RESUMO
The effective reproduction number, R ( t ) , plays a key role in the study of infectious diseases, indicating the current average number of new infections caused by an infected individual in an epidemic process. Estimation methods for the time evolution of R ( t ) , using incidence data, rely on the generation interval distribution, g(τ), which is usually obtained from empirical data or theoretical studies using simple epidemic models. However, for systems that present heterogeneity, either on the host population or in the expression of the disease, there is a lack of data and of a suitable general methodology to obtain g(τ). In this work, we use mathematical models to bridge this gap. We present a general methodology for obtaining explicit expressions of the reproduction numbers and the generation interval distributions, within and between model sub-compartments provided by an arbitrary compartmental model. Additionally, we present the appropriate expressions to evaluate those reproduction numbers using incidence data. To highlight the relevance of such methodology, we apply it to the spread of COVID-19 in municipalities of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Using two meta-population models, we estimate the reproduction numbers and the contributions of each municipality in the generation of cases in all others.
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The effects induced by antibiotics on the bacterial membrane may be correlated with their bactericidal activity, and such molecular-level interactions can be probed with Langmuir monolayers representing the cell membrane. In this study, we investigated the interaction between [Ru(mcbtz)2(PPh3)2] (RuBTZ, mcbtz = 2-mercaptobenzothiazoline) and [Ru(mctz)2(PPh3)2] (RuCTZ, mctz = 2-mercaptothiazoline) with Langmuir monolayers of a lipid extract of Escherichia coli, an extract of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), and a zwitterionic phospholipid, dioleoylphosphatidyl choline (DOPC). RuBTZ and RuCTZ had little effects on DOPC, which is consistent with their negligible toxicity toward mammalian cells that may be approximated by a zwitterionic monolayer. Also little were their effects on LPSs. In contrast, RuBTZ and RuCTZ induced expansion in the surface pressure isotherms and decreased the compressional modulus of the E. coli lipid extract. While the more hydrophobic RuBTZ seemed to affect the hydrophobic tails of the E. coli extract monolayer to a larger extent, according to polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy results, evidence of a stronger RuBTZ interaction could not be confirmed unequivocally. Therefore, the interaction with the E. coli cell membrane cannot be directly correlated with the observed higher bactericidal activity of RuBTZ, in comparison to that of RuCTZ. This appears to be a case in which Langmuir monolayer studies do not suffice to determine the mechanisms responsible for the bactericidal activity.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of extensive superficial cancers of the esophagus may progress with high rates of postoperative stenosis, resulting in significantly decreased quality of life. Several therapies are performed to prevent this, but have not yet been compared in a systematic review. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis were performed using the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, Scopus, and CINAHL databases. Clinical trials and observational studies were searched from March 2014 to February 2015. Search terms included: endoscopy, ESD, esophageal stenosis, and esophageal stricture. Three retrospective and four prospective (three randomized) cohort studies were selected and involved 249 patients with superficial esophageal neoplasia who underwent ESD, at least two-thirds of the circumference. We grouped trials comparing different techniques to prevent esophagus stenosis post-ESD. RESULTS: We conducted different meta-analyses on randomized clinical trials (RCT), non-RCT, and global analysis. In RCT (three studies, n = 85), the preventive therapy decreased the risk of stenosis (risk difference = -0.36, 95 % CI -0.55 to -0.18, P = 0.0001). Two studies (one randomized and one non-randomized, n = 55) showed that preventative therapy lowered the average number of endoscopy dilatations (mean difference = -8.57, 95 % CI -13.88 to -3.25, P < 0.002). There were no significant differences in the three RCT studies (n = 85) in complication rates between patients with preventative therapy and those without (risk difference = 0.02, 95 % CI -0.09 to 0.14, P = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS: The use of preventive therapy after extensive ESD of the esophagus reduces the risk of stenosis and the number of endoscopic dilatations for resolution of stenosis without increasing the number of complications.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Ressecção Endoscópica de Mucosa/métodos , Neoplasias Esofágicas/cirurgia , Estenose Esofágica/prevenção & controle , Esofagoscopia/métodos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Ressecção Endoscópica de Mucosa/efeitos adversos , Estenose Esofágica/etiologia , Esofagoscopia/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antibacteriana, antioxidante e citotóxica da espécie Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill. Foi realizada a prospecção fitoquímica e espectroscopia de absorção de infravermelho (IV) dos extratos etanólicos brutos e frações dos cladódios grande e pequeno. