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This study investigated the effectiveness of different doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) to promote cervical relaxation and their effects on luteal function and outcomes of non-surgical embryo recovery (NSER) in sheep. Multiparous (MULT) and nulliparous (NULL) crossbred Lacaune X Santa Inês ewes were superovulated and naturally bred. Seven days after progesterone withdrawal, females were randomly assigned to one of three distinct cervical relaxation protocols, consisting of i.m. treatment with 37.5 µg d-cloprostenol and different doses of EB: 0.0 mg (0.0EB group; n = 3 NULL and 14 MULT); 0.5 mg (0.5EB group; n = 4 NULL and 12 MULT) or 1.0 mg (1.0EB group, n = 6 NULL and 11 MULT) 16 h before NSER. All ewes received 50 IU of oxytocin 20 min before NSER (D17). Blood samples were collected and ultrasound exams (B-mode and color Doppler) were performed at two timepoints: immediately before d-cloprostenol and EB treatments and prior to NSER. Estrous behavior, corpora lutea count and NSER success outcomes were not affected by EB treatments nor parity (P > 0.05). Embryo recovery rate was greater for ewes in the 0.5EB group and in the NULL ewes (P < 0.05). Ovarian biometrics differed between the two evaluation timepoints in all groups (P < 0.05). Plasma estradiol increased over time, reaching a significant greater level in 1.0EB ewes compared to controls on D17 (P < 0.05), whereas progesterone concentrations decreased over time in all groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, treatments did not affect NSER success but they did affect luteal function by altering P4 and E2 concentrations. Therefore, the NSER technique can be successfully performed in ewes with or without prior treatment with EB.

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In an attempt to develop accessible methods for the precocious individual selection based on phenotypic attributes related to reproductive superiority, this study evaluated the effects of follicular wave stages (emergence and dominance) and the repeatability coefficients of potential fertility predictors (vulvar morphometry, uterine biometry, echogenicity and echotexture, ovarian biometry, and antral follicle count - AFC) in two breeds of purebred prepubertal heifers. Nellore (n = 30) and Caracu (n = 28) heifers were submitted to a sequence of 11 evaluations conducted every 48 h (D0 - random day of the antral follicular wave until D20) to study potential fertility indicators under natural conditions. The data obtained were compared according to breed and follicular wave stage. Statistical analysis included the fixed effects of breed, evaluation day, and their statistical interaction and was performed using MIXED, GENMOD, GLM, and CORR procedures of the SAS program. Breed was found to influence rima height, ovarian area, and AFC, which were greater in Nellore heifers (P < 0.02). The follicular wave stage also influenced most of the potential predictors, highlighting AFC which was higher in the presence of a dominant follicle in both breeds (P < 0.0001). The repeatability coefficients for vulvar width (0.76 and 0.66), ovarian area (0.70 and 0.62), and AFC (0.76 and 0.74) were considered to be high in Nellore and Caracu heifers, respectively. Only ovarian biometry was able to predict AFC (Pearson correlation coefficient ≥ 0.66; P < 0.0001) in prepubertal heifers. The results indicate that most of the phenotypic reproductive parameters analyzed can be characterized throughout prepuberty using a single measure since they are intrinsic attributes of the individual.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hCG treatment during the early luteal phase on ovarian function, progesterone profile, and embryo yield in superovulated ewes. Superovulated sheep were randomly assigned to receive 300 IU hCG i.m. (GhCG, n = 24) or not (GControl, n = 25) at 96 h after the removal of the progesterone (P4) device (D13). Non-surgical embryo recovery (NSER) was performed eight days after P4 withdrawal. Ultrasound evaluations were performed on D13, D14, D16, and D17. Blood samples were collected on D14, D16, and D17. Superovulation scores were recorded based on the number of corpora lutea (CL) as follows: 1 (≤ 2), 2 (3-5), 3 (6-8), and 4 (≥ 9). NSER efficiency, superovulation response, and luteal tissue area were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). Structural luteolysis tended to be higher in GControl (P = 0.07; 47.0 %) while functional luteolysis was similar in both groups (P > 0.05; 0.0 % and 5.9 %). The recovery rate was greater (P < 0.05) in GhCG (89.8 %) compared with GControl (71.0 %), with similar overall ova/embryo numbers observed for both groups (P > 0.05). GhCG showed a higher concentration of animals with a superovulatory response score of 4 (54.5 %; P < 0.05) compared with the lowest scores. Plasma progesterone on D16 was higher (P < 0.05) in GhCG ewes (11.1 ± 1.5 vs 6.9 ± 1.5 ng/mL). In conclusion, the hCG treatment improved circulating P4 and embryo recovery rate, tended to maintain luteal functionality, and thus constitutes an additional tool for improving embryo yield in superovulated ewes.

