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Problema: evaluar el efecto del alta hospitalaria temprana en pacientes sanas. Objetivo: establecer el riesgo de complicaciones en pacientes obstétricas con alta temprana respecto a aquellas que egresan después de 24 horas. Métodos: cohorte prospectiva con seguimiento postparto. Resultados: 750 pacientes, edad promedio de 24,5 años y edad gestacional de 38,5 semanas. El porcentaje de consulta luego del alta fue 2,0%. El efecto del alta hospitalaria temprana sobre la necesidad de consultar luego del egreso tuvo un RR=0,62 (IC 95%=0,22 - 1,73). Estratificando según vía del parto se encontró en las pacientes con parto vaginal un RR = 0,11 (IC 95%=0,014 - 0,933), y en aquellas sometidas a cesárea un RR = 1,91 (IC 95%=0,247 - 13,32). Conclusión: no se presentaron más complicaciones en el grupo con egreso antes de las 24 horas. El alta hospitalaria temprana se comportó como factor protector sobre la necesidad de consultar a una institución hospitalaria en las pacientes con parto vaginal.

Problem: Assess early discharge in healthy patients Aim: To establish the risk of obstetric complications in patients with early discharge compared to those who leave after 24 hours. Methods: prospective cohort with postpartum follow up. Results: 750 patients, mean age of 24,5 years and average of gestational age of 38,5 weeks. The overall rate of consulting to an er after discharge was 2,0%. The effect of early discharge on the need to consult had a RR=0,62 (95% CI: 0,22 - 1,73). By adjusting the analysis by the way of delivery, in patients whose delivery was vaginal, the effect had a RR = 0,11 (95 % CI: 0,014 - 0,933) and in patients undergoing caesarean section, the effect had a RR = 1,91 (95% CI: 0,274 - 13,32). Conclusion: there was a protective effect of early discharge on the need to consult a hospital, in patients who delivered vaginally.

Problema: avaliar o efeito da alta hospitalar precoce em pacientes sanas. Objetivo: determinar o risco de complicações em paciente obstétrica com alta precoce, no que diz respeito daquelas que afastam após 24 horas. Métodos: coorte prospectiva com . Resultados: 750 pacientes, idade média de 24,5 anos e idade gestacional de 38,5 semanas. A porcentagem de consulta após a alta foi 2,0%. O efeito da alta hospitalar precoce sobre a necessidade de consultar após o egresso obteve um RR=0,62 (IC 95%=0,22 - 1,73). Estratificando de acordo com a via do parto foi encontrado em pacientes com parto natural um RR = 0,11 (IC 95%=0,014 - 0,933), e em aquelas submetidas a cesariana, um RR = 1,91 (IC 95%=0,247 - 13,32). Conclusão: não apresentaram--se mais complicações na turma com egresso antes das 24 horas. A alta hospitalar precoce se comportou como fator protetor sobre a necessidade de consultar uma instituição hospitalar nas pacientes com parto natural.

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BACKGROUND: Latin America has witnessed a marked increase in cardiovascular (CV) disease, the leading cause of death in many countries. The benefits of lipid-lowering therapy to reduce CV-related events are widely accepted. Clinical evidence suggests that rosuvastatin is associated with slightly greater reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than is atorvastatin at comparable doses. Rosuvastatin, however, is often priced at a premium. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of using atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin in reducing CV events in Brazil and Colombia using real-world prices. METHODS: A global Markov cohort model of primary and secondary CV prevention was developed and adapted to Brazilian and Colombian settings. The risks and costs of major CV events and efficacy, adherence, and costs of statins were considered. Total gains in life-years, quality-adjusted life-years, major CV events avoided, and costs over the lifetime horizon were estimated. Several dose comparisons were considered. RESULTS: In the Colombian analyses, differences in drug costs between therapies were considerable while outcomes were similar. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained for rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin was more than $700,000 and $200,000 in primary and secondary prevention, respectively. Brazilian analyses found lower incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for rosuvastatin at some dose comparisons due to similar pricing between statins. Sensitivity analyses revealed that changes in treatment efficacy and adherence had the largest impact on results. CONCLUSIONS: In primary and secondary CV prevention, the efficacy advantage of rosuvastatin was minimal, while its acquisition cost was higher, particularly in Colombia. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were, therefore, generally in favor of atorvastatin being the cost-effective option.