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método da capacidade sequestradora de radicais livres utilizando o radical sintético 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila (DPPH). A atividade citotóxica foi obtida através do método colorimétrico do Metiltetrazolium (MTT). Já a atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo método de microdiluição em caldo para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) frente às estirpes bacterianas Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli. A prospecção fitoquímica revelou principalmente a presença de fenóis, esteroides livres, alcaloides, alcanos, além de outras classes químicas. O IV apresentou grupos funcionais como alcanos, carbonilas, grupos de metila, duplas ligações de carbono, grupamentos alquilamina, entre outros. Sobre a citotoxicidade na concentração de 100 μg/mL, os dois extratos brutos, todas as frações do cladódio grande e as frações de clorofórmio e metanol do cladódio pequeno não apresentaram toxicidade. Os extratos brutos e frações do cladódio grande e pequeno, não demonstraram atividade antibacteriana e nem antioxidante. Esses resultados podem fornecer suporte para pesquisas futuras, visando outras atividades biológicas da presente espécie vegetal.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity of Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill. A phytochemical screening and infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy were performed in the crude ethanolic extracts and fractions of large and small cladodes. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through the qualitative method of free-radical scavenging capacity using the synthetic radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The cytotoxic activity was obtained by the cell viability assay using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT). Antibacterial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical screening mainly revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, free steroids, alkaloids, alkanes, and other chemical classes. The IR spectroscopy presented functional groups such as alkanes, carbonyls, methyl groups, carbon double bonds, and alkylamino groups, among others. Regarding cytotoxicity in the concentration of 100 μg/mL, neither the crude extracts, the fractions of the large cladode, nor the chloroform and methanol fractions of small cladode presented toxicity. The crude ethanolic extracts and fractions of large and small cladode showed no antibacterial or antioxidant activity. These results may provide support for future research aimed at other biological activities of this plant species.
Assuntos
Opuntia/classificação , Citotoxinas , Antibacterianos/análise , Antioxidantes/análise , QuímicaRESUMO
O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a inclusão do substrato exaurido de Pleurotus ostreatus na fermentação in vitro de dietas a base de feno de Brachiaria brizantha. O experimento foi realizado utilizando a técnica de produção de gases semi-automática, e o inóculo ruminal foi colhido de três bovinos fistulados mantidos em pasto de Brachiaria brizantha. Foi utilizado feno de Brachiaria brizantha e substrato exaurido da produção de Pleurotus para composição das dietas: SE (100% substrato exaurido), FB (100% feno de Brachiaria brizantha), SE5 (5% SE + 95% FB), SE20 (20% SE + 80%FB) e SE30 (30% SE + 70% FB). O experimento foi conduzido em fatorial 5x3 com cinco tratamentos e três inóculos ruminal. A cinética de degradação da matéria seca foi determinada após 96 horas de fermentação [D (96h)]. Não houve diferenças significativas para o volume acumulado de gases (A) para as dietas FB (262,6 mL/g MS), SE5 (284,3 mL/g MS), SE20 (256,6 mL/g MS) e SE30 (261,7 mL/g MS), indicando que a inclusão do substrato não afetou a fermentação do feno. A dieta SE apresentou menor volume de gás e menor degradabilidade com valores de 165,9 mL e 52%, respectivamente, indicando menor valor nutricional desse substrato em relação ao feno de Brachiaria brizantha, provavelmente pela ação de enzimas que degradam carboidratos estruturais presentes nos micélios do Pleurotus. A dieta SE apresentou menor tempo de colonização (L=2,6 h; P<0,05), o que pode ser atribuído a uma interação entre o micélio e o substrato, facilitando a sua colonização inicial. A inclusão do substrato exaurido não resultou em ganhos no crescimento e degradação microbiana em relação à dieta FB, entretanto parece ter favorecido a colonização inicial desse substrato. A utilização do SE não afeta negativamente a colonização, e a princípio pode ser utilizada como ingrediente em dietas de ruminantes...(AU)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of exhausted substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus on the in vitro fermentation of Brachiaria brizantha hay-based diets. The experiment was conducted using the semi-automated gas production technique. The ruminal inoculum was collected from three fistulated cattle kept on Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Brachiaria brizantha hay and exhausted substrate of Pleurotus production were used for composition of the diets: ES (100% exhausted substrate), BH (100% Brachiaria brizantha hay), ES5 (5% ES + 95% BH), ES20 (20% ES + 80% BH), and ES30 (30% ES + 70% BH). The experimental design was a 5x3 factorial scheme consisting of five treatments and three ruminal inocula. The degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) was determined after 96 hours of fermentation [D (96h)]. No significant differences in the cumulative volume of gas (A) were observed between BH (262.6 mL/g DM), ES5 (284.3 mL/g MS), ES20 (256.6 mL/g MS) and ES30 (261.7 mL/g MS), indicating that inclusion of the substrate did not affect hay fermentation. A lower gas volume (165.9 mL) and lower degradability (52%) were observed for the ES diet, showing a lower nutritional value of this substrate compared to Brachiaria brizantha hay, probably due to the action of enzymes that degrade structural carbohydrates found in the mycelia of Pleurotus. The ES diet exhibited a shorter colonization time (L=2.6 h; P<0.05), a finding that may be attributed to the interaction between the mycelium and substrate, facilitating initial colonization. The inclusion of exhausted substrate did not increase microbial growth or degradation compared to the BH diet, but seems to have favored initial colonization of this substrate. The use of ES does not negatively affect colonization and may be used as an ingredient of ruminant diets...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos , Ruminantes/classificação , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Modelos Animais , Fermentação , Cinética , /metabolismoRESUMO