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Chitosan (CS) is a promising biopolymer and has been tested as a complement to the action and compensation of toxicity presented by anti-tuberculosis drugs. The present work studied the adjuvant effect of CS with the drug ethambutol (EMB) as a compound (CS-EMB), to explore its antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to examine ultracellular changes that represent possible antimycobacterial action of CS on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Antimycobacterial activities were tested against reference strains Mtb ATCC® H37Rv and multidrug resistant (MDR). In vitro cytotoxicity tests were performed on Raw 264.7. For the studied compounds, morphological, ultrastructural, and physical-chemical analyses were performed. Drug-polymer interactions that occur through the H bridges were confirmed by physical-chemical analyses. The CS-EMB compound is stable at pHs of 6.5-7.5, allowing its release at physiological pH. The antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the CS-EMB compound was 50% greater than that of the EMB in the H37Rv and MDR strains and the ultrastructural changes in the bacilli observed by TEM proved that the CS-EMB compound has a bactericidal action, allowing it to break down the Mtb cell wall. The cytotoxicity of CS-EMB was higher than that of isolated EMB, IC50 279, and 176 µg/mL, respectively. It is concluded that CS-EMB forms a promising composite against strains Mtb H37Rv and multidrug resistant (MDR-TB).Key points• Our study will be the first to observe ultrastructurally the effects of the CS-EMB compound on Mtb cells.• CS-EMB antimicrobial activity in a multidrug-resistant clinical strain.• The CS-EMB compound has promising potential for the development of a new drug to fight tuberculosis.

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This study examined the effects of exogenous hCG administration on ovarian function and pregnancy rates in estrous-induced dairy goats during the transition into the breeding season. Eighty-six Toggenburg does received 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate intravaginal sponge for 6 d plus 200 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin and 30 µg of d-cloprostenol i.m. 24 h before sponge removal, and were then bred for 96 h. Seven days (D7) after first mating the does received either 1 mL of saline (the control group, n = 43) or 300 IU of hCG (the hCG-treated group, n = 43) i.m. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography (B-mode and color Doppler) was performed on D7, D13, D17, and D21 and ultrasonographic pregnancy detection on D30. Pregnancy rate was higher (P < 0.05) in hCG-treated goats (90.7%; 39/43) than that in control animals (74.4%; 32/43). Accessory luteal structures (ALSs) were detected in 46.5% (20/43) of hCG-treated does. All hCG-treated does that had ALSs and 82.6% of goats without ALS post-treatment remained pregnant. The total luteal area increased (P < 0.05) from D7 to D13 in pregnant animals of both groups, whereas mean vascular area declined (P < 0.05) by D21 in all nonpregnant does. Serum progesterone concentrations increased (P < 0.05) on D21 in pregnant goats of both groups, but they were related to changes in luteal tissue content only in control does throughout the present study. Mean daily numbers of small- and medium-sized antral follicles decreased (P < 0.05) only in pregnant animals of both groups with a decline in medium follicle numbers occurring earlier in hCG-treated (D13) compared with control does (D17). To summarize, a single dose of hCG given on D7 after estrus was followed by a decrease in the number of medium-sized antral follicles in gestating hCG-treated does, induced the formation of ALSs in ~47% of all hCG-treated does, and significantly increased the pregnancy rate in estrous-induced Toggenburg goats in the transition to the breeding season.