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Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los factores asociados con síntomas depresivos en adultos mayores institucionalizados. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 276 adultos mayores de Centros de Bienestar del Anciano de Medellín. Se valoraron características demográficas, funcionales, ansiedad, salud percibida, redes de apoyo, estado nutricional y calidad de vida. Prevalencias de sintomatología depresiva fueron similares por sexo y edad (p > 0.05). Adultos dependientes para la realización de actividades cotidianas, tuvieron mayores porcentajes de síntomas de depresión (p < 0.001). Altos niveles de ansiedad (OR = 2.74), deterioro funcional (OR = 2.82), ningún grado de formación académica (OR = 3.70) y mujeres parcialmente dependientes (OR = 21.89) se asociaron con mayor probabilidad de presentar síntomas de depresión (p < 0.05). En general, perdida de roles, estado de dependencia y calidad de vida disminuida aumentan la sintomatología depresiva.

The objective of the present study was exploring the factors associated with depressive symptoms in elderly people institutionalized. A cross sectional study was conducted; 276 elderly people of elderly welfare centers of Medellin-Colombia were analyzed. Demographics, capacity functional, anxiety, perceived health, social support networks, nutritional status and quality of life characteristics were evaluated. The depressive symptoms prevalence rate in the subjects was similar by sex an age (p > 0.05). The dependent elderly performing the activities of daily living had the upper percentages of depressive symptoms (p < 0.001). Risk of anxiety (OR = 2.74), cognitive impairment (OR = 2.82), iliteracy and women partially dependent (OR = 21.89) increased significantly the probability of depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). Therefore, the loss of roles, dependency status and diminishes quality of life increase the depressive symptomatology.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine which abbreviated Zarit Scale (ZS) better evaluates the burden of the caregiver of an elderly patient in Medellin, Colombia. DESIGN: Validation study. SETTING: Primary Care setting in the city of Medellin. PARTICIPANTS: Primary caregiver of dependent elderly patients over 65 years old. PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the different abbreviated Zarit scales, plus performing a reliability analysis using the Cronbach Alpha coefficient. RESULTS: The abbreviated scales obtained a sensitivity of between 36.84 and 81.58%, specificity between 95.99 and 100%, positive predictive values between 71.05 and 100%, and negative predictive values of between 91.64 and 97.42%. CONCLUSIONS: The scale that better determined caregiver burden in Primary Care was the Bedard Screening scale, with a sensitivity of 81.58%, a specificity of 96.35% and positive and negative predictive values of 75.61% and 97.42%, respectively.

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In order to identify the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS in Colombia veterans of war in the year 2009, a questionnaire was designed, built and validated, using a mixed design, for which three stages were followed: 1) Bibliographic review and construction of items of the questionnaire using a focus group, 2) Evaluation of content validity by a pannel of experts, 3) APLICACION of the final questionnaire, we selected non-randomly 323 people who were part of group of veterans in Colombia, and 4) Validation of the questionnaire through the evaluation of internal consistency and principal component analysis. We found that the questionnaire explored three factors: forms of infection, inadequate beliefs, and HIV prevention, which accounted for 52% of the variance. The survey showed adequate internal consistency values (Cronbach's α = 0.77). These results suggest the use of the questionnaire to assess knowledge level related to the form of infection, inaccurate beliefs and prevention of HIV-AIDS in this population.

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Para determinar el nivel de conocimientos sobre VIH/SIDA que tenían excombatientes colombianos en el año 2009, se delineó, construyó y validó un cuestionario, utilizando un diseño mixto, para ese fin se desarrollaron las siguientes etapas:1) Revisión bibliográfica y construcción de los reactivos del cuestionario, discutidos en un grupo focal, 2) Evaluación de la validez de contenido a través de panel de expertos, 3) Aplicación del cuestionario final, donde se seleccionó por conveniencia a 323 personas que pertenecían a un grupo de excombatientes de Colombia, y 4) Validación del cuestionario a través de la evaluación de la consistencia interna y análisis de componentes principales. Como resultados, encontramos que el cuestionario indagaba tres factores: formas de infección, creencias erróneas, y prevención del VIH, que explicaron el 52 por ciento de la varianza. La encuesta tuvo una consistencia interna aceptable (alfa de Cronbach = 0,77). Estos resultados sugieren el uso del cuestionario para evaluar conocimientos relacionados con la forma de infección, conocimientos erróneos y prevención del VIH/SIDA en esta población.