O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a inclusão do substrato exaurido de Pleurotus ostreatus na fermentação in vitro de dietas a base de feno de Brachiaria brizantha. O experimento foi realizado utilizando a técnica de produção de gases semi-automática, e o inóculo ruminal foi colhido de três bovinos fistulados mantidos em pasto de Brachiaria brizantha. Foi utilizado feno de Brachiaria brizantha e substrato exaurido da produção de Pleurotus para composição das dietas: SE (100% substrato exaurido), FB (100% feno de Brachiaria brizantha), SE5 (5% SE + 95% FB), SE20 (20% SE + 80%FB) e SE30 (30% SE + 70% FB). O experimento foi conduzido em fatorial 5x3 com cinco tratamentos e três inóculos ruminal. A cinética de degradação da matéria seca foi determinada após 96 horas de fermentação [D (96h)]. Não houve diferenças significativas para o volume acumulado de gases (A) para as dietas FB (262,6 mL/g MS), SE5 (284,3 mL/g MS), SE20 (256,6 mL/g MS) e SE30 (261,7 mL/g MS), indicando que a inclusão do substrato não afetou a fermentação do feno. A dieta SE apresentou menor volume de gás e menor degradabilidade com valores de 165,9 mL e 52%, respectivamente, indicando menor valor nutricional desse substrato em relação ao feno de Brachiaria brizantha, provavelmente pela ação de enzimas que degradam carboidratos estruturais presentes nos micélios do Pleurotus. A dieta SE apresentou menor tempo de colonização (L=2,6 h; P<0,05), o que pode ser atribuído a uma interação entre o micélio e o substrato, facilitando a sua colonização inicial. A inclusão do substrato exaurido não resultou em ganhos no crescimento e degradação microbiana em relação à dieta FB, entretanto parece ter favorecido a colonização inicial desse substrato. A utilização do SE não afeta negativamente a colonização, e a princípio pode ser utilizada como ingrediente em dietas de ruminantes...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of exhausted substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus on the in vitro fermentation of Brachiaria brizantha hay-based diets. The experiment was conducted using the semi-automated gas production technique. The ruminal inoculum was collected from three fistulated cattle kept on Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Brachiaria brizantha hay and exhausted substrate of Pleurotus production were used for composition of the diets: ES (100% exhausted substrate), BH (100% Brachiaria brizantha hay), ES5 (5% ES + 95% BH), ES20 (20% ES + 80% BH), and ES30 (30% ES + 70% BH). The experimental design was a 5x3 factorial scheme consisting of five treatments and three ruminal inocula. The degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM) was determined after 96 hours of fermentation [D (96h)]. No significant differences in the cumulative volume of gas (A) were observed between BH (262.6 mL/g DM), ES5 (284.3 mL/g MS), ES20 (256.6 mL/g MS) and ES30 (261.7 mL/g MS), indicating that inclusion of the substrate did not affect hay fermentation. A lower gas volume (165.9 mL) and lower degradability (52%) were observed for the ES diet, showing a lower nutritional value of this substrate compared to Brachiaria brizantha hay, probably due to the action of enzymes that degrade structural carbohydrates found in the mycelia of Pleurotus. The ES diet exhibited a shorter colonization time (L=2.6 h; P<0.05), a finding that may be attributed to the interaction between the mycelium and substrate, facilitating initial colonization. The inclusion of exhausted substrate did not increase microbial growth or degradation compared to the BH diet, but seems to have favored initial colonization of this substrate. The use of ES does not negatively affect colonization and may be used as an ingredient of ruminant diets...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos , Fermentação , Modelos Animais , Ração Animal/microbiologia , Ruminantes/classificação , CinéticaRESUMO
This study describes the effect of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) for development of preantral follicle, therefore the activation and follicular viability of caprine follicles cultured in vitro. Ovarian fragments were cultured for 1 or 7 days in Minimum Essential Medium with different S1P concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50, 100 or 200ng/mL). All ovarian fragments were processed for histological analysis in optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence analysis. The treatment using 1ng/mL of S1P was able to maintain the percentage of normal follicles with the progression of the culture from day 1 to 7. At end of the 7-day culture period there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the percentage of primordial follicles in all groups treated with S1P, compared with fresh control (FC) and Control Culture (CC), which was followed by an increase of activated follicles (intermediary, primary and secondary). In addition, the culture for 7 days with media supplemented with S1P with 1ng/mL preserved the ultrastructure of organelles and kept the preantral follicular viability when evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, after 7 days of culture, the 1ng/mL of S1P activates the development of preantral caprine follicles, cultured in situ and maintains the oocitary and follicular viability...