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This study was conducted to evaluate effects of two administrations of d-cloprostenol at different intervals to synchronize the time of estrus and ovulation among estrous cyclic goats. In Experiment 1, 32 does were treated with 30 µg d-cloprostenol at 7.5 (T7.5, n = 16) or 11.5-day (T11.5, n = 16) intervals. In Experiment 2, the same treatments were administered and there was AI of the does (T7.5, n = 40 and T11.5, n = 38). In Experiment 1, ultrasonic assessments of ovaries were conducted at the time of the second administration of d-cloprostenol, every 12 h until detection of ovulation, and 7 days after estrous onset to detect the corpora lutea, as well as for pregnancy diagnosis 40 days after AI. In Experiment 1, the estrous response (90.6%, 29/32) was similar (P > 0.05) in both groups. Diameter of the largest follicle at the time of administration of the second dose was larger (P = 0.01) in the T7.5 than T11.5 group (7.0 compared with 5.7 mm), while the values for ovarian variables were similar (P > 0.05). In Experiment 2, the greatest (P < 0.001) synchrony in timing of initiation of estrus in does (T7.5 = 83.3% and T11.5 = 50.0%) occurred after the second day (36-48 h). The pregnancy rate tended (P = 0.0836) to be greater for does in the T7.5 (71.4%, 40/56) than T11.5 (55.6%, 30/54) group. With use of both protocols, there were acceptable estrous synchronization and pregnancy rates in estrous cyclic dairy goats.

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The efficiency of an alternative freezing protocol for goat embryos of different morphology and quality was tested. Fifty-eight embryos on Day 6-7 stage were transferred as fresh or after freeze-thawing (n=29/group). For freezing, embryos were placed into 1.5M ethylene-glycol solution for 10min. During this time, they were loaded in the central part of 0.25mL straw, separated by air bubble from columns containing PBS/BSA 0.4% plus 20% BFS. Straws were then frozen using a freezing machine from 20ºC to -6ºC at a cooling rate of 3ºC/min, stabilization for 15min (seeding after 5min), from -6 C to -32ºC at 0.6 C/min,and plunged into liquid nitrogen. Frozen embryos were thawed for 30s at 37ºC in a water bath. Embryos subjected to fresh transfer were maintained in holding medium (37ºC). Fresh and frozen-thawed embryos were transferred at day 7 post-estrus to 30 recipients. Kidding and kid born rates were similar (P> 0.05), respectively, for recipients receiving fresh (66.7% or 10/15; 55.2% or 16/29) or frozen-thawed (60% or 9/15; 51.7% or 15/29) embryos. The cryopreservation of goat embryos using slow-freezing protocol and 1.5MEG resulted in similar efficiency rates of fresh embryos.(AU)