In order to identify the level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS in Colombia veterans of war in the year 2009, a questionnaire was designed, built and validated, using a mixed design, for which three stages were followed: 1) Bibliographic review and construction of items of the questionnaire using a focus group, 2) Evaluation of content validity by a pannel of experts, 3) APLICACION of the final questionnaire, we selected non-randomly 323 people who were part of group of veterans in Colombia, and 4) Validation of the questionnaire through the evaluation of internal consistency and principal component analysis. We found that the questionnaire explored three factors: forms of infection, inadequate beliefs, and HIV prevention, which accounted for 52 percent of the variance. The survey showed adequate internal consistency values (Cronbach’s α = 0.77). These results suggest the use of the questionnaire to assess knowledge level related to the form of infection, inaccurate beliefs and prevention of HIV-AIDS in this population.

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Objetivo: describir las características demográficas y sociales del cuidadorprimario y las condiciones del cuidado brindado a los adultos mayoresresidenciados en Medellín en el año 2010.Métodos: estudio transversal; fuente de información primaria de 312 cuidadores de los adultos mayores registrados en la Encuesta de Calidad de Vida 2008, encuesta telefónica para determinar el estado de salud, las condiciones del cuidado, el grado de dependencia según la escala Katz y la sobrecarga.El análisis univariado y bivariado según sexo y comuna, se acompañó con pruebas estadísticas.Resultados: el promedio de edad fue de 54 años; el estado civil predominante fuede casados y el nivel educativo de secundaria; las mujeres eran en su mayoría amas de casa y los hombres trabajadores independientes y son esposos o hijos de los mayores cuidados. El cuidado es por iniciativa propia, ocho horas al día durante toda la semana y el 12 porciento presentó sobrecarga del cuidador primario.Conclusiones: el cuidador primario de los adultos mayores es principalmentefemenino, con edad mayor de 50 años y muchos son a su vez adultos mayores, loque origina una doble carga: su propia condición y la del mayor cuidado, situación que deberá ser tenida en cuenta en la implementación de programas de “ayuda al ayudador” y “cuidado del cuidador”.

Objetive: describe the demographic and social characteristics of the primary caregiver in older people. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study, source of primary information from 312 caregivers of older adults registered in the Quality of Life Survey 2008, using the telephone survey to determine health status, conditions of care, dependence on the scale and Katz overload. Univariate and bivariateanalysis by sex and municipality, was accompanied by statistical tests.Results: the average age was 54 years, the predominant marital status was married and secondary level, women were mostly housewives and men are employed and spouses or children of the greatest care. The care is on its own initiative, eight hours a day throughout the week and 12% had primary caregiver burden. Conclusions: the primary caregiver of the elderly is mainly women, aged over 50 years and many are themselves older adults, resulting in a double burden: his own condition and that the greatest care, a situation that must be taken into account implement programs to “help the helper” and “care of the caregiver”.

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Objetivo Analizar el apoyo social del adulto mayor residente en los Centros de Bienestar del Anciano de Medellín registrados en la Secretaría de Bienestar Social en el año 2008. Materiales Estudio descriptivo transversal, que abordó algunas características relacionadas con el apoyo social recibido por 276 adultos mayores institucionalizados en 39 centros de protección social, con fuente de información primaria. El análisis de la información fue univariado y bivariado. Resultados Los institucionalizados eran en su mayoría mujeres, con edades de 65-84 años, solteras o viudas, con nivel de educación primaria y secundaria; la mayor parte estaban afiliadas al régimen contributivo. Los principales motivos de institucionalización fueron: soledad, problemas de salud y por decisión familiar; ellos son visitados por sus hijos y otros familiares, y este apoyo fue valorado como satisfactorio, pero más de la mitad tenía sentimientos de soledad y la sexta parte manifestó humillaciones de sus seres queridos; es de anotar que una baja proporción reportó maltrato de sus cuidadores. Conclusiones Las redes de apoyo social son fuertes dentro de la institución y perciben un menor maltrato por parte de los cuidadores institucionales que de los familiares. En general, la soledad es un aspecto que lleva a los adultos mayores a institucionalizarse, pero esta permanece en ellos, motivada en parte por el poco contacto con las familias y la mediana satisfacción con amigos y la misma institución, evidenciando su condición de desamparo y de vulnerabilidad social.

