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This work proposes the quantification of Cr (VI) ions in natural waters in trace level, using activated alumina (Al2O3) as preconcentration support, controlled in-line dissolution of the solidified chromophore diphenylcarbazide after heat treatment and spectrophotometric detection. The manifold ensures high sensitivity of analytical response, good repeatability, and stability. In this work, optimization of experimental conditions of a flow injection system was chosen as the parameters for greater sensitivity and better selectivity. The selected optimized conditions were 0.30 mol L-1 for H2SO4 concentration, system flow rate as 0.40 mL min-1, sample injection volume of 192.50 µL, 2 min for preconcentration time, and 0.10 mol L-1 for eluent concentration. The analytical curves obtained for real sample analysis show linear range from 0.192 to 0.961 µM, linear correlation coefficient R = 0.9997 and LOD = 0.024 µM. The preconcentration factor of about four times was obtained through the passage of 800 µL of a standard solution containing 0.961 µM of Cr (VI) through mini-column of preconcentration followed by elution at 192.5 µL of NH4OH 0.1 mol L-1 solution. The solid chromogenic reagent presented high durability (weeks in daily use with mass of 0.0993 g) and good reproducibility in analytical signal. The reactivation of the mini-column of alumina should be executed after ten injections of eluent, using 800 µL of HCl 0.02 mol L-1 solution in flow through the same. Each cycle of injection and elution of the sample takes about 5 min on the proposed terms. Despite the length of each cycle still be high, low concentrations can be detected using a technique of relatively low cost. This is due in part, the association dissolution of the chromogenic reagent directly in the line and the preconcentration step. Another important factor is the economy of reagent chromogenic, low generation of reject contributing to better quality of the environment, and the high potential for applications to work in field.

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Este estudo investiga as semelhanças entre o sentimento solidão e o conceito psicodramático isolamento sociométrico, bem como as influências que eles exercem sobre as escolhas humanas, no caso, a drogadição. Apresenta alguns questionamentos com o intuito de entender quais lógicas afetivas de condutas estão acionadas, quais personagens conservados atuam e como esses conceitos, tão ricos e importantes do Psicodrama contemporâneo, vão se cristalizando e se transferindo para outros contextos pelo cacho de papéis e de que maneira se articulam com o aqui-agora que se instala nas relações que se estabelecem entre as pessoas dos grupos atendidos. Investiga ainda as possibilidades de superar certas dores a partir da superação desse mesmo estado de isolamento.

This work investigates the similarities between the feeling of loneliness and the psychodrama concept of sociometric isolation, as well as their influence on human choices, in this case, drug addiction. Questions arise in order to understand which affective logic of conducts are activated, which conserved characters are acting, and how these concepts, so rich and important of the contemporary Psychodrama, are crystallizing and transferring to other contexts by clusters of roles and in which way these roles work together with the here and now installed in the relations established among people who belongs to the groups served. It still investigates the possibilities of controlling certain pain based on overcoming of that state of isolation.

Este estudio investiga las similitudes entre el sentimiento de soledad y el concepto psicodramático de aislamiento sociométrico, así como las influencias que ejercen sobre las decisiones humanas, en el caso, la drogadicción. Se presenta algunos cuestionamientos a fin de entender qué lógicas afectivas de conductas están accionadas, qué personajes conservados están actuando, y cómo esos conceptos, tan ricos e importantes del Psicodrama contemporáneo, se cristalizan y se trasladan a otros contextos por el racimo de papeles y de qué manera se articulan con el aquí y ahora instalado en las relaciones establecidas entre las personas de los grupos atendidos. También investiga las posibilidades de superar ciertos dolores a partir de la superación de ese mismo estado de aislamiento.

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A DPOC tem como essência o achado de limitação fixa ao fluxo aéreo. A inflamação é o determinante básico das manifestações pulmonares e extrapulmonares. A possibilidade de monitoração de marcadores do processo inflamatório tem facilitadoo entendimento da progressão da doença e da existência de comorbidades. Nesse contexto, a DPOC tem sido considerada uma doença sistêmica, com a possibilidade real de se expressar através diferentes fenótipos. Os fundamentos anteriores, limitando as apresentações clínicas da enfermidade aos tipos clássicos bronquítico e enfisematoso, têm sido confrontados com novos conceitos, embasados em estudos que demonstram a grande complexidade da doença. Múltiplos desfechos são buscados nas pesquisas realizadas, e isso tem permitido ampliar o conhecimento e identificar diversos padrões de comportamento evolutivo entre os portadores da DPOC. Tais achados validam a hipótese de que a enfermidade pode, de fato, se manifestar através de múltiplos fenótipos. Este capítulo pretende ser uma contribuição para o entendimento deste tema

