RESUMO
Introducción. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa. Un tercio de la población mundial está infectada y cada año ocurren en el mundo nueve millones de casos, un millón en menores de 15 años y 719 en Colombia para el año 2008. Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento de la resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis en menores de 15 años en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó la información de las pruebas de sensibilidad de M. tuberculosis a los fármacos, realizadas desde 2001 hasta el 30 de junio de 2009 registradas en el Instituto Nacional de Salud. Se evaluó la distribución de casos por sexo, edad, localización de la enfermedad, tipo de muestra, infección concomitante tuberculosis/VIH, proporción de fármacorresistencia. Resultados. Se incluyeron 128 pacientes, 66 (52%) de sexo femenino y 62 (48%) masculino. En el grupo de edad de 0 a 5 años, hubo 59 (46%) casos, 21 (16,4%) de 6 a 10 y 48 (37,5%) de 11 a 14. Las formas de la enfermedad fueron: 89 (69,6%) pulmonar, 34 (26,4%) extrapulmonar y 5 (3,94%) casos sin dato. Se encontraron 7 (5,4%) casos con infección concomitante tuberculosis/VIH. Los casos no tratados fueron 123 (96%) y 5 (3,9%) fueron previamente tratados. La resistencia global en no tratados fue de 21,1% y la MDR-TB (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis) de 6,5%. Conclusiones. Este análisis demuestra que existen debilidades en el cumplimiento de las normas, lo que dificulta el diagnóstico y la identificación de los patrones de resistencia en menores de 15 años. Éste es un tema en el cual se debe explorar más.
Introduction. Tuberculosis is a widespread and increasingly important infectious disease. A third of the world-wide population is infected. Every year nine million cases occur in the world, one million of them appearing in children under 15 years old. In Colombia alone, 719 cases were reported for the year 2008. Objective. The incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant forms was characterized in children under 15 years old in Colombia.Materials and methods. Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility test data from 2001 to mid year 2009 were analyzed at the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia. Cases were evaluated by patient age, disease geographic location, and type of sample, as well as the proportions of TB/HIV coinfections and drug resistance. Results. Of the 128 patients examined, 66 were female (52%) and 62 were male (48%). The age group 0 to 5 years old consisted of 59 cases (46%), 21 cases were 6 to 10 years old (16%) and 48 cases 11 to 14 years old (37.5%). The types of disease were 89 (69.6%) pulmonary, 34 (26.4%) extrapulmonary, and 5 (3.9%) cases without data. TB/VIH coinfection cases were 7(5.4%). 123 (96%) untreated cases and 5 (2.34%) cases previously treated. Global resistance among the untreated cases was 21.1% and MDR-TB was 6.5%. Conclusion. This analysis demonstrated weaknesses in following established procedures in the TB treatment process, thereby impeding the diagnosis and the identification of drug resistance s in children under 15 years old. Approaches to improving treatment standards is a topic which requires further exploration.
Assuntos
Humanos , Resistência a Medicamentos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Antituberculosos , Diagnóstico , Tuberculose PulmonarRESUMO
Introducción: La mesoterapia es un procedimiento estético de amplio uso en nuestro país, por lo que se requiere una vigilancia de las infecciones posteriores a la administraciónde la misma. El objetivo de esteestudio fue describir la presencia de micobacterias no tuberculosas asociadas a los procedimientos de mesoterapia. Materiales y métodos: Se procesaron muestras de material purulento, biopsias y aislamientos provenientes de 80 pacientes con lesiones de piel posteriores a mesoterapia, de acuerdo con los protocolos estandarizados por el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Resultados: Se confirmó infección subcutánea por micobacterias no tuberculosas en 33 (41,2%) pacientes. El tipo de muestra de donde se aisló con mayor frecuencia fue la secreción de las lesiones de piel 31 (93,9%). Las especies de micobacterias identificadas fueron: Mycobacterium chelonae, 19 (57,5%);de la Mycobacterium fortuitum, 8 (24,2%), y Mycobacterium abscessus, 6 (18,2%). Discusión: El diagnóstico de micobacteriosis se establece por los antecedentes del paciente y por las manifestaciones clínicas. La presencia de micobacterias no tuberculosas como causa de enfermedad es cada vez másfrecuente; de ahí, la importancia de realizar el diagnóstico por cultivo e identificación de especie. Se debe sospechar la etiología por micobacterias en los casos con antecedentes de mesoterapia, abscesos dolorosos en lossitios de la inyección y una inadecuada respuesta a la terapia antibiótica convencional. Se evidenció que en el caso de lesiones causadas después de este tipo de procedimiento se obtenía un mayor número de cultivos positivos a partir de las muestras de materialpurulento, en comparación con las biopsias.