Este estudo testou a eficiência de protocolo alternativo de criopreservação de embriões caprinos de diferentes qualidades morfológicas. Foram utilizados 58 embriões, coletados entre o sexto e o sétimo dia do ciclo estral (n=29/grupo). Embriões congelados passaram por solução 1,5M etilenoglicol por 10min e foram aspirados durante esse tempo para parte central de palheta 0,25mL, separada por bolhas de ar de colunas contendo PBS 0,4% BSA e 20% SFB. As palhetas foram congeladas em máquina de congelação de 20ºC a -6ºC, com taxa de resfriamento de 3ºC/min, estabilização por 15min (seeding após 5min), -6ºC a -32ºC a 0,6ºC/min, e imersas em nitrogênio líquido. Os embriões foram descongelados por 30s a 37ºC, em água. Embriões frescos foram mantidos em solução de manutenção (37ºC). Embriões frescos e congelados/descongelados foram transferidos para 30 receptoras no sétimo dia do ciclo estral. A taxa de partos e a de crias nascidas (respectivamente) foram similares (P>0,05) para receptoras recebendo embriões frescos (66,7% ou 10/15; 55,2% ou 16/29) ou congelados/descongelados (60,0% ou 9/15; 51,7% ou 15/29). O protocolo de criopreservação de embriões utilizado no presente estudo resultou em índices de eficiência semelhantes aos de embriões frescos.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The efficiency of an alternative freezing protocol for goat embryos of different morphology and quality was tested. Fifty-eight embryos on Day 6-7 stage were transferred as fresh or after freeze-thawing (n=29/group). For freezing, embryos were placed into 1.5M ethylene-glycol solution for 10min. During this time, they were loaded in the central part of 0.25mL straw, separated by air bubble from columns containing PBS/BSA 0.4% plus 20% BFS. Straws were then frozen using a freezing machine from 20ºC to -6ºC at a cooling rate of 3ºC/min, stabilization for 15min (seeding after 5min), from -6 C to -32ºC at 0.6 C/min,and plunged into liquid nitrogen. Frozen embryos were thawed for 30s at 37ºC in a water bath. Embryos subjected to fresh transfer were maintained in holding medium (37ºC). Fresh and frozen-thawed embryos were transferred at day 7 post-estrus to 30 recipients. Kidding and kid born rates were similar (P> 0.05), respectively, for recipients receiving fresh (66.7% or 10/15; 55.2% or 16/29) or frozen-thawed (60% or 9/15; 51.7% or 15/29) embryos. The cryopreservation of goat embryos using slow-freezing protocol and 1.5MEG resulted in similar efficiency rates of fresh embryos.(AU)

Este estudo testou a eficiência de protocolo alternativo de criopreservação de embriões caprinos de diferentes qualidades morfológicas. Foram utilizados 58 embriões, coletados entre o sexto e o sétimo dia do ciclo estral (n=29/grupo). Embriões congelados passaram por solução 1,5M etilenoglicol por 10min e foram aspirados durante esse tempo para parte central de palheta 0,25mL, separada por bolhas de ar de colunas contendo PBS 0,4% BSA e 20% SFB. As palhetas foram congeladas em máquina de congelação de 20ºC a -6ºC, com taxa de resfriamento de 3ºC/min, estabilização por 15min (seeding após 5min), -6ºC a -32ºC a 0,6ºC/min, e imersas em nitrogênio líquido. Os embriões foram descongelados por 30s a 37ºC, em água. Embriões frescos foram mantidos em solução de manutenção (37ºC). Embriões frescos e congelados/descongelados foram transferidos para 30 receptoras no sétimo dia do ciclo estral. A taxa de partos e a de crias nascidas (respectivamente) foram similares (P>0,05) para receptoras recebendo embriões frescos (66,7% ou 10/15; 55,2% ou 16/29) ou congelados/descongelados (60,0% ou 9/15; 51,7% ou 15/29). O protocolo de criopreservação de embriões utilizado no presente estudo resultou em índices de eficiência semelhantes aos de embriões frescos.(AU)

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RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare ultrasonographic characteristics of accessory sex glands and spectral Doppler indices of the internal iliac arteries in peri- and post-pubertal rams raised in a subtropical climate. Forty-five Dorper rams were examined (24 rams aged 8-11 months and 21 rams aged 12-24 months). Digital images of all accessory sex glands were subjected to morphometric and echotextural analyses, the latter using commercially available image analytical software Image ProPlus®. Physical and morphological characteristics of semen and serum concentrations of testosterone were also determined. The dimensions of the prostate gland (12.9±1.2 compared with 14.2±2.7mm; mean±standard deviation) and bulbourethral glands (13.7±1.3 compared with 14.7±1.8mm) were greater (P=0.04) in sexually mature compared with peri-pubertal rams. Pixel intensity of vesicular (181.5±20.8 compared with 164.8±26.8, P=0.02) and bulbourethral gland parenchyma (166.9±16.9 compared with 141.8±29.1, P=0.001) was greater in peri-pubertal compared with sexually mature rams. Semen could be collected by ejaculation into the artificial vagina from 38% (8/21) of post-pubertal rams and 21% (5/24) of peri-pubertal animals (P=0.03). Semen volume was positively correlated with peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) in the internal iliac arteries (r=0.79, P=0.001 and r=0.67, P=0.01, respectively), while spermatic vigor and progressive motility were inversely related to circulating concentrations of testosterone (r=-0.69, P=0.009 and r=-0.61, P=0.03, respectively). In summary, the attainment of sexual maturity in the rams of the present study was associated with an enlargement of the prostate and bulbourethral glands, and with the shift in echotextural attributes of vesicular and bulbourethral glands. Circulating testosterone concentrations and Doppler blood flow indices of the ram's internal iliac arteries are significant predictors of sperm progressive motility, vigor and the amount of ejaculate.