The essence of COPD is a finding of fixed airflow limitation. Inflammation is the basic determinant of the pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations of the disease. The ability to monitor markers of inflammation has facilitated understanding of the progression of the disease and of the existence of comorbidities.In this context, COPD has been considered a systemic disease with the real possibility of expression via a number of phenotypes. The previous perspective that the clinical subtypes of COPD are typically limited to bronchitis and emphysema is con-fronted by the new concepts provided by studies that demonstrate the great complexity of the disease. Multiple outcomes are under investigation in prospective studies, which have expanded the knowledge of COPD and have identified various patterns of progression in patients with the disease.These observations have validated the hypothesis that COPD can in fact manifest itself as any of a number of phenotypes.This chapter is aimed at increasing the understanding of this subject.

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OBJECTIVES: The changes in blood pressure and in the cardiac function were studied in two groups of patients: an elderly group (EG) with 10 healthy normotensive elderly patients, and a young group (YG), with eight normal volunteers. METHODS: Both groups were provided meals with high contents of lipids (LM), carbohydrates (CM), and proteins (PM). The systemic hemodynamic changes in each group were compared. RESULTS: The maximum reductions (Δ(max)) observed in the mean arterial pressure in the EG were -10.3% and -8.9% for LM and CM, respectively (P<0.05), and -6.5% for PM (NS). No significant changes in the mean arterial pressure were found in YG. After the CM, EG showed a reduction in the total peripheral resistance (TPVRi) from 3212 ± 225 to 2537 ± 165 dyne s/cm(5); (P<0.05), and the cardiac index (CI) increased from 2.4 ± 0.17 to 2.8 ± 0.19 l/min/m(2); (P<0.05). After LM, the EG reduced the TPVRi from 3630 ± 273 to 2529 ± 247 dyne s/cm(5); (P<0.05), and CI increased from 2.1 ± 0.15 to 2.8 ± 0.15 l/min/m(2); (P<0.05). The PM did not alter CI. The YG showed, after CM, no significant decreases in TPVRi, but CI increased from 3.2 to 3.9 ± 0.16 ± 0.28 l/min/m(2); (P<0.05), and after the LM, there was an increase in CI from 3.3 to 4.2 ± 0.21 ± 0.17 l/min/m(2); (P<0.05) and a concomitant reduction in TPVRi from 2094 ± 173 to 1657 ± 139 dyne s/cm(5); (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the modifications in cardiac function in our elderly population were observed after eating and were related to the type of food ingested. No significant changes were observed in heart function after the ingestion of a protein meal.

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A doença de Gorham é uma rara desordem osteolítica, de etiologia controversa, que pode afetar qualquer osso. O substrato histopatológico é a substituição óssea por uma formação expansiva de natureza vascular agressiva, não neoplásica. Descrevemos os achados radiográficos, tomográficos e de ressonância magnética de um caso desta afecção acometendo a escápula esquerda e, dois anos depois, a clavícula ipsilateral.

Gorham's disease is a rare osteolytic disorder of still controversial etiology that may affect any bone. The histopathological substrate for such a condition is the replacement of normal bone by aggressive non-neoplastic expansile vascular tissue. The authors describe radiographic, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in a case of this entity initially affecting the left scapula and, two years later, the ipsilateral clavicle.

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A chronic expanding hematoma can persist and increase in volume for more than 1 month after the first hemorrhage. It is rare, uncommon in the hand, little known among physicians, and an imitator of malignancy. Our purpose was to report a case of this condition in the soft tissues of an 8-year-old girl's hand that simulated an aggressive lesion, and to conduct a review on this subject.

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We present a case of an expansile diploic lesion involving the parietal bones in a 45-year-old man. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and digital subtraction angiography were performed. The imaging findings strongly suggested the diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm. Nonetheless, histology revealed a chronic diploic hematoma.