Objective Analysing the social support provided for elderly institutionalised adults being cared for in Elderly Welfare Centres (Centros de Bienestar del Anciano de Medellín) in Medellin during 2008. Materials This was a cross-sectional descriptive study (primary information source) which addressed some characteristics related to the social support being received by 273 elderly people institutionalised in 37 social welfare centres. Univariate and bivariate analysis was applied to the data. Results The institutionalised people were mostly single or widowed women aged between 65 and 84 who had received primary and secondary education; most were affiliated to the contributory health regimen. Loneliness, health problems and family decision were the main causes for them having become institutionalised. They were visited by their children and other relatives and such support was rated as being satisfactory; however, more than half of them had feelings of loneliness and one sixth claimed to be humiliated and insulted by their loved ones. It should be noted that a few of them reported being mistreated by their caregivers. Institutionalised elderly adults performed recreational activities, were satisfied with the support received from friends, with cohabitation and the pertinent institution. Conclusions Social support networks were strong within the institution (i.e. Elderly Welfare Centres); the elderly seemed to receive greater abuse from family members and cohabitants than institutional caregivers. Loneliness generally leads elderly adults to become institutionalised; however, once having entered an institution (being partly motivated by little family contact and average satisfaction with friends and the institution itself) their neglect and social vulnerability becomes evident.

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OBJECTIVE: Analysing the social support provided for elderly institutionalised adults being cared for in Elderly Welfare Centres (Centros de Bienestar del Anciano de Medellín) in Medellin during 2008. MATERIALS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study (primary information source) which addressed some characteristics related to the social support being received by 273 elderly people institutionalised in 37 social welfare centres. Univariate and bivariate analysis was applied to the data. RESULTS: The institutionalised people were mostly single or widowed women aged between 65 and 84 who had received primary and secondary education; most were affiliated to the contributory health regimen. Loneliness, health problems and family decision were the main causes for them having become institutionalised. They were visited by their children and other relatives and such support was rated as being satisfactory; however, more than half of them had feelings of loneliness and one sixth claimed to be humiliated and insulted by their loved ones. It should be noted that a few of them reported being mistreated by their caregivers. Institutionalised elderly adults performed recreational activities, were satisfied with the support received from friends, with cohabitation and the pertinent institution. CONCLUSIONS: Social support networks were strong within the institution (i.e. Elderly Welfare Centres); the elderly seemed to receive greater abuse from family members and cohabitants than institutional caregivers. Loneliness generally leads elderly adults to become institutionalised; however, once having entered an institution (being partly motivated by little family contact and average satisfaction with friends and the institution itself) their neglect and social vulnerability becomes evident.

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Los cardiodesfibriladores implantables (CDI), al igual que los marcapasos intracamerales, son dispositivos de alta complejidad que han revolucionado el manejo de pacientes con alteraciones de la conducción cardiaca. Por sus características intrínsecas, sin embargo, están sometidos a una gran cantidad de interferencia electromagnética. Dentro del entorno quirúrgico, múltiples equipos de monitoria o intervencionismo pueden desencadenar mal funcionamiento de un CDI poniendo en riesgo al paciente de presentar complicaciones hemodinámicas, algunas de ellas letales lo cual hace obligatorio un adecuado conocimiento del funcionamiento de este y de cómo se puede prevenir la aparición de eventos no deseados.

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Objetivo: Caracterizar las hepatitis crónicas diagnosticadas histológicamente en el HPTU de Medellín en los últimos diez años en su aspecto epidemiológico, clínico y bioquímico, utilizando las historias clínicas de los pacientes que estén incluidos en el estudio. Metodología: Reporte de casos retrospectivo con base en las historias clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de hepatitis crónica en el HPTU en los últimos diez años; de corte transversal, se emplearon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Resultados: Se analizaron 21 pacientes con diagnóstico histológico de hepatitis crónica. Se realizó distribución de frecuencia de las variables sexo, edad, etiología y pruebas diagnósticas. Se describieron los factores asociados al diagnóstico de hepatitis crónica, las complicaciones y frecuencia de estas y por último se analizaron los diferentes motivos de consulta y la prevalencia de los diferentes síntomas. Conclusiones: Se encontró que en la población estudiada hay una alta prevalencia de hepatitis autoinmune (HAI) y hepatitis Idiopática; sin embargo, al analizar los exámenes diagnósticos realizados a los pacientes, faltan estudios que descarten otras etiologías de hepatitis, lo cual es fundamental para llegar a estos diagnósticos.

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