Introduction: Mesotherapy is an aesthetic treatment widely used in our country; therefore, surveillance of subcutaneous infection after mesotherapy is required. The purposeof this study is to describe the presence of nontuberculous mycobacteria associated with mesotherapy treatments. Material and methods: Samples of purulent material, biopsies and isolates from 80 patients with skin lesions caused by mesotherapy wereprocessed according to protocols approved by the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, LNR, (National Reference Laboratory) of Instituto Nacional de Salud (Health National Institute.)Results: Nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in 33 (41.2%) patients was confirmed. The sample type where it was most frequently isolated was skin lesion secretion in 31 (93.9%) patients. Mycobacteria species identified were:Mycobacterium chelonae 19 (57.5%), Mycobacterium fortuitum 8 (24.2%) and Mycobacterium abscessus 6 (18.2%). Discussion: Clinical diagnosis of mycobacteriosis is difficult; it is established by the patients history and his/her clinical manifestations. The presence of nontuberculousmycobacteria as a disease agent isvery frequent; for that reason, it is important to perform sample cultures for diagnosis and species identification. Special attention must be paid to possible mycobacterial infection when there is previous report ofmesotherapy treatment injections, presence of painful abscesses in injection sites, and an inadequate clinical outcome from antibioticconventional therapies. It has been confirmed that, in case of skin lesions caused after this kind of treatment, the sample obtained from purulent material shows higher positivity than the biopsies.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas , Infecções por Mycobacterium , Lipectomia , Centros de Embelezamento e EstéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is a widespread and increasingly important infectious disease. A third of the world-wide population is infected. Every year nine million cases occur in the world, one million of them appearing in children under 15 years old. In Colombia alone, 719 cases were reported for the year 2008. OBJECTIVE: The incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant forms was characterized in children under 15 years old in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility test data from 2001 to mid year 2009 were analyzed at the Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia. Cases were evaluated by patient age, disease geographic location, and type of sample, as well as the proportions of TB/HIV coinfections and drug resistance. RESULTS: Of the 128 patients examined, 66 were female (52%) and 62 were male (48%). The age group 0 to 5 years old consisted of 59 cases (46%), 21 cases were 6 to 10 years old (16%) and 48 cases 11 to 14 years old (37.5%). The types of disease were 89 (69.6%) pulmonary, 34 (26.4%) extrapulmonary, and 5 (3.9%) cases without data. TB/VIH coinfection cases were 7(5.4%). 123 (96%) untreated cases and 5 (2.34%) cases previously treated. Global resistance among the untreated cases was 21.1% and MDR-TB was 6.5%. CONCLUSION: This analysis demonstrated weaknesses in following established procedures in the TB treatment process, thereby impeding the diagnosis and the identification of drug resistance s in children under 15 years old. Approaches to improving treatment standards is a topic which requires further exploration.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is an important cause of disease and death worldwide. An estimated 8.8 million new cases occurred in 2005 with 1.6 million deaths, including 195,000 among HIV-infected people. According to World Health Organization, the incidence rate was stable or in decline worldwide; however, the total number of new cases rose due to regional increases. Anti-TB drug resistance is a significant public health problem and an obstacle for its control worldwide. Therefore, measures must be taken for the adequate management of patients and the adoption of strategies to prevent TB dissemination. OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was determined in untreated cases and in previously treated cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study determined the prevalence of resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs in 1,189 untreated cases or previously treated cases of pulmonary tuberculosis between the years 2004 and 2005. Cultures were collected throughout the country for this one-year period. Drug susceptibility of the isolates was tested by the simplified variant of the Cannetti, Risk and Grooset multiple proportions technique. RESULTS: The global resistance rate of 925 untreated patients was 11.8% (95% CI: 9-14%) and the rate of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was 2.4% (95% CI: 1.6-3.6%). Among 264 previously treated patients, the rate of global resistance was 44.3% (95% CI: 38-50%) and that of multidrug resistance was 31.4% (95%CI: 26-37%). CONCLUSIONS: When compared to previous studies, these data show that there has not been a significant increase in drug resistance. The findings indicate that the current treatment scheme provided by the National Tuberculosis Program is adequate.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/patogenicidade , Vigilância da População , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Introducción. La tuberculosis es una importante causa de enfermedad y muerte en el mundo. Se calcula que en el 2005 se presentaron 8,8 millones de casos nuevos y murieron 1,6 millones de personas, entre ellas 195.000 infectadas con VIH. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la tasa de incidencia permaneció estable o disminuyó en todo el mundo; sin embargo, el número de casos nuevos se incrementó debido al aumento en algunas regiones. La resistencia a los medicamentos es un problema de salud pública y un obstáculo al control de la tuberculosis en el mundo. Por esta razón, es necesario generar medidas para el adecuado manejo de los pacientes y adoptar estrategias para prevenir su diseminación. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis tanto en casos no tratados como en casos previamente tratados de tuberculosis pulmonar en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de corte transversal para determinar la prevalencia de la resistencia de M. tuberculosis a fármacos antituberculosos en 1.189 pacientes durante los años 2004 y 2005. La recolección de cultivos fue a nivel nacional durante 1 año; los aislamientos se procesaron para pruebas de susceptibilidad por la técnica de proporciones múltiples de Cannetti, Risk y Grooset en su variante simplificada. Resultados. Novecientos veinticinco pacientes no tratados presentaron una prevalencia de resistencia global de 11,78 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 9,86-14,02) y una tuberculosis multirresistente (multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, MDR-TB) de 2,38 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 1,58-3,57). Los 264 pacientes previamente tratados presentaron una resistencia global de 44,32 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 38,45-50,35) y una tuberculosis multirresistente (MDR-TB) de 31,44 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento: 26,14-37,27). Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos, comparados con estudios previos, demuestran que no ha habido un aumento significativo en la resistencia a los medicamentos ni en la tuberculosis multirresistente. Los hallazgos indican que el esquema proporcionado por el Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis es adecuado para manejar los casos.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Vigilância em DesastresRESUMO
Introducción. Las micobacterias no tuberculosas pueden ser saprofitas, patógenas u oportunistas; las enfermedades más comunes producidas por estos microorganismos son las infecciones posquirúrgicas, principalmente por procedimiento estéticos, infecciones asociadas con catéteres, enfermedades cutáneas diseminadas, enfermedades pulmonares y del sistema nervioso central que afectan especialmente a pacientes infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. La identificación fenotípica de las micobacterias no tuberculosas incluye pruebas microbiológicas y bioquímicas, las cuales pueden tomar varias semanas y algunas veces no logran diferenciar entre los miembros de un complejo. Objetivo. El objetivo fue evaluar la metodología de reacción en cadena de la polimerasaanálisis de restricción, como método de identificación genotípica de micobacterias no tuberculosas aisladas de muestras clínicas que pertenecen a la colección del Instituto Nacional de Salud. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 70 aislamientos clínicos de micobacterias no tuberculosas, criopreservados en glicerol al 50 por ciento e identificados mediante metodologías fenotípicas. La identificación genotípica se realizó por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa-análisis de restricción y se evaluó la concordancia entre las metodologías. Resultados. Se obtuvo una concordancia del 100 por ciento en la identificación de Mycobacterium terrae, M. szulgai, M. avium, M. chelonae y M. scrofulaceum, en las especies M. fortuitum, M. abscessus M. gordonae y M. intracellulare varió de 44 por ciento a 89 por ciento; no se obtuvo concordancia en la identificación de las especies M. flavescens y M. malmoense. Conclusiones. El análisis de restricción es una alternativa para la identificación de especies de micobacterias no tuberculosas, rápida, económica y segura para la identificación, que permite la diferenciación entre especies de un complejo y la determinación del subtipo de cada especie.
Introduction. Nontuberculous mycobacteria can be saprophytic, pathogenic or opportunistic. The most common diseases produced by these microorganisms are the post-surgical infections due to anesthetic procedures, infections associated with catheters, disseminated cutaneous diseases and pulmonary and central nervous system diseases that especially affect HIV patients. Identification of the nontuberculous mycobacteria can take several weeks and even then, differentiation of complex members is not possible. Objective. The PCR-restriction analysis (PRA) technique was evaluated as a method for genotypic identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated of clinical samples located in the culture collection of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods. Seventy clinical isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria stored in 50% glycerol at -70°C were identified by phenotypic techniques. The genotypic identification was made using the PCR-restriction analysis (PRA) using the restriction enzymes BstEII and HseIII, the restriction products were visualized on gels of agarose to 3%, and the concordance between the methodologies was evaluated. Results. A matching of 100% was obtained in the identification of Mycobacterium terrae, M. szulgai, M. avium, M. chelonae and M. scrofulaceum, the matching between M. fortuitum species, M. abscessus, M. gordonae and M. intracellulare varied from 44 to 89%; there was no concurrence in the identification of species M. flavescens and M. malmoense. Conclusions. PRA provided a fast, inexpensive and accurate alternative for the identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria that permited the differentiation among species of a complex and determining the subtype of each species sample.
Assuntos
Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Infecções Oportunistas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Nontuberculous mycobacteria can be saprophytic, pathogenic or opportunistic. The most common diseases produced by these microorganisms are the post-surgical infections due to anesthetic procedures, infections associated with catheters, disseminated cutaneous diseases and pulmonary and central nervous system diseases that especially affect HIV patients. Identification of the nontuberculous mycobacteria can take several weeks and even then, differentiation of complex members is not possible. OBJECTIVE: The PCR-restriction analysis (PRA) technique was evaluated as a method for genotypic identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated of clinical samples located in the culture collection of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy clinical isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria stored in 50% glycerol at -70 degrees C were identified by phenotypic techniques. The genotypic identification was made using the PCR-restriction analysis (PRA) using the restriction enzymes BstEII and HseIII, the restriction products were visualized on gels of agarose to 3%, and the concordance between the methodologies was evaluated. RESULTS: A matching of 100% was obtained in the identification of Mycobacterium terrae, M. szulgai, M. avium, M. chelonae and M. scrofulaceum, the matching between M. fortuitum species, M. abscessus, M. gordonae and M. intracellulare varied from 44 to 89%; there was no concurrence in the identification of species M. flavescens and M. malmoense. CONCLUSIONS: PRA provided a fast, inexpensive and accurate alternative for the identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria that permited the differentiation among species of a complex and determining the subtype of each species sample.