RESUMO
In tilapia aquaculture, the cultivation of single-sex animals is extremely widespread, as it allows for the standardization of lots, in addition to improving the general performance of the animals. However, it is possible that hormonal inversion interacts with other factors, such as environmental and nutritional management, and modulates the immune response and antioxidant system of animals in a distinct manner. In order to test this hypothesis, an experiment was carried out using Nile tilapia larvae six days after hatching, divided into four experimental groups: NI (non-inverted animals), I (sexual inverted animals), NI + M (non-inverted supplemented with microencapsulated products) and I + M (sexual inverted and supplemented with microencapsulated products; half of which were subjected to transportation-related stress after 28 days of the experiment. At the end, the survival rate was evaluated; the gene expression of heat shock protein (HSP70), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX 2) via RT-PCR; also evaluated were the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, as well as the total antioxidant capacity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). Animals from the I and I + M groups had the highest survival rate (p < 0.001) regardless of transportation stress. The highest expressions of HSP70 were found in the NI group (p < 0.001, with and without transportation). For the IL-1ß gene, there was an increase in expression for animals belonging to groups NI and NI + M (no transportation); and NI (p < 0.0001, with transportation). Increased COX 2 expression was observed for all groups after transportation (p < 0.0001). The highest SOD activities were observed in groups I and I + M (without transportation, p = 0.0004), and I (with transportation, p < 0.0001). The transportation decreased the total antioxidant capacity of DPPH in all treatments (p < 0.001). Finally, when evaluating all of the results together, we came to a conclusion that sex inversion improves the immune response and antioxidant profile of animals under stressful conditions when associated with microencapsulated dietary supplementation.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Larva/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
As mycotoxins are consistent contaminants in the dairy cow diet, the use of adsorbents is recommended, although there are no ideal adsorbents. Although there are studies on this subject, few have focused on chronic natural intoxications. Here, we evaluated the effect of bentonite adsorbents associated with liver antioxidants on the health and milk production of dairy cows fed a diet containing naturally-produced fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Eighteen dairy cows (bodyweight 550 ±50 kg, 5 ± 2 years old, and 30 ± 1,25 kg/day milk production) in the middle of lactation were divided into groups: treatment (TG, n = 9, 22 g/day of supplement added to diet) and control (CG, n = 9, without supplement). A physical examination was performed, weekly over 56 days and blood was collected for liver and immune assessments. Milk was harvested to evaluate milk production and content (fat protein, somatic cell count, and lactose). The additive promoted beneficial effects on the liver from the 24th day due to a decrease in the enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and increased serum protein and albumin levels. There were improvements in health, evidenced as fewer clinical manifestations of the disease, greater leukocyte oxidative metabolism capacity, and a lower neutrophil lymphocytes ratio. The treatment also promoted a 19% increase in milk volume. It was concluded that the additive promoted health benefits and milk production in dairy cows.(AU)
Como as micotoxinas são contaminantes constantes na dieta de vacas leiteiras, o uso de adsorventes é recomendado, embora não existam adsorventes ideiais. Ainda que existam estudos sobre o assunto, poucos são direcionados às intoxicações naturais crônicas. Nosso experimento avaliou o efeito do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos sobre a saúde e produção de leite de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta contendo fumonisina, zearalenona e desoxinivalenol produzidos naturalmente. Dezoito vacas lei-teiras (peso corporal 550 ±50 kg, 5±2 anos de idade, e 30 ± 1,25 kg/dia de produção de leite) no meio da lactação, foram divididas em grupos: Tratamento (GT, n=9, 22g/dia do suplemento adicionado à dieta) e controle (GC, n =9, sem suplemento). Em intervalos semanais, durante 56 dias, foi realizado exame físico, coleta de sangue para avaliação hepática e imunológica. O leite foi colhido para avaliar a produção e análises de leite para (proteína, gordura, contagem de células somáticas e lactose). O aditivo promoveu efeitos bené-ficos no fígado à partir do 24º dia devido à diminuição das atividades enzimáticas da gama-glutamiltransferase e lactato desidrogenase e aumento dos níveis séricos de proteína e albumina. Houve melhora na saúde, evidenciada por menor número de manifestações clínicas de doença, maior capacidade de metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos e menor razão neutrófilos/linfócitos. O tratamento também promo-veu aumento de 19% no volume de leite. Concluiu-se que o aditivo promoveu benefícios à saúde e à produção de leite em vacas leiteiras.