Este estudo descreve o efeito da esfingosina 1-fosfato (S1P) no desenvolvimento de folículos pré-antrais, portanto da ativação e viabilidade de folículos caprinos cultivados in vitro. Fragmentos de ovários foram cultivados por um ou sete dias em meio essencial mínimo com diferentes concentrações de S1P (0, 1, 10, 50, 100 ou 200ng/mL). Os fragmentos de ovário foram processados para análise histológica em microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica e microscopia de fluorescência. O tratamento usando 1ng/mL de S1P foi capaz de manter a porcentagem de folículos normais durante o período de cultivo de sete dias. Ao final do período de cultivo, houve uma redução significativa (p<0,05) na porcentagem de folículos primordiais em todos os grupos tratados com S1P, comparados com os grupos controle (FC e CC), seguida por um aumento do número de folículos ativados (intermediários, primários e secundários). Adicionalmente, na cultura por sete dias com meio suplementado com S1P (1ng/mL), houve preservação da ultraestrutura das organelas e manteve-se a viabilidade dos folículos pré-antrais avaliados por microscopia de fluorescência. Em conclusão, após sete dias de cultura, o meio suplementado com 1ng/mL de S1P ativa o desenvolvimento de folículos pré-antrais de caprino, cultivados in situ e mantém as viabilidades oocitária e folicular...
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cabras/embriologia , Esfingosina/genética , Folículo Ovariano/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folículo Ovariano , Microscopia de Fluorescência/veterinária , Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos/veterináriaRESUMO
This study describes the effect of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) for development of preantral follicle, therefore the activation and follicular viability of caprine follicles cultured in vitro. Ovarian fragments were cultured for 1 or 7 days in Minimum Essential Medium with different S1P concentrations (0, 1, 10, 50, 100 or 200ng/mL). All ovarian fragments were processed for histological analysis in optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence analysis. The treatment using 1ng/mL of S1P was able to maintain the percentage of normal follicles with the progression of the culture from day 1 to 7. At end of the 7-day culture period there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the percentage of primordial follicles in all groups treated with S1P, compared with fresh control (FC) and Control Culture (CC), which was followed by an increase of activated follicles (intermediary, primary and secondary). In addition, the culture for 7 days with media supplemented with S1P with 1ng/mL preserved the ultrastructure of organelles and kept the preantral follicular viability when evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. In conclusion, after 7 days of culture, the 1ng/mL of S1P activates the development of preantral caprine follicles, cultured in situ and maintains the oocitary and follicular viability.(AU)
Este estudo descreve o efeito da esfingosina 1-fosfato (S1P) no desenvolvimento de folículos pré-antrais, portanto da ativação e viabilidade de folículos caprinos cultivados in vitro. Fragmentos de ovários foram cultivados por um ou sete dias em meio essencial mínimo com diferentes concentrações de S1P (0, 1, 10, 50, 100 ou 200ng/mL). Os fragmentos de ovário foram processados para análise histológica em microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica e microscopia de fluorescência. O tratamento usando 1ng/mL de S1P foi capaz de manter a porcentagem de folículos normais durante o período de cultivo de sete dias. Ao final do período de cultivo, houve uma redução significativa (p<0,05) na porcentagem de folículos primordiais em todos os grupos tratados com S1P, comparados com os grupos controle (FC e CC), seguida por um aumento do número de folículos ativados (intermediários, primários e secundários). Adicionalmente, na cultura por sete dias com meio suplementado com S1P (1ng/mL), houve preservação da ultraestrutura das organelas e manteve-se a viabilidade dos folículos pré-antrais avaliados por microscopia de fluorescência. Em conclusão, após sete dias de cultura, o meio suplementado com 1ng/mL de S1P ativa o desenvolvimento de folículos pré-antrais de caprino, cultivados in situ e mantém as viabilidades oocitária e folicular.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cabras/embriologia , Folículo Ovariano/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esfingosina/genética , Folículo Ovariano , Técnicas de Maturação in Vitro de Oócitos/veterinária , Microscopia de Fluorescência/veterináriaRESUMO