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This study evaluated the efficiency of two d-cloprostenol injections at different intervals on the reproductive parameters of dairy goats. Trial 1 comprised 54 goats allocated to receive two 37.5µg d-cloprostenol doses at intervals of seven (T7, n=19), 10 (T10, n=18), and 11.5 (T11.5, n=17) days. Trial 2 comprised 62 goats allocated to receive injections at T7 (n=30) and T11.5 (n=32). Ultrasonography was done and blood was collected just before d-cloprostenol injections. After the second dose, goats were artificially inseminated (AI) with frozen-thawed semen at 18-24h (Trial 1) or at 10-24h (adjusted according to the time of estrus onset in Trial 2) after estrus detection. Estrus response rate did not differ (P>0.05) among groups in Trials 1 (T7=94.7%; T10=88.9%; T11.5=88.2%) and 2 (T7=90.0%; T11.5=96.9). All females showed progesterone concentrations >1ng/mL before both d-cloprostenol injections. The largest follicle diameter present on ovaries was similar (P>0.05) among treatments at the first and second dose. The second largest follicle diameter was superior (P<0.05) to T7 than to T10 and T11.5 goats at first dose only. This possibly resulted in lower interval to estrus (P<0.05) in T7-treated goats than other treated goats in both trials. The conception rate was similar among treatment groups in Trials 1 (T7=55.6%; T10=18.8%; T11.5=26.7%) and 2 (T7=85.2%; T11.5=93.6%). The three treatments efficiently synchronized estrus. T7 and T11.5 protocols resulted in high estrus synchrony and conception rates when adjusting the AI time according to interval of estrus.

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RESUMO

Como a função luteal reflete diretamente nas taxas reprodutivas de um rebanho, os mecanismoscelulares e moleculares que estão envolvidos na formação, secreção e regressão do corpo lúteo são alvos deestudos. Especialmente em caprinos e ovinos, o fenômeno da regressão luteal precoce tem ocorrido de formafrequente, reduzindo o desempenho reprodutivo e das biotécnicas aplicadas. Os motivos desse acontecimentoainda não estão completamente elucidados e as buscas por formas de prevenção e controle estão sendoinvestigadas. Portanto, a presente revisão tem como objetivo rever diversos aspectos associados à regressãoprematura do corpo lúteo em pequenos ruminantes, incluindo suas possíveis causas, estratégias para o corretodiagnóstico e controle, além de perspectivas futuras para essa área de pesquisa.

As the luteal function directly reflects the reproductive rates of a herd, the cellular and molecularmechanisms involved in the formation, secretion and regression of the corpus luteum are targets of studies.Especially in goats and sheep, the phenomenon of premature luteal regression has been frequently observed,reducing the reproduction performance and biotech results. The reasons why this event happens are not yet fullyunderstood and new ways to prevention and control it are being investigated. Therefore, the aim of this review isto review several aspects associated with premature regression of corpus luteum in small ruminants, includingpossible causes and strategies for diagnosis and control, as well future perspectives for this area of research.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Como a função luteal reflete diretamente nas taxas reprodutivas de um rebanho, os mecanismoscelulares e moleculares que estão envolvidos na formação, secreção e regressão do corpo lúteo são alvos deestudos. Especialmente em caprinos e ovinos, o fenômeno da regressão luteal precoce tem ocorrido de formafrequente, reduzindo o desempenho reprodutivo e das biotécnicas aplicadas. Os motivos desse acontecimentoainda não estão completamente elucidados e as buscas por formas de prevenção e controle estão sendoinvestigadas. Portanto, a presente revisão tem como objetivo rever diversos aspectos associados à regressãoprematura do corpo lúteo em pequenos ruminantes, incluindo suas possíveis causas, estratégias para o corretodiagnóstico e controle, além de perspectivas futuras para essa área de pesquisa.(AU)