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Evaluation of bone maturation is highly important for orthodontics planning and treatment. Various parts of the body can be used for that purpose. The objective of the research was to check the correlation between the bone maturation stages of the cervical vertebrae and the bone maturation stages found at the hand-wrist region. Lateral X-rays were taken . Also hand and wrist X-rays were obtained. The Hassel and Farman method was used for the cervical vertebrae and the simplified Singer method was used for hand and wrist. The sample was compounded of 60 patients from the orthodontics clinic, FO-UERJ, 30 males and 30 females, ages between 7 and 14. The Spearman(r1) and Kendall(r2) coefficients were used to establish a correlation between the 6 stages proposed by each method. The study revealed a high correlation between the stages for both methods, not only for males (r1= 0.608 and r2= 0.656) and females (r1= 0.666 and r2= 0.634) but also for the total sample (r1= 0.743 and r2= 0.696). All results were statistically significant (p<0.001 or equal to 0.001). The conclusion was that the lateral X-ray evaluation of morphological alterations of hand-wrist vertebrae is trustworthy and practical for bone evaluation since it has a high correlation with a method that is already commonly used. It also adds to the information already furnished by such X-rays and avoids additional exposure to X-ray radiation

A avaliação da maturação óssea é de grande importância no planejamento e tratamento ortodôntico e várias áreas do corpo podem ser utilizadas para esta análise. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a correlação entre os estágios de maturação óssea das vértebras cervicais e os estágios de maturação encontrados na região carpal. Foram utilizadas telerradiografias de perfil e radiografias de mão e punho e aplicados os métodos de Hassel e Farman para as vértebras cervicais e o método simplificado proposto por Singer para mão e punho. A amostra foi composta por 60 pacientes da clínica de especialização em ortodontia da FO-UERJ, com idades variando entre 7 e 14 anos. Deste total, 30 eram do gênero masculino e 30 do gênero feminino. Foram utilizados os coeficientes de Spearman (r1) e de Kendall (r2) para estabelecer a correlação entre os 6 estágios propostos por cada método. Os estudos revelaram uma alta correlação entre estes estágios em ambos os métodos estudados tanto para o grupo masculino (r1= 0.680 e r2= 0.656), para o grupo feminino (r1= 0.666 e r2= 0.634), quanto para a amostra total (r1= 0.743 e r2= 0.696), sendo todos os resultados estatisticamente significativos (p≤0.001). Concluiu-se que a avaliação radiográfica das alterações morfológicas das vértebras cervicais nas telerradiografias laterais constitui um parâmetro alternativo, confiável e prático na avaliação esquelética, já que possui alta correlação com um método já comumente aplicado, vindo a complementar a gama de informações já fornecidas por tais radiografias e evitando exposição radiográfica adicional

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A tosse persistente representa uma condição comum e causa frequente de procura por atendimento médico, podendo alterar a rotina diária do paciente afetado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta clínica e laboratorial à terapia de tosse persistente, utilizando uma combinação de eucaliptol, gomenol, guaifenesina, cansilato de sódio e cloridrato de lidocaína.MÉTODO: Foram obtidos dados referentes a 60 pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital das Clínicas de Teresópolis Constantino Otaviano, incluindo informações demográficas, resultados de exames físicos, laboratoriais e de espirometria, avaliações do médico e do paciente, bem como uma avaliação através do Cough-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (CQLQ) que foram analisadas antes, durante e após sete dias de terapia. RESULTADOS: Não houve alterações clinicamente significativas nos exames físicos. Os exames laboratoriais e testes de espirometria permaneceram dentro das respectivas faixas de normalidade e nenhuma diferença significativa nos valores entre as avaliações foi observada. Vinte e nove eventos adversos foram registrados em 22 pacientes, todos com gravidade leve a moderada. As pontuações das avaliações de condição geral do médico e do paciente melhoraram significativamente na Avaliação 3 em relação à Avaliação 1 (Qui-quadrado = 121,1; GL= 16; p < 0,0001, e Qui-quadrado = 61,86; GL = 16; p < 0,0001, respectivamente). As pontuações no CQLQ da Avaliação 3 melhoraram de forma significativa em relação às da Avaliação 1 (t = 6,746; GL = 58; p < 0,0001), indicando melhora substancial na qualidade de vida.CONCLUSÃO: Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a combinação de eucaliptol, gomenol, guaifenesina, cansilato de sódio e cloridrato de lidocaína foi segura e eficaz em pacientes com processos pulmonares produtivos acompanhados de tosse, com impacto positivo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes tratados.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Persistent cough represents a common ailment for which medical attention is often sought, and may cause significant disruption of the affected patient's routine. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical and laboratory response to persistent cough therapy using a combination of eucalyptol, gomenol, guaifenesin, sodium camsilate, and lidocaine hydrochloride. METHOD: We collected data from 60 patients attended at the Pneumology Service of the Hospital de Clínicas de Teresópolis Constantino Otaviano, including demographic information, physical exams, laboratory, and spirometry exam results, physician and patient evaluations, and a quality-of-life assessment (CQLQ) which were analyzed before, during, and after seven days of therapy. RESULTS: There were no clinically significant changes regarding physical exams. Laboratory exams and spirometry tests remained within the respective normal ranges, and no statistically significant difference in values among study assessments was observed. Twenty-nine adverse events were recorded among 22 patients, all of which were mild to moderate in severity. The scores of the physician and patient evaluation of overall condition improved significantly in Assessment 3 in relation to Assessment 1 (Chi-square = 61.86; Degree of Freedom = 16; p < 0.0001 and Chi-square = 121.1; DF= 16; p < 0.0001, respectively). CQLQ total scores from Assessment 3 improved significantly in relation to those of Assessment 1 (t = 6.746; DF = 58; p < 0.0001), indicating a substantial improvement in quality-of-life. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this analysis, we conclude that the combination of eucalyptol, gomenol, guaifenesin, sodium camsilate, and lidocaine hydrochloride, was safe and effective in patients with productive pulmonary processes accompanied by cough, positively impacting quality-of-life of the treated patients.