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bentonita/efeitos adversos , Bovinos/fisiologia , Micotoxinas/efeitos adversos , Antioxidantes/efeitos adversos , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Forty crossbred steers were supplemented with different doses (from 0 control to 6000 mg/animal/day) of natural additive blend containing clove essential oil, cashew oil, castor oil, and a microencapsulated blend of eugenol, thymol, and vanillin for 80 days. Carcass characteristics, drip loss, and antioxidant activity were evaluated 24 h post mortem on longissimus thoracis, and the effects of aging (until 14 days) were evaluated for water losses (thawing/aging and cooking), texture, color, and lipid oxidation. RESULTS: The use of the natural additive blend did not modify (P > 0.05) carcass characteristics but did, however, modify body composition (P < 0.05). Drip losses were unaffected by the treatments tested (P > 0.05). There was an observed quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on losses from thawing/aging on the first day of storage. Regarding the effects of natural additives on cooking losses, there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) among the treatments on day 7 of aging. Differences between days of aging were only observed with control treatment. Shear force was similar among treatments on days 1 and 7 of aging. On day 14 a linear effect (P < 0.05) was observed. Also, a linear effect (P < 0.05) appeared on meat lightness, meat from the control group being clearer on day 1. No changes were observed in redness among treatments or days of storage (P > 0.05). Yellowness was not modified by the treatments (P > 0.05)but only by the days of storage in control and the lowest dosage used. CONCLUSION: The blend of natural additives has potential use in pasture feeding and could improve meat quality. However, doses should be adjusted. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Anacardium/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Óleo de Rícino/metabolismo , Bovinos/metabolismo , Aditivos Alimentares/metabolismo , Carne/análise , Syzygium/metabolismo , Matadouros , Animais , Benzaldeídos/metabolismo , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Eugenol/metabolismo , Aditivos Alimentares/análise , Músculo Esquelético/química , Músculo Esquelético/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Timol/metabolismoRESUMO
Forty young crossbred bulls (10 ± 2.2 months of age; 219 ± 11.7 kg) were finished in a feedlot with one of five different treatments: CON, control (no essential oil); CLO450, clove essential oil (450 mg/kg); CLO880, clove essential oil (880 mg/kg); CIN450; cinnamon essential oil (450 mg/kg); and CIN880, cinnamon essential oil (880 mg/kg). Instrumental meat quality attributes and consumer acceptability aspects (visual and sensory) were assessed during meat ageing and display. The inclusion of clove essential oil showed (P = 0.033) a quadratic effect on lipid oxidation in meat evaluated under display conditions. Level of cinnamon essential oil affected (P < 0.05) pH, shear force, and meat colour. On the other hand, the diet had no effect (P > 0.05) on sensory or visual acceptability. Ageing (7 days) enhanced (P < 0.05) sensory acceptability attributes. Globally, the addition of essential oil in bull diets can be an alternative to reduces lipid oxidation without modifying sensory acceptability attributes.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Óleos Voláteis , Carne Vermelha/análise , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Óleo de Cravo , Cor , Comportamento do Consumidor , Dieta/veterinária , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxirredução , Resistência ao CisalhamentoRESUMO
The reduction in slaughter age with minimum fat and dry aging process improves meat tenderness, however, its shelf-life in display has not been studied. It was evaluated the sensorial, and the color, lipid oxidation, and visual acceptance in display of dry-aged beef (0, 14, and 28 days) from young bulls slaughtered with different subcutaneous fat thickness (2.00, 3.00, and 4.00 mm). Meat with 2.00 and 3.00 mm fat had higher acceptability than 4.00 mm (p < .05). Dry aging improved overall acceptability of consumers. Meat with 2.00 and 3.00 mm fat presented higher lightness and lipid oxidation values than 4.00 mm (p < .05) but similar visual acceptance was observed. Dry-aged beef (14 and 28 days) had lower lightness, but higher redness (p < .05) than not dry aged (0 days). Display reduced color over time, for all dry-aged treatments (p < .05). Dry aging process increased lipid oxidation but these values were below 2.00 mg/kg of malonaldehyde only in the first day of display. Dry aged for 14 days had similar visual acceptability to not dry-aged beef until the third day of display (p < .05). Shelf-life of 0, 14, and 28 days of dry aged was 5.41, 2.55, and 0.23 days. Despite of the increase in lipid oxidation and lightness, the sensorial and display acceptability of meat from young bulls was not prejudiced by the reduction in fat thickness. Beef dry-aged for 14 days was visually well accepted and could be displayed for 2.55 days without compromising acceptability.
Assuntos
Distribuição da Gordura Corporal , Cor , Comportamento do Consumidor , Análise de Alimentos , Indústria Alimentícia , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Carne Vermelha/análise , Percepção Visual , Fatores Etários , Animais , Bovinos , Humanos , Masculino , Malondialdeído/análise , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Background: Xerostomia is a very relevant and frequent complication of radiotherapy, causing the irradiated oral mucosa to be affected by bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate a possible relationship between oral shedding of human herpesviruses and xerostomia in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck submitted to radio/chemotherapy. Methods: In this study, oral rinse samples were collected weekly from 20 patients during radiotherapy. The samples were submitted to PCR and enzymatic digestion for detection of human herpesviruses. Xerostomia was evaluated according to the Seminars in Radiation Oncology criteria. Results: There was a higher frequency of grade 1 xerostomia (51.4%), observed first in the 1st week of radiotherapy. In the 4th week of radiotherapy, all patients presented some degree of xerostomia. Analysis of herpesviruses showed oral shedding of EBV, HHV-6 and HHV-7 in all weeks. Considering all the periods, the highest frequency was in patients with EBV excretion (55.0%), which was significantly higher than that of other viruses. Conclusion: We observed that oral shedding of herpesviruses was not affected by xerostomia as there was a progression in their excretion, even with the evolution of xerostomia. This suggested that there is a local replication in the oral cavity that is not completely dependent of salivary excretion.
