Nas amostras citológicas e histopatológicas foram realizadas as colorações habituais, Ziehl-Neelsen e cultivos para micobacterias. Foi definida como citologia sugestiva de linfadenite TB: 1) linfadenite reativa com necrose; 2) linfadenite reativa com células epitelioides e/ou macrófagos e/ou células gigantes multinucleadas; com ou sem bacilos ácido-álcool resistentes no exame direto com coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen. Resultados: dos 30 pacientes incluídos, 23 apresentaram TB ganglionar. Nos sete pacientes restantes a PAAF descartou o diagnóstico de TB em seis, evitando tratamentos desnecessários, e indicando exame histológico para diagnóstico definitivo. A sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo da PAAF para o diagnóstico de linfadenite TB foram respectivamente 95%, 86%, 95% e 86%. O coeficiente de concordância de Kappa entre ambos procedimentos foi de 90%. Conclusães: a PAAF de gânglio linfático em pacientes VIH tem alto rendimento como técnica diagnóstica de TB ganglionar. Permite também selecionar os pacientes que necessitam biopsia ganglionar para diagnóstico definitivo, evitando sua realização sistemática em todos os pacientes com adenomegalias.(AU)
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Biópsia por Agulha FinaRESUMO
We present a case of a 16-year-old boy with a primary clear cell adenocarcinoma of the prostatic utricle. The patient presented with a 6-month history of intermittent, nonpainful, gross hematuria and an associated right renal agenesis. Radiographic studies revealed the presence of a solid and cystic mass between the bladder neck and the cranium of the prostate. Serum tests, including prostate-specific antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, CA-19-9, and human chorionic gonadotropin, were performed and found to be within normal limits. A surgical resection of the mass including prostate and seminal vesicles was performed. Grossly, a polypoid exophytic tumor was present at the prostatic utricle. Histologically, the tumor shows the classical clear cell morphology reminiscent of the so-called mesonephric adenocarcinomas. At clinical follow-up, the patient is alive and well 18 months after surgical resection. The present case highlights an unusual phenomenon of the development of an unusual form of adenocarcinoma in an adolescent.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/cirurgia , Adolescente , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Antígeno Ca-125/metabolismo , Humanos , Queratinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgiaAssuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama , Fibromatose Agressiva , Implantes de Mama , Fibromatose Agressiva , Imuno-HistoquímicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Metabolic acidosis is a consequence of chronic renal failure and it may produce bone demineralization, muscle proteolysis, and progression of chronic renal failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of correction of metabolic acidosis with calcium citrate in an experimental model of renal mass ablation. METHODS: Wistar rats were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy and were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: nontreated (NFX); treated with calcium citrate (1.45 g/100 g feed) (NFX-CIT); treated with captopril (500 mg/L water) (NFX-CAP); or treated with both (NFX-CAP-CIT) during 1, 10, or 20 weeks. Body weight, systolic blood pressure, proteinuria, arterial bicarbonate concentration, urine citrate excretion, plasma calcium, and inulin clearance were measured. Histologic glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage scores were measured at 1, 10, and 20 weeks, and glomerular and tubular proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and desmin staining were studied by immunohistochemistry at 1 and 10 weeks. RESULTS: The treated groups showed significantly less glomerular and tubulointerstitial cellular proliferation in the first week (P < 0.05), less glomerular cell transdifferentiation and higher plasma bicarbonate at 10 weeks (P < 0.05), as well as diminished histologic glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage scores at 20 weeks (P < 0.05). Inulin clearances were higher (P < 0.05), and urine protein excretion rates were lower (P < 0.05) than in the NFX non-treated group, but arterial blood pressure was not significantly different in the NFX-CIT group. CONCLUSION: Calcium citrate slows the progression of chronic renal injury in the 5/6 NFX model. It improves metabolic acidosis and diminishes cell proliferation and transdifferentiation without changes in systolic blood pressure.