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Os autores relatam três casos de pacientes com gangrena de Fournier. Esta é uma doença infecciosa polimicrobiana que acomete o períneo e a genitália, notadamente nos indivíduos do sexo masculino, cuja porta de entrada é mais comumente geniturinária, colorretal ou cutânea e que pode,ainda, não ter foco definido. Potencialmente letal, requer tratamento clínico e cirúrgico imediatos. O objetivo deste relato é demonstrar os principais achados na tomografia computadorizada e realizar uma breve revisão de literatura sobre o assunto.

The authors report three cases of patients with Fournier gangrene.This is a polymicrobial infectious disease that affects the perineumand genitalia, especially in males, whose source is most commonlygenitourinary, colorectal or cutaneous and may also not have aclearly defined focus. Potentially lethal, requires immediate clinicaland surgical treatment. The purpose of this report is to describe the main findings of imaging on computed tomography in this disease and to briefly review the literature on the subject.

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We evaluated the use of a combination of menthol, guaiacol, terpineol, eucalyptol, gomenol, and camphor injection in patients presenting persistent cough who were submitted to a 7-day treatment regimen with daily doses of the medication and a series of clinical and laboratory evaluations, including a quality-of-life questionnaire, spirometry, and assessments of overall condition by the patient and the physician, performed prior to the first dose of medication, after three days of treatment, and at the end of the 7-day treatment period. The use of concomitant medications and the incidence, severity and duration of adverse events were also evaluated. A total of sixty-one patients were included in the study. There were no clinically significant changes in vital signs, laboratory tests, or spirometry throughout the treatment period. A statistically significant improvement (p<0.0001) in the assessments of overall condition by the patient and physician was observed, and there was a statistically significant improvement in the scores of the quality-of-life questionnaire (p<0.0001). While adverse events were recorded, none were serious and all were resolved by the end of the treatment period. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that the combination of menthol, guaiacol, terpineol, eucalyptol, gomenol, and camphor in the form of an intramuscular injection was safe and effective ameliorating the effects of persistent cough in the quality of life of the patient population evaluated.

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O conhecimento da variabilidade espacial dos atributos de um solo sob diferentes coberturas auxilia o estudo das alterações ocorridas em razão do manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, com uso da estatística clássica e geoestatística, a variabilidade espacial das frações texturais de um solo cultivado com pastagem e vegetação nativa. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0-0,20m, nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha, com intervalos regulares de 10m, totalizando 64 pontos em cada área. Na área de pastagem, as frações areia grossa e total apresentaram valores médios maiores em relação à vegetação nativa e correlações negativas com as altitudes dos pontos amostrais nas duas áreas. Todas as frações texturais apresentaram dependência espacial de moderada a alta nas duas áreas e com o patamar definido, com exceção da areia fina e do silte na pastagem. Grande parte dessa variabilidade ocorre em função da erosão hídrica.

The study of the spatial variability of soil attributes under different crop helps the study of changes due the management. This research was carried out to determine spatial variability the particle-size distribution, using of the classic statistic and geostatistics, of a soil cultivated with pasture and native vegetation. Soil samples were collected in the layer 0-0.20m, at the crossing points of a regular grid with 10m-intervals, summing up 64 samples points in each area. In the pasture area the fractions of coarse and total sand presented larger mean values in relation to the native vegetation, and negative correlation with the altitude of the points samples in the two areas. All of the fractions presented moderate to high spatial dependence in the two areas and with the defined still, with exception of the fine sand and the silt in the pasture. Much of this variability occurs as a function of water erosion.