RESUMO
AIM: Saliva can play an important role in human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) transmission in endemic regions for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Little is known about HHV-8 oral shedding in immunocompetent individuals from non-endemic regions for KS. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of HHV-8 salivary excretion among 59 healthy, immunocompetent individuals from São Paulo, Brazil, followed up weekly for 4 months, resulting in 16 saliva samples from each participant. Antibodies to HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and lytic-phase antigens were investigated with immunofluorescence assays (IFA). HHV-8 DNA detection was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: All 59 individuals were seronegative to LANA and lytic antibodies. HHV-8 DNA was undetectable in saliva samples in 100% of the participants, totaling 944 samples and being consistently negative during the different periods of sampling, which lasted approximately 120 days. No sequences of HHV-8 DNA were detected in the saliva samples of healthy, immunocompetent adults by using real-time PCR, with the resulting data being consistent with IFA-based serological tests. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike other herpesviruses, HHV-8 is not excreted in the saliva of healthy individuals from non-endemic regions for KS.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Humano 8/isolamento & purificação , Herpesvirus Humano 8/patogenicidade , Sarcoma de Kaposi/epidemiologia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/virologia , Actinas/metabolismo , Adulto , Anticorpos Antivirais , Antígenos Nucleares/genética , Antígenos Nucleares/imunologia , Antígenos Virais/genética , Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Herpesvirus Humano 8/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 8/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/imunologia , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Saliva/virologia , Testes Sorológicos , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Background: in cattle production systems, antibiotics are commonly fed to cattle to prevent diseases, metabolic disorders, and to improve feed efficiency. Considerable effort has been devoted towards developing alternatives to the use of antibiotics. Objective: to evaluate the effect of propolis or cashew and castor oils on animal performance, feed intake, digestibility, and blood cell counts of young bulls. Methods: bulls were kept in a feedlot for 49 days. Starting on the 40th day, feces were sampled for five days to estimate digestibility using indigestible dry matter (DM) as a marker. Bulls were fed a control diet (CON) with sorghum silage (41% DM) and cracked corn, soybean meal, glycerine, limestone, and mineral salt. The propolis-supplemented group (PRO) received 3 g/animal/d in the concentrate. The essential oils-supplemented group (OIL) received 3 g/animal/d (1.5 g cashew oil + 1.5 g castor oil) added to the concentrate. Results: final body weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency were better for bulls fed the OIL diet. Propolis or essential oils had no effect on feed intake and digestibility. There was no effect of propolis or essential oils on blood cell counts. Red blood cell concentration was greater in the last day of the experiment, while the number of white blood cells was lower. Conclusions: dietary addition of propolis did not affect bull performance or feed efficiency. The addition of essential oils improved performance. Feed intake, digestibility, and blood cell counts were similar in all treatments.
Antecedentes: en los sistemas de producción ganaderos, los antibióticos son añadidos a los bovinos para prevenir enfermedades y perturbaciones metabólicas y mejorar la eficacia alimenticia. Se han realizado considerables esfuerzos para desarrollar aditivos alternativos a los antibióticos. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de los propóleos o aceites de anacardo y ricino sobre los índices productivos, ingestión de alimentos, digestibilidad y células sanguíneas de toros jóvenes. Métodos: los toros fueron mantenidos en un sistema de cebo intensivo durante 49 días. A partir del día 40, se tomaron muestras de heces durante cinco días para estimar la digestibilidad (utilizando como marcador la materia seca indigerible). Los toros fueron alimentados con una dieta de control (CON) con ensilaje de sorgo (41% de DM) y maíz triturado, harina de soja, glicerina, piedra caliza y sal mineral. El grupo suplementado con propóleos (PRO) recibió 3 g/animal/d en el concentrado. El grupo suplementado con los aceites esenciales (OIL) recibió 3 g/animal/d (1,5 g de anacardo + 1,5 g de aceite de ricino) añadido al concentrado. Resultados: el peso corporal final, promedio de ganancia diaria y eficacia alimenticia fueron mejores para los toros jóvenes alimentados con la dieta OIL. Los propóleos o aceites esenciales no tuvieron efecto sobre el consumo de alimento y digestibilidad. No hubo efecto de propóleos o la adición de aceites esenciales en las dietas con respecto a los valores medios de las células sanguíneas. El número de células rojas sanguíneas fue mayor en el último día de experimento, mientras que el número de células blancas sanguíneas fue menor. Conclusiones: la adición de propóleos en la dieta de los toros jóvenes no tuvo efecto ni en el desempeño ni la eficiencia alimenticia. La adición de aceites esenciales mejoró el desempeño animal. La ingestión de alimentos, digestibilidad y las células sanguíneas fueron similares en todos los tratamientos.