Fluoxetine is an antidepressant that has been largely used for treatment of depression in pregnancy. In the present study we evaluated the effects of the exposure to fluoxetine during gestation and lactation on DNA methylation of rat brain regions. Female Wistar rats were treated with 5mg/kg of fluoxetine during pregnancy and lactation. In order to assess the effects of fluoxetine in the context of maternal folic acid supplementation we performed an additional combined treatment composed by folic acid (8 mg/kg/day) and fluoxetine (5 mg/kg/day). On the postnatal day 22, male rats were euthanized and hippocampus, cortex, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray area were removed. Global DNA methylation was quantified using a high-throughput ELISA-based method. Neurofunctional changes were addressed using validated behavioral tests: hot plate, elevated plus maze and open field. A decrease in the global DNA methylation profile of hippocampus was associated to the exposure to fluoxetine, whereas an increase in methylation was observed in cortex. The combined treatment induced an increase in the methylation of hippocampus indicating the potential of folic acid to modulate this epigenetic alteration. Increase in the latency to the thermal nociceptive response was observed in animals exposed to fluoxetine whereas this effect was abolished in animals from the combined treatment. In summary we demonstrated that exposure to fluoxetine during gestation and lactation affect the DNA methylation of brain and the nociceptive response of rats. Furthermore our data reveal the potential of folic acid to modulate epigenetic and functional changes induced by early exposure to fluoxetine.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/toxicidade , Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoxetina/toxicidade , Ácido Fólico/farmacologia , Lactação/efeitos dos fármacos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Complexo Vitamínico B/farmacologia , Análise de Variância , Animais , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Exploratório/fisiologia , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Hiperalgesia/etiologia , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of oxytocin (OT) in the progesterone (P4) and prostaglandins (PGs) pathway to induce oocyte meiotic resumption. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were co-cultured with follicular hemisections for 15 h to determine the effects of different doses of OT or atosiban (ATO; oxytocin receptor antagonist) on oocyte meiotic resumption. In another experiment, we examined the effect of the interaction between P4, OT and PGs on the regulatory cascade of the oocyte meiotic resumption. Oxytocin at 1 µm was effective in inducing meiotic resumption in oocytes co-cultured with follicular cells (84.0%), not differing from the positive control group (74.4%). Atosiban inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the positive effect of OT on the meiotic resumption (27.6% metaphase I with 10 µm of ATO, which did not differ from the 25.5% of the negative control group). Furthermore, a third experiment showed that P4 was able to induce oocyte meiotic resumption, which was inhibited by ATO. However, the OT positive effect was not blocked by mifepristone (P4 antagonist), but was inhibited by indomethacin (a non-selective PTGS2 inhibitor). Collectively, these data suggest a sequential role of P4, OT and PGs in the induction of oocyte meiotic resumption.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Meiose/efeitos dos fármacos , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ocitocina/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Meiose/fisiologia , Oócitos/citologia , Oócitos/fisiologia , Ocitócicos/administração & dosagem , Ocitócicos/farmacologia , Ocitocina/administração & dosagem , Tocolíticos/administração & dosagem , Tocolíticos/farmacologia , Vasotocina/administração & dosagem , Vasotocina/análogos & derivados , Vasotocina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Hormone-mediated quiescence involves the maintenance of a decreased inflammatory responsiveness. However, no study has investigated whether labor induction with prostanoids is associated with changes in the levels of maternal serum hormones. The objective of this study was to determine whether labor induction with dinoprostone is associated with changes in maternal serum progesterone, estradiol, and estriol levels. Blood samples were obtained from 81 pregnant women at term. Sixteen patients had vaginal birth after spontaneous labor, 12 required cesarean section after spontaneous labor and 16 underwent elective cesarean. Thirty-seven patients had labor induction with dinoprostone. Eligible patients received a vaginal insert of dinoprostone (10â mg) and were followed until delivery. Serum progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) levels and changes in P4/E2, P4/E3 and E3/E2 ratios were monitored from admission to immediately before birth, and the association of these measures with the resulting clinical classification outcome (route of delivery and induction responsiveness) was assessed. Progesterone levels decreased from admission to birth in patients who underwent successful labor induction with dinoprostone [vaginal and cesarean birth after induced labor: 23% (P < 0.001) and 18% (P < 0.025) decrease, respectively], but not in those whose induction failed (6.4% decrease, P > 0.05). Estriol and estradiol levels, P4/E2, P4/E3 and E3/E2 ratios did not differ between groups. Successful dinoprostone-induced labor was associated with reduced maternal progesterone levels from induction to birth. While a causal relationship between progesterone decrease and effective dinoprostone-induced labor cannot be established, it is tempting to propose that dinoprostone may contribute to progesterone withdrawal and favor labor induction in humans.