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Esse estudo trata a questão da intencionalidade da consciência no processo educativo. O objetivo é mostrar que a conscientização, finalidade última da educação, somente é alcançada mediante a consciência de que o homem está no mundo e com o mundo. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na análise de algumas obras de Paulo Freire que nos permitiram perceber que é, justamente, na praxis, que o homem toma consciência. A esse processo dá-se o nome de "conscientização". Percebeu-se, nesse estudo, que existe uma relação de profunda dependência entre o processo de conscientização, o processo educacional e o processo concreto de libertação do homem.

This study deals with the question of conscious intentionality in the educational process. The objective is to show that awareness, the final purpose of education, is only reached when man becomes conscious that he is in the world and with the world. The methodology used consisted of analysis of some Paulo Freire writings , which allowed us to perceive that it is in the praxis, that man really takes conscience. This process was called "awareness". It was perceived in this study, that a deep dependence exists between the awareness and educational processes and the concrete process of man liberation.

Este estudio ocupa de la cuestión de la intencionalidad de la consciencia en el proceso educativo. El objetivo es demostrar que concienciar, finalidad última de la educación, es alcanzada solamente por medio de la consciencia de que el hombre está en el mundo y con el mundo. La metodología usada consistió en el análisis de algunos libros de Paulo Freire que permitió percibir que es justamente, en la praxis, que el hombre adquirí consciencia. A este proceso se da el nombre de "concienciar". Fue percibido, en este estudio, que existe una relación de profunda dependencia entre el proceso de "concienciar", el proceso educativo y el proceso concreto de libetación del hombre.

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Esse estudo trata a questão da intencionalidade da consciência no processo educativo. O objetivo é mostrar que a conscientização, finalidade última da educação, somente é alcançada mediante a consciência de que o homem está no mundo e com o mundo. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na análise de algumas obras de Paulo Freire que nos permitiram perceber que é, justamente, na praxis, que o homem toma consciência. A esse processo dá-se o nome de 'conscientização'. Percebeu-se, nesse estudo, que existe uma relação de profunda dependência entre o processo de conscientização, o processo educacional e o processo concreto de libertação do homem.(AU)

This study deals with the question of conscious intentionality in the educational process. The objective is to show that awareness, the final purpose of education, is only reached when man becomes conscious that he is in the world and with the world. The methodology used consisted of analysis of some Paulo Freire writings , which allowed us to perceive that it is in the praxis, that man really takes conscience. This process was called 'awareness'. It was perceived in this study, that a deep dependence exists between the awareness and educational processes and the concrete process of man liberation.(AU)

Este estudio ocupa de la cuestión de la intencionalidad de la consciencia en el proceso educativo. El objetivo es demostrar que concienciar, finalidad última de la educación, es alcanzada solamente por medio de la consciencia de que el hombre está en el mundo y con el mundo. La metodología usada consistió en el análisis de algunos libros de Paulo Freire que permitió percibir que es justamente, en la praxis, que el hombre adquirí consciencia. A este proceso se da el nombre de 'concienciar'. Fue percibido, en este estudio, que existe una relación de profunda dependencia entre el proceso de 'concienciar', el proceso educativo y el proceso concreto de libetación del hombre.(AU)

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We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the use of an oral combination of vitamins B1, B6, and B12 in the treatment of osteoarthritis-related pain and loss of mobility. A 14-day, open-label treatment period was adopted for patients presenting osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. Patients underwent a series of clinical and laboratory evaluations prior to the first treatment dose, following 7 days of treatment, and at the end of the 14-day drug administration period. The incidence of adverse events and use of concomitant medication was also monitored at each study visit. At each study visit, osteoarthritis evaluations were performed, including a 100mm VAS pain assessment, and global and satisfaction surveys completed by both patients and investigating physician. At the conclusion of the study, an additional assessment was performed to evaluate the patient's willingness to continue treatment with the B-vitamin combination.Clinical safety was evaluated by comparing the differences between the pretreatment, mid-study, and end-of-study clinical and laboratory evaluations as well as the incidence and severity of any adverse events. A comparison between the patient and physician assessments at each study visit was used to evaluate efficacy.A total of 54 patients were treated with the study medication. A clinically significant change was observed from pretreatment to end-of-study efficacy evaluations, including those for pain, mobility, and global osteoarthritis condition. The physician's evaluation of global patient condition and treatment satisfaction evaluation also presented a clinically significant change from pretreatment to the final study evaluation. No clinically significant changes in the patients clinical and laboratory evaluations were observed during the study.Based on the results of this clinical study, we conclude that the combination of cyanocobalamin, thiamine mononitrate and pyridoxine chlorihydrate at the concentrations employed is safe and effective in the treatment of the pain and loss of mobility associated with osteoarthritis.