As the luteal function directly reflects the reproductive rates of a herd, the cellular and molecularmechanisms involved in the formation, secretion and regression of the corpus luteum are targets of studies.Especially in goats and sheep, the phenomenon of premature luteal regression has been frequently observed,reducing the reproduction performance and biotech results. The reasons why this event happens are not yet fullyunderstood and new ways to prevention and control it are being investigated. Therefore, the aim of this review isto review several aspects associated with premature regression of corpus luteum in small ruminants, includingpossible causes and strategies for diagnosis and control, as well future perspectives for this area of research.(AU)

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RESUMO

An imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, characterized by cellular damage with detrimental effects on sperm quality. The sheep spermatozoa has high susceptibility to oxidative stress and consequently to lipid peroxidation due to higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in their plasma membrane and the presence of a reduced cytoplasm that maintain low concentrations of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, it is important to add antioxidants in semen extenders. Some of the endogenous antioxidants present in seminal plasma are catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The non-enzymatic are: Vitamin E (Tocopherol), Vitamin C and resveratrol. The addition of antioxidants is beneficial in ram semen cryopreservation, however in excess are detrimental as they participate in important stages of the acquisition of sperm fertilizing potential, as training, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and their interaction with the oocyte(AU)

O desequilíbrio entre o sistema de defesa antioxidante e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) ocasionam o estresse oxidativo, caracterizado por danos celulares prejudiciais na qualidade espermática. Os espermatozoides de ovinos possuem grande susceptibilidade ao estresse oxidativo e consequentemente à peroxidação lipídica, devido a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em sua membrana plasmática e a presença de um citoplasma reduzido que mantêm baixas as concentrações de enzimas antioxidantes. Dessa forma, torna-se importante adicionar substâncias antioxidantes aos meios diluidores do sêmen, que são subdivididas em dois grupos os enzimáticos e não enzimáticos. Dentre os antioxidantes enzimáticos endógenos presentes no plasma seminal destacam-se a catalase (Cat), a glutationa peroxidase (GSH), o superóxido dismutase (SOD) e a cisteína. Já os não enzimáticos são: vitamina E (Tocoferol), vitamina C e resveratrol. A adição dos antioxidantes é vantajosa na criopreservação do sêmen ovino, entretanto em excesso se torna prejudicial, pois participam de importantes fases da aquisição do potencial fertilizante espermático, como a capacitação, hiperativação, reação acrossomal e sua interação com o oócito. Sendo assim a presente revisão visou agrupar os principais antioxidantes, seus malefícios e benefícios na criopreservação do sêmen ovino(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O desequilíbrio entre o sistema de defesa antioxidante e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) ocasionam o estresse oxidativo, caracterizado por danos celulares prejudiciais na qualidade espermática. Os espermatozoides de ovinos possuem grande susceptibilidade ao estresse oxidativo e consequentemente à peroxidação lipídica, devido a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em sua membrana plasmática e a presença de um citoplasma reduzido que mantêm baixas as concentrações de enzimas antioxidantes. Dessa forma, torna-se importante adicionar substâncias antioxidantes aos meios diluidores do sêmen, que são subdivididas em dois grupos os enzimáticos e não enzimáticos. Dentre os antioxidantes enzimáticos endógenos presentes no plasma seminal destacam-se a catalase (Cat), a glutationa peroxidase (GSH), o superóxido dismutase (SOD) e a cisteína. Já os não enzimáticos são: vitamina E (Tocoferol), vitamina C e resveratrol. A adição dos antioxidantes é vantajosa na criopreservação do sêmen ovino, entretanto em excesso se torna prejudicial, pois participam de importantes fases da aquisição do potencial fertilizante espermático, como a capacitação, hiperativação, reação acrossomal e sua interação com o oócito. Sendo assim a presente revisão visou agrupar os principais antioxidantes, seus malefícios e benefícios na criopreservação do sêmen ovino.