Assuntos
Dinoprostona , Estradiol/sangue , Estriol/sangue , Trabalho de Parto Induzido/métodos , Ocitócicos , Progesterona/sangue , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Resultado da Gravidez , Nascimento a Termo/sangueRESUMO
Hormone-mediated quiescence involves the maintenance of a decreased inflammatory responsiveness. However, no study has investigated whether labor induction with prostanoids is associated with changes in the levels of maternal serum hormones. The objective of this study was to determine whether labor induction with dinoprostone is associated with changes in maternal serum progesterone, estradiol, and estriol levels. Blood samples were obtained from 81 pregnant women at term. Sixteen patients had vaginal birth after spontaneous labor, 12 required cesarean section after spontaneous labor and 16 underwent elective cesarean. Thirty-seven patients had labor induction with dinoprostone. Eligible patients received a vaginal insert of dinoprostone (10 mg) and were followed until delivery. Serum progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3) levels and changes in P4/E2, P4/E3 and E3/E2 ratios were monitored from admission to immediately before birth, and the association of these measures with the resulting clinical classification outcome (route of delivery and induction responsiveness) was assessed. Progesterone levels decreased from admission to birth in patients who underwent successful labor induction with dinoprostone [vaginal and cesarean birth after induced labor: 23% (P < 0.001) and 18% (P < 0.025) decrease, respectively], but not in those whose induction failed (6.4% decrease, P > 0.05). Estriol and estradiol levels, P4/E2, P4/E3 and E3/E2 ratios did not differ between groups. Successful dinoprostone-induced labor was associated with reduced maternal progesterone levels from induction to birth. While a causal relationship between progesterone decrease and effective dinoprostone-induced labor cannot be established, it is tempting to propose that dinoprostone may contribute to progesterone withdrawal and favor labor induction in humans.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Dinoprostona , Estradiol/sangue , Estriol/sangue , Trabalho de Parto Induzido/métodos , Ocitócicos , Progesterona/sangue , Resultado da Gravidez , Nascimento a Termo/sangueRESUMO
The growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 (Grb14) is a cellular adapter protein belonging to the Grb7 family of proteins. Studies with human and rodent cells have demonstrated that Grb14 acts as a negative regulator of tyrosine kinase receptor signalling through the MAPK and PI3K pathways. In cattle, tyrosine kinase receptors are activated during follicular development but the role of Grb14 in this process has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to characterize Grb14 mRNA expression in ovarian somatic cells during follicular growth and deviation in cattle. We found Grb14 mRNA expressed in both granulosa and theca cells derived from follicles at different stages of development (3-5 , 6-8, >8 mm in diameter). The abundance of mRNA for Grb14 was higher in granulosa cells of subordinate compared with those from dominant follicles at days 3 and 4 of the follicular wave (p < 0.05). Further, there was a negative correlation between the abundance of mRNA for Grb14 and P450Arom in granulosa cells (R(2) = 0.367; p < 0.05) and between the abundance of mRNA for Grb14 in granulosa cells and concentration of oestradiol in follicular fluid (R(2) = 0.545; p < 0.05). In theca cells, the expression of Grb14 mRNA did not differ between dominant and subordinate follicles (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that Grb14 may play a regulatory role in granulosa cells during follicular deviation in cattle.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Bovinos/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Folículo Ovariano/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folículo