Antecedentes: no sistema de produção de bovinos, os antibióticos são fornecidos aos bovinos para prevenir doenças e perturbações metabólicas e melhorar a eficiência alimentar. Consideráveis esforços têm sido realizados para desenvolver produtos alternativos aos antibióticos. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito de produtos alternativos: própolis, óleos de caju e mamona no desempenho animal, ingestão de alimentos, digestibilidade e células sanguíneas de toros jovens. Métodos: os animais foram confinados durante 49 dias. No quadragésimo dia de confinamento, as fezes foram amostradas por cinco dias para determinar a digestibilidade (matéria seca indigestível foi usada como indicador). Os animais foram alimentados com uma dieta controle (CON) com silagem de sorgo (41% da matéria seca) e milho moído, farelo de soja, glicerina, calcário e sal mineral. O grupo própolis (PRO) recebeu 3 g/animal/d dieta. O grupo com óleos essenciais (OIL) receberam 3 g/animal/d (1,5 g de óleo de mamona + 1,5 g de óleo de caju) na dieta. Resultados: o peso final, o ganho médio diário e a eficiência alimentar foram melhores para os animais alimentados com a dieta OIL. Própolis ou óleos essenciais não tiveram efeito na ingestão de alimentos e digestibilidade aparente. Não houve efeito de própolis ou dos óleos essenciais na dieta nos valores de células sanguíneas. A concentração de células vermelhas foi maior no último dia do experimento, enquanto que a concentração de células brancas foi menor. Conclusões: a adição de própolis na dieta dos animais em sistema intensivo de produção não teve efeito sobre o desempenho animal e eficiência alimentar. A adição de óleos essenciais melhorou o desempenho animal. A ingestão de alimentos, digestibilidade e células sanguíneas foram similares em todos os tratamentos.
RESUMO
This study evaluated the effects of diets composed by cottonseed hull and meat aging on carcass characteristics and meat quality from young bulls fed on a high-concentrate system. Thirty crossbred bulls were assigned in a complete randomized experimental factorial design with three diets (CH21: cottonseed hull 210 g kg-1on a DM basis, CH27: cottonseed hull 270 g kg-1on a DM basis and CH33: cottonseed hull 330 g kg-1on a DM basis) and different aging times (24 hours and 3, 7 and 14 days). Meat from CH27 diets presented smaller LM moisture content (p 0.05). Total lipids were smaller in CH33 diet (p 0.05). At 24 hours, CH21 diet presented smaller LM cooking loss than other diets. The increasing aging time reduced the shear force (p 0.001) on the LM. Meat from CH27 diet presented the highest luminosity (p 0.05) and yellowness values (p 0.001). Three or seven aging days presented smaller values of LM luminosity. Likewise, the increasing aging time presented greater (p 0.05) yellowness within the LM. Lipid oxidation was lower from CH21 diet (p 0.001). The fatty acid composition on LM was similar among diets. The use of cottonseed hull could be useful strategies to improve the meat quality and lean beef production.
Esse estudo avaliou os efeitos de dietas com casca de algodão e maturação da carne sobre as características de carcaça e a qualidade de carne de bovinos precoces alimentados com dietas de alto teor de concentrado. Trinta bovinos cruzados foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial em três dietas (CH21: 210 g kg-1 de casca de algodão na MS da dieta; CH27: 270 g kg-1 de casca de algodão na MS da dieta e CH33: 330 g kg-1 de casca de algodão na MS da dieta) e diferentes tempos de maturação (24h; 3, 7 e 14 dias). A dieta CH27 apresentou menor teor de umidade na carne (p 0,05). Os lipídios totais foram menores na dieta CH33 (p 0,05). Após 24h, a dieta CH21 mostrou menor perda por cocção no ML. O aumento no tempo de maturação reduziu a força de cisalhamento (p 0,001) do ML. A dieta CH27 apresentou maior luminosidade (p 0,05) e intensidade de amarelo (p 0,001). Três ou sete dias de maturação proporcionaram menores valores de luminosidade no ML. O crescente tempo de maturação apresentou maior (p 0,05) intensidade de amarelo no ML. A oxidação de lipídios foi menor na dieta CH21 (p 0,001). A composição de ácidos graxos foi semelhante entre as dietas. O uso da casca de algodão em dietas de alto de alto teor de concentrado pode ser uma estratégia útil para melhorar a produção de carne magra e a qualidade de carne de bovinos.