RESUMO

An imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress, characterized by cellular damage with detrimental effects on sperm quality. The sheep spermatozoa has high susceptibility to oxidative stress and consequently to lipid peroxidation due to higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids present in their plasma membrane and the presence of a reduced cytoplasm that maintain low concentrations of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, it is important to add antioxidants in semen extenders. Some of the endogenous antioxidants present in seminal plasma are catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The non-enzymatic are: Vitamin E (Tocopherol), Vitamin C and resveratrol. The addition of antioxidants is beneficial in ram semen cryopreservation, however in excess are detrimental as they participate in important stages of the acquisition of sperm fertilizing potential, as training, hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and their interaction with the oocyte

O desequilíbrio entre o sistema de defesa antioxidante e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) ocasionam o estresse oxidativo, caracterizado por danos celulares prejudiciais na qualidade espermática. Os espermatozoides de ovinos possuem grande susceptibilidade ao estresse oxidativo e consequentemente à peroxidação lipídica, devido a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em sua membrana plasmática e a presença de um citoplasma reduzido que mantêm baixas as concentrações de enzimas antioxidantes. Dessa forma, torna-se importante adicionar substâncias antioxidantes aos meios diluidores do sêmen, que são subdivididas em dois grupos os enzimáticos e não enzimáticos. Dentre os antioxidantes enzimáticos endógenos presentes no plasma seminal destacam-se a catalase (Cat), a glutationa peroxidase (GSH), o superóxido dismutase (SOD) e a cisteína. Já os não enzimáticos são: vitamina E (Tocoferol), vitamina C e resveratrol. A adição dos antioxidantes é vantajosa na criopreservação do sêmen ovino, entretanto em excesso se torna prejudicial, pois participam de importantes fases da aquisição do potencial fertilizante espermático, como a capacitação, hiperativação, reação acrossomal e sua interação com o oócito. Sendo assim a presente revisão visou agrupar os principais antioxidantes, seus malefícios e benefícios na criopreservação do sêmen ovino

Assuntos

RESUMO

O desequilíbrio entre o sistema de defesa antioxidante e a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) ocasionam o estresse oxidativo, caracterizado por danos celulares prejudiciais na qualidade espermática. Os espermatozoides de ovinos possuem grande susceptibilidade ao estresse oxidativo e consequentemente à peroxidação lipídica, devido a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados presentes em sua membrana plasmática e a presença de um citoplasma reduzido que mantêm baixas as concentrações de enzimas antioxidantes. Dessa forma, torna-se importante adicionar substâncias antioxidantes aos meios diluidores do sêmen, que são subdivididas em dois grupos os enzimáticos e não enzimáticos. Dentre os antioxidantes enzimáticos endógenos presentes no plasma seminal destacam-se a catalase (Cat), a glutationa peroxidase (GSH), o superóxido dismutase (SOD) e a cisteína. Já os não enzimáticos são: vitamina E (Tocoferol), vitamina C e resveratrol. A adição dos antioxidantes é vantajosa na criopreservação do sêmen ovino, entretanto em excesso se torna prejudicial, pois participam de importantes fases da aquisição do potencial fertilizante espermático, como a capacitação, hiperativação, reação acrossomal e sua interação com o oócito. Sendo assim a presente revisão visou agrupar os principais antioxidantes, seus malefícios e benefícios na criopreservação do sêmen ovino.

