RESUMO
Endophytic fungi live in the interior of healthy plants without causing them any damage. These fungi are of biotechnological interest; they may be used in the biological control of pests and plant diseases, and in the pharmaceutical industry. The aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia azurea (Kunth) and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) belong to the Pontederiaceae family. The first is a fixed-floating species and the second is a free-floating species that is known for its phytoremediation potential. The fungal endophytes associated with the leaves of E. azurea and E. crassipes, native to the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil, were isolated. The sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA was performed and the nucleotide sequences obtained were compared with those available in the GenBank database for the molecular identification of the isolates. The construction of phylogenetic trees was performed using the MEGA5 software. The results showed that high colonization frequencies were obtained from the 610 foliar fragments sampled from each plant: 87.86% for E. azurea and 88.85% for E. crassipes. At the genus level, it was possible to identify 19 fungal endophytes belonging to the genera Alternaria, Bipolaris, Cercospora, Diaporthe, Gibberella, Pestalotiopsis, Plectosphaerella, Phoma, and Saccharicola. Two other endophytes were identified at the species level (Microsphaeropsis arundinis). Genera Bipolaris, Cercospora, Microsphaeropsis, and Phoma were found as endophytes in the two macrophytes and the other genera were host-specific, being isolated from only one macrophyte, proving that there is a small difference in the endophytic diversity of the two Eichhornia species analyzed.
Assuntos
Eichhornia/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Endófitos/genética , Fungos/genética , Filogenia , Brasil , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Eichhornia/genética , Endófitos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fungos/classificação , RiosRESUMO
Tropical and subtropical plants are rich in endophytic community diversity. Endophytes, mainly fungi and bacteria, inhabit the healthy plant tissues without causing any damage to the hosts. These fungi can be useful for biological control of pathogens and plant growth promotion. Some plants of the genus Piper are hosts of endophytic microorganisms; however, there is little information about endophytes on Piper hispidum, a medicinal shrub used as an insecticide, astringent, diuretic, stimulant, liver treatment, and for stopping hemorrhages. We isolated the fungal endophyte community associated with P. hispidum leaves from plants in a Brazilian forest remnant. The endophytic diversity was examined based on sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA. A high colonization frequency was obtained, as expected for tropical angiosperms. Isolated endophytes were divided into 66 morphogroups, demonstrating considerable diversity. We identified 21 isolates, belonging to 11 genera (Alternaria, Bipolaris, Colletotrichum, Glomerella, Guignardia, Lasiodiplodia, Marasmius, Phlebia, Phoma, Phomopsis, and Schizophyllum); one isolate was identified only to the order level (Diaporthales). Bipolaris was the most frequent genus among the identified endophytes. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the molecular identification of some isolates to genus level while for others it was confirmed at the species level.
Assuntos
Fungos/genética , Piperaceae/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Fungos/classificação , Fungos/fisiologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
ABSTRACT The prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies was evaluated in 1104 cows from 118 farms in the Western region of São Paulo State, Brazil, using indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay. Sixty-five (55.0%; CI 95%: 46.0-63.8%) farms showed at least one seropositive animal. Prevalence over 10% was observed in 33 farms (28.0%; CI 95%: 20.4-36.5%), and over 20% in 18 farms (15.2%; CI 95%: 9.5-22.6%). Prevalence of animals showed 120 (10.9%) positive females (IFAT ? 1:100). The positivity in the farms showed significant association with farms producing more than 50 liters per day. Infection caused by the protozoan N. caninum occurs in the Western region of the state of São Paulo, and although no differences were observed either in relation to the production type or management practices, greater milk yield was related to greater prevalence of infection.
RESUMO A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum foi avaliada em 1104 vacas de 118 fazendas da região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, usando a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Sessenta e cinco (55,0%; IC 95%: 46,0-63,8%) fazendas apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Prevalência acima de 10% foi observada em 33 fazendas (28,0%; IC 95%: 20,4-36,5%), e acima de 20% em 18 (15,2%; IC 95%: 9,5-22,6%). A prevalência de animais foi de 10,9%, sendo 120 vacas positivas (RIFI ? 1:100). Observou-se associação significativa entre a presença de animais positivos e fazendas com produção leiteira acima de 50 litros por dia. Infecção causada por N. caninum ocorre na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, mesmo não tendo sido observada relação entre animais soropositivos e práticas de manejo, nas fazendas com alta produção leiteira foram observadas as maiores prevalências de infecção.
RESUMO
The prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies was evaluated in 1104 cows from 118 farms in the Western region of São Paulo State, Brazil, using indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay. Sixty-five (55.0%; CI 95%: 46.0-63.8%) farms showed at least one seropositive animal. Prevalence over 10% was observed in 33 farms (28.0%; CI 95%: 20.4-36.5%), and over 20% in 18 farms (15.2%; CI 95%: 9.5-22.6%). Prevalence of animals showed 120 (10.9%) positive females (IFAT ? 1:100). The positivity in the farms showed significant association with farms producing more than 50 liters per day. Infection caused by the protozoan N. caninum occurs in the Western region of the state of São Paulo, and although no differences were observed either in relation to the production type or management practices, greater milk yield was related to greater prevalence of infection.
A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum foi avaliada em 1104 vacas de 118 fazendas da região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, usando a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta. Sessenta e cinco (55,0%; IC 95%: 46,0-63,8%) fazendas apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Prevalência acima de 10% foi observada em 33 fazendas (28,0%; IC 95%: 20,4-36,5%), e acima de 20% em 18 (15,2%; IC 95%: 9,5-22,6%). A prevalência de animais foi de 10,9%, sendo 120 vacas positivas (RIFI ? 1:100). Observou-se associação significativa entre a presença de animais positivos e fazendas com produção leiteira acima de 50 litros por dia. Infecção causada por N. caninum ocorre na região oeste do Estado de São Paulo, mesmo não tendo sido observada relação entre animais soropositivos e práticas de manejo, nas fazendas com alta produção leiteira foram observadas as maiores prevalências de infecção.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Fatores de Risco , NeosporaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Serum samples from 404 females water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were tested to verify the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in 5 counties in the west region of São Paulo State, Brazil. The technique used was indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), with initial dilutions of 1:100. AntiNeospora caninum antibodies were observed in 38.1% (154/404) of the samples, and antibody titers ranged from 100 to 12,800. The frequency observed among the counties ranged from 16.2% to 61.4% (P 0.05). Animals from Lucelia County older than 5 years of age presented higher antibody frequencies (P 0.05). These results are a warning signal for N. caninum infection in water buffaloes in the west region of São Paulo State.
RESUMO Foram testadas 404 amostras de soro de fêmeas bubalinas (Bubalus bubalis) para se verificar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em rebanhos oriundos de cinco municípios da região oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Empregou-se a técnica da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), na diluição inicial de 1:100. Foram observados anticorpos antiNeospora caninum em 38,1% (154/404) dos soros testados, com títulos de anticorpos variando de 100 a 12.800. A frequência de animais sororeagentes observada entre os municípios variaram de 16,2 a 61,4% (P 0,05). A faixa etária dos animais soropositivos apresentou diferença significativa no Município de Lucélia, onde as vacas com idade superior a 5 anos apresentaram maior frequência de infecção (P 0,05). Esses resultados alertam para a presença da infecção em bubalinos da região Oeste do Estado de São Paulo.