Assuntos
Animais , Carne/análise , Carne/efeitos adversos , Dieta , Dieta/veterinária , Gossypium/química , Bovinos/metabolismoRESUMO
This study evaluated the effects of diets composed by cottonseed hull and meat aging on carcass characteristics and meat quality from young bulls fed on a high-concentrate system. Thirty crossbred bulls were assigned in a complete randomized experimental factorial design with three diets (CH21: cottonseed hull 210 g kg-1on a DM basis, CH27: cottonseed hull 270 g kg-1on a DM basis and CH33: cottonseed hull 330 g kg-1on a DM basis) and different aging times (24 hours and 3, 7 and 14 days). Meat from CH27 diets presented smaller LM moisture content (p 0.05). Total lipids were smaller in CH33 diet (p 0.05). At 24 hours, CH21 diet presented smaller LM cooking loss than other diets. The increasing aging time reduced the shear force (p 0.001) on the LM. Meat from CH27 diet presented the highest luminosity (p 0.05) and yellowness values (p 0.001). Three or seven aging days presented smaller values of LM luminosity. Likewise, the increasing aging time presented greater (p 0.05) yellowness within the LM. Lipid oxidation was lower from CH21 diet (p 0.001). The fatty acid composition on LM was similar among diets. The use of cottonseed hull could be useful strategies to improve the meat quality and lean beef production.(AU)
Esse estudo avaliou os efeitos de dietas com casca de algodão e maturação da carne sobre as características de carcaça e a qualidade de carne de bovinos precoces alimentados com dietas de alto teor de concentrado. Trinta bovinos cruzados foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial em três dietas (CH21: 210 g kg-1 de casca de algodão na MS da dieta; CH27: 270 g kg-1 de casca de algodão na MS da dieta e CH33: 330 g kg-1 de casca de algodão na MS da dieta) e diferentes tempos de maturação (24h; 3, 7 e 14 dias). A dieta CH27 apresentou menor teor de umidade na carne (p 0,05). Os lipídios totais foram menores na dieta CH33 (p 0,05). Após 24h, a dieta CH21 mostrou menor perda por cocção no ML. O aumento no tempo de maturação reduziu a força de cisalhamento (p 0,001) do ML. A dieta CH27 apresentou maior luminosidade (p 0,05) e intensidade de amarelo (p 0,001). Três ou sete dias de maturação proporcionaram menores valores de luminosidade no ML. O crescente tempo de maturação apresentou maior (p 0,05) intensidade de amarelo no ML. A oxidação de lipídios foi menor na dieta CH21 (p 0,001). A composição de ácidos graxos foi semelhante entre as dietas. O uso da casca de algodão em dietas de alto de alto teor de concentrado pode ser uma estratégia útil para melhorar a produção de carne magra e a qualidade de carne de bovinos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Carne/efeitos adversos , Carne/análise , Dieta , Dieta/veterinária , Gossypium/química , Bovinos/metabolismoRESUMO
In this paper, weight, carcass dressing, weights of the primary cuts, weights of the physical components of the primary cuts, and weights of the main commercial cuts of 66 Purunã animals, of which 33 were bulls and 33 were steers were evaluated. These animals, with an average age of 19 months at the beginning of the experiment, were finished in a feedlot system during 116 days, and were fed with diets containing three levels of concentrate (0.8%, 1.1%, and 1.4% of body weight). The concentrate was formulated with 25% soybean meal, 73% ground corn grain, 1% of a mineral mix, and 1% of limestone. The interaction between sexual groups and the concentrate level was not significant for any of the variables. Likewise, no effect of the concentrate level was detected on the same variable traits. The bulls demonstrated higher hot carcass weights (265.1 vs 221.7 kg) and a higher proportion of forequarter (38.4% vs 36.1%) however the steers presented with higher proportions of side (19.7% vs 18.5%) and hindquarter (44.2% vs 43.1%). The bulls produced higher yields of muscle in the three primary cuts, there by resulting in higher yields of edible portions of the carcass. The bulls also produced higher weights of tenderloin, knuckle, topside, flat, eye round, rump, and rump cover. The finishing of young bulls in feedlot is to be recommended, since the animals produce carcasses with higher amounts of edible meat and higher yields of commercial cuts, thus allowing for a better price for the carcass. Low concentrate level could be used due to the lower cost of production for farmers.
RESUMO
Current study aimed to evaluate the performance of bulls (1/2 Purunã vs 1/2 Canchim) slaughtered at two ages and three different weights. One hundred and thirteen bulls were divided into two slaughter ages (16 and 22 months) and three different slaughter weights (light, 422 kg; medium, 470 kg; and heavy, 550 kg). The body weight was higher for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. Daily gain, carcass weight and dressing were higher for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. Feed intake was higher for bulls slaughtered at 22 months although feed efficiency was better for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. Carcass characteristics were better for bulls slaughtered at 16 months. The percentages of muscle, fat and bone and meat characteristics were similar between two slaughter ages. Feed intake and animal performance was lower for lighter animals. Feed conversion and carcass dressing were similar in the three slaughter weights. Muscle percentage was higher for heavier animals but fat and bone percentages were lower. Slaughter weight had no effect on meat characteristics.
RESUMO
Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (15% da MS total da dieta) e adição de óleos de caju e mamona sobre o comportamento ingestivo de Nelore machos, confinados. Trinta bovinos de 24 ± 2 meses de idade e 400 ± 34 kg de peso corporal foram usados. Os animais foram distribuídos em um modelo estatístico inteiramente casualizado (10 animais por tratamento) e estabulados em baias coletivas. As dietas experimentais foram: Controle CON; Glicerina GLI e GOF Glicerina + óleos funcionais. As escalas de observações não influenciaram o tempo de ingestão, ruminação e ócio, assim como o número total de mastigação; entretanto, o número de período e o tempo de período de cada atividade diferiram entre os tempos de escalas. Não houve diferença para os turnos de observações e número de observações por turno para as variáveis analisadas. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta reduziu o tempo de ruminação e aumentou o tempo de ócio. O número de período tanto de ingestão como de ócio, e o tempo de ócio diferiram entre as dietas. No entanto, o número de período de ruminação, tempo de ingestão e período de ruminação foi similar entre as dietas. A inclusão de glicerina e óleos funcionais na dieta aumentou o número de bolos ruminados por dia, número de mastigação por dia e tempo total de mastigação dos bovinos.(AU)
This study was carried out to evaluate partial replacing of corn (15% of total diet DM) and cashew and castor oils addition on ingestive behavior of Nellore bulls in feedlot. Thirty bulls of 24 ± 2 months old and 400 ± 34 kg body weight were used. The bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design (10 bulls per treatment) and housed in collective pens. The experimental diets were: Control CON; Glycerine GLY and Glycerine + Functional oils. The observation scales did not influence time spent eating, ruminating or resting, as well as, the total number of chewing; however the number of periods and the time period for such activities differed among the scales time. There was no difference for the number of observations turns and number of observations per turn for analyzed variables. Glycerine inclusion in the diets caused a decrease on ruminating time and an increase in resting time. The numbers for both eating and resting periods, and time per resting period differed among diets, however, the number for ruminating period, eating time and rumination period were similar among diets. Both glycerine and functional oils inclusion in the diets increased the number of ruminated bolus per day, number of chewed per day and total chewing time for cattle.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Glicerol/administração & dosagem , Anacardium , Óleo de Rícino/administração & dosagem , Ingestão de Alimentos , Aditivos Alimentares , Extratos VegetaisRESUMO
Current study evaluated the effect of different sexual groups and different concentrate levels in diets on animal performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of bovines finished in feedlot. Ninety four bulls and 75 steers Purunã with average age 19 months at the beginning of the feedlot period were used. Animals were maintained in individual pens during 116 days and fed with a diet of corn silage and three concentrate levels (0.8, 1.1, and 1.4% of body weight). The concentrate was formulated with 25% soybean meal, 73% corn grain, 1.0% of a mineral mix and 1.0% limestone and adjusted at every 28 days. The interaction between sexual groups and concentrate levels was not significant for any of the studied variables. Bulls were more efficient than steers ones, with higher average daily gain (1.33 vs. 1.12 kg day-1), better feed conversion ratio (6.6 vs. 7.6 kg DM intake kg-1 gain), and higher carcass gain (86.6 vs. 69.2 kg). Increase in concentrate level in diet did not influence animal performance even though a higher DM was observed for animals fed on 1.4% (8.8 kg) and 1.1% (8.4 kg) levels of concentrate when compared with those fed on 0.8% level (7.7 kg).
Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de diferentes classes sexuais e níveis de concentrado na dieta sobre o desempenho animal, eficiência alimentar e características de carcaça de bovinos terminados em confinamento. Noventa e quatro machos não castrados e 75 castrados da raça Purunã com 19 meses de idade no início do período experimental foram usados. Os bovinos foram mantidos em baias individuais durante 116 dias e alimentados com uma dieta a base de silagem de milho e três níveis de concentrado (0,8; 1,1 e 1,4% do peso corporal). Os concentrados foram formulados com 25% de farelo de soja, 73% de milho, 1% de sal mineral e 1% de calcário; ajustados a cada 28 dias. A interação grupo sexual e níveis de concentrado não foi significativa para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Os machos não castrados foram mais eficientes do que os machos castrados, com maior ganho em peso (1,33 vs. 1,12 kg dia-1), melhor conversão alimentar (6,6 vs. 7,6 kg de ingestão de MS kg-1 de ganho em peso) e maior ganho em peso de carcaça (86,6 vs. 69,2 kg). O aumento dos níveis de concentrado na dieta não influenciou o desempenho animal, embora maior ingestão em MS tenha sido observada para os animais alimentados com 1,4% (8,8 kg) e 1,1% (8,4 kg) níveis de concentrado quando comparado com os animais alimentados com níveis de 0,8% de concentrado (7,7 kg).
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos/anormalidades , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Orquiectomia/efeitos adversos , Orquiectomia/métodos , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
Current study evaluated the effect of different sexual groups and different concentrate levels in diets on animal performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of bovines finished in feedlot. Ninety four bulls and 75 steers Purunã with average age 19 months at the beginning of the feedlot period were used. Animals were maintained in individual pens during 116 days and fed with a diet of corn silage and three concentrate levels (0.8, 1.1, and 1.4% of body weight). The concentrate was formulated with 25% soybean meal, 73% corn grain, 1.0% of a mineral mix and 1.0% limestone and adjusted at every 28 days. The interaction between sexual groups and concentrate levels was not significant for any of the studied variables. Bulls were more efficient than steers ones, with higher average daily gain (1.33 vs. 1.12 kg day-1), better feed conversion ratio (6.6 vs. 7.6 kg DM intake kg-1 gain), and higher carcass gain (86.6 vs. 69.2 kg). Increase in concentrate level in diet did not influence animal performance even though a higher DM was observed for animals fed on 1.4% (8.8 kg) and 1.1% (8.4 kg) levels of concentrate when compared with those fed on 0.8% level (7.7 kg).(AU)
Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de diferentes classes sexuais e níveis de concentrado na dieta sobre o desempenho animal, eficiência alimentar e características de carcaça de bovinos terminados em confinamento. Noventa e quatro machos não castrados e 75 castrados da raça Purunã com 19 meses de idade no início do período experimental foram usados. Os bovinos foram mantidos em baias individuais durante 116 dias e alimentados com uma dieta a base de silagem de milho e três níveis de concentrado (0,8; 1,1 e 1,4% do peso corporal). Os concentrados foram formulados com 25% de farelo de soja, 73% de milho, 1% de sal mineral e 1% de calcário; ajustados a cada 28 dias. A interação grupo sexual e níveis de concentrado não foi significativa para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Os machos não castrados foram mais eficientes do que os machos castrados, com maior ganho em peso (1,33 vs. 1,12 kg dia-1), melhor conversão alimentar (6,6 vs. 7,6 kg de ingestão de MS kg-1 de ganho em peso) e maior ganho em peso de carcaça (86,6 vs. 69,2 kg). O aumento dos níveis de concentrado na dieta não influenciou o desempenho animal, embora maior ingestão em MS tenha sido observada para os animais alimentados com 1,4% (8,8 kg) e 1,1% (8,4 kg) níveis de concentrado quando comparado com os animais alimentados com níveis de 0,8% de concentrado (7,7 kg).(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos/anormalidades , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Orquiectomia/efeitos adversos , Orquiectomia/métodos , Ração Animal/análiseRESUMO
Current research studied the effect of partial replacing corn by glycerin and essential oils addition in the diet of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot. Thirty bulls with average weight 400 ± 34.1 kg were housed in collective pens (10 x 20 m2 ) for 63 days. The bulls were randomly assigned to 3 diets (10 bulls per treatment): CON Control (without glycerin or Essential® oils); GLY Glycerin (15% on dry matter - DM); and GEO Glycerin (15% on DM) and Essential® oils (3 g animal day-1). Three different markers were used to estimate apparent digestibility in the diets: indigestible dry matter iDM; indigestible neutral detergent fiber iNDF; and purified lignin LIPE®. Feed efficiency and animal performance were not affected by the corn partial replacing by glycerin. Partial corn replacing by glycerin and Essential® oils addition in the diets increased the DM and organic matter apparent digestibility for bulls. The glycerin addition in the diet decreased NDF, fibrous carbohydrate and non-fibrous carbohydrate digestibility. Apparent digestibility estimated by markers iDM, iNDF and LIPE® were similar to all nutrients in the diet.(AU)
Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito da substituição parcial do milho pela glicerina e óleos essenciais (Essential®) na dieta de bovinos da raça Nelore terminados em confinamento Trinta touros com peso médio de 400 ± 34,1 kg foram alojados em baias coletivas (10 x 20 m2) por 63 dias. Os touros foram divididos aleatoriamente em três dietas (10 touros por tratamento): CON - controle (sem glicerina ou óleos essenciais); GLI - Glicerina (15% na matéria seca - MS) e GEO - Glicerina (15% na MS) e Essential®(óleo de caju líquido e mamona, 3 g animal dia-1). Três marcadores diferentes foram utilizados para estimara digestibilidade aparente das dietas: matéria seca indigestível - MSi, fibra em detergente neutro indigestívelFDNi e lignina purificada - LIPE®. A substituição do milho pela glicerina e adição de Essential® nas dietas aumentou a digestibilidade da MS e matéria orgânica para os animais. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta reduziu a digestibilidade aparente da FDN, carboidratos fibrosos e não fibrosos. Os marcadores das iDM ,FDNi e LIPE® estimaram de forma semelhante a digestibilidade aparente de todos os nutrientes de todas as dietas experimentais.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Dieta , Glicerol , Óleos Voláteis , Anacardium/química , Óleo de RícinoRESUMO
Current research studied the effect of partial replacing corn by glycerin and essential oils addition in the diet of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot. Thirty bulls with average weight 400 ± 34.1 kg were housed in collective pens (10 x 20 m2 ) for 63 days. The bulls were randomly assigned to 3 diets (10 bulls per treatment): CON Control (without glycerin or Essential® oils); GLY Glycerin (15% on dry matter - DM); and GEO Glycerin (15% on DM) and Essential® oils (3 g animal day-1). Three different markers were used to estimate apparent digestibility in the diets: indigestible dry matter iDM; indigestible neutral detergent fiber iNDF; and purified lignin LIPE®. Feed efficiency and animal performance were not affected by the corn partial replacing by glycerin. Partial corn replacing by glycerin and Essential® oils addition in the diets increased the DM and organic matter apparent digestibility for bulls. The glycerin addition in the diet decreased NDF, fibrous carbohydrate and non-fibrous carbohydrate digestibility. Apparent digestibility estimated by markers iDM, iNDF and LIPE® were similar to all nutrients in the diet.
Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito da substituição parcial do milho pela glicerina e óleos essenciais (Essential®) na dieta de bovinos da raça Nelore terminados em confinamento Trinta touros com peso médio de 400 ± 34,1 kg foram alojados em baias coletivas (10 x 20 m2) por 63 dias. Os touros foram divididos aleatoriamente em três dietas (10 touros por tratamento): CON - controle (sem glicerina ou óleos essenciais); GLI - Glicerina (15% na matéria seca - MS) e GEO - Glicerina (15% na MS) e Essential®(óleo de caju líquido e mamona, 3 g animal dia-1). Três marcadores diferentes foram utilizados para estimara digestibilidade aparente das dietas: matéria seca indigestível - MSi, fibra em detergente neutro indigestível FDNi e lignina purificada - LIPE®. A substituição do milho pela glicerina e adição de Essential® nas dietas aumentou a digestibilidade da MS e matéria orgânica para os animais. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta reduziu a digestibilidade aparente da FDN, carboidratos fibrosos e não fibrosos. Os marcadores das iDM ,FDNi e LIPE® estimaram de forma semelhante a digestibilidade aparente de todos os nutrientes de todas as dietas experimentais.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Anacardium/química , Dieta , Glicerol , Óleo de Rícino , Óleos VoláteisRESUMO
Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (15% da MS total da dieta) e adição de óleos de caju e mamona sobre o comportamento ingestivo de Nelore machos, confinados. Trinta bovinos de 24 ± 2 meses de idade e 400 ± 34 kg de peso corporal foram usados. Os animais foram distribuídos em um modelo estatístico inteiramente casualizado (10 animais por tratamento) e estabulados em baias coletivas. As dietas experimentais foram: Controle CON; Glicerina GLI e GOF Glicerina + óleos funcionais. As escalas de observações não influenciaram o tempo de ingestão, ruminação e ócio, assim como o número total de mastigação; entretanto, o número de período e o tempo de período de cada atividade diferiram entre os tempos de escalas. Não houve diferença para os turnos de observações e número de observações por turno para as variáveis analisadas. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta reduziu o tempo de ruminação e aumentou o tempo de ócio. O número de período tanto de ingestão como de ócio, e o tempo de ócio diferiram entre as dietas. No entanto, o número de período de ruminação, tempo de ingestão e período de ruminação foi similar entre as dietas. A inclusão de glicerina e óleos funcionais na dieta aumentou o número de bolos ruminados por dia, número de mastigação por dia e tempo total de mastigação dos bovinos.
This study was carried out to evaluate partial replacing of corn (15% of total diet DM) and cashew and castor oils addition on ingestive behavior of Nellore bulls in feedlot. Thirty bulls of 24 ± 2 months old and 400 ± 34 kg body weight were used. The bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design (10 bulls per treatment) and housed in collective pens. The experimental diets were: Control CON; Glycerine GLY and Glycerine + Functional oils. The observation scales did not influence time spent eating, ruminating or resting, as well as, the total number of chewing; however the number of periods and the time period for such activities differed among the scales time. There was no difference for the number of observations turns and number of observations per turn for analyzed variables. Glycerine inclusion in the diets caused a decrease on ruminating time and an increase in resting time. The numbers for both eating and resting periods, and time per resting period differed among diets, however, the number for ruminating period, eating time and rumination period were similar among diets. Both glycerine and functional oils inclusion in the diets increased the number of ruminated bolus per day, number of chewed per day and total chewing time for cattle.