RESUMO

Objetivou-se descrever os achados clínicos e ultrassonográficos de uma cabra leiteira apresentando mastite gangrenosa. Com a ultrassonografia convencional, observaram-se alterações consistentes com o avanço do quadro clínico, como alterações na ecogenicidade do leite e parênquima mamário. A ultrassonografia Doppler revelou aumento da velocidade de pico sistólico nos três momentos estudados, passando de 15 para 17 e 29cm/s. Houve redução, também, dos valores do índice de resistência, de 0,71 para 0,61 e 0,43. O índice de pulsatividade sofreu redução entre o segundo e o terceiro dia de observação, passando de 0,98 para 0,71. Foi possível estabelecer relação direta entre os achados ultrassonográficos e a gravidade da doença. A ultrassonografia convencional e Doppler podem ser utilizadas para o estudo hemodinâmico do úbere de cabras leiteiras, favorecendo diagnóstico e prognóstico de alterações nesse órgão...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivou-se descrever os achados clínicos e ultrassonográficos de uma cabra leiteira apresentando mastite gangrenosa. Com a ultrassonografia convencional, observaram-se alterações consistentes com o avanço do quadro clínico, como alterações na ecogenicidade do leite e parênquima mamário. A ultrassonografia Doppler revelou aumento da velocidade de pico sistólico nos três momentos estudados, passando de 15 para 17 e 29cm/s. Houve redução, também, dos valores do índice de resistência, de 0,71 para 0,61 e 0,43. O índice de pulsatividade sofreu redução entre o segundo e o terceiro dia de observação, passando de 0,98 para 0,71. Foi possível estabelecer relação direta entre os achados ultrassonográficos e a gravidade da doença. A ultrassonografia convencional e Doppler podem ser utilizadas para o estudo hemodinâmico do úbere de cabras leiteiras, favorecendo diagnóstico e prognóstico de alterações nesse órgão.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to determine the profile of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokines and KC-like cells (natural killer) in pregnant bitches, unpublished values for the species. A total of 27 females of the Shi Tzu, Pug, English Bulldog and French breeds, weighing 4-20kg and aged 4-6 years were used. Blood samples were collected from bitches during the anestrous and on the 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th week of pregnancy. Serum levels of cytokines were measured by panel MILLIPLEX MAP (CCYTO-90K, MILLIPORE, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA) validated for dogs. Twenty four females showed physiological pregnancy and three bitches showed pathological pregnancy. There was no difference between cytokine values during anestrous and gestational weeks of bitches (P>0.05). However, it was possible to verify the physiological behavior of serum levels during modulation of immune response in the gestational process of animals. In animals with gestational disorders, abnormal values for IL-2, IL-4 and INF-y were noted. It was concluded that serum levels of cytokines evaluated in pregnant bitches can help the better understanding of physiological and pathological gestational processes and correlated immunology in this species...

Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo determinar o perfil das citocinas IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α e células KC-like (natural killer) em cadelas gestantes, valores que são inéditos para a espécie. Foram utilizadas 27 fêmeas das raças Shi-tzu, Pug, Bulldog Inglês e Francês, pesando de 4 a 20 kg e com idade entre quatro e seis anos. Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas das cadelas durante o anestro e na segunda, quinta, sexta, sétima e oitava semanas gestacionais. Os níveis séricos de citocinas foram dosados pelo painel MILLIPLEX MAP (CCYTO-90K, MILLIPORE, Billerica, Massachusetts, EUA) validado para cães. Vinte e quatro fêmeas apresentaram gestação fisiológica e três cadelas, gestação patológica. Não foi verificada diferença entre os valores das citocinas durante anestro e nas semanas gestacionais das cadelas (P>0,05). Entretanto, foi possível verificar o comportamento fisiológico dos níveis séricos durante a modulação da resposta imune no processo gestacional dos animais. Verificaram-se, nos animais com afecções gestacionais, valores alterados para IL-2, IL-4 e INF-y. Pôde-se concluir que os valores séricos das citocinas avaliadas, nas cadelas gestantes, podem auxiliar no maior conhecimento dos processos fisiológicos e patológicos da gestação, correlacionados à imunologia, nessa espécie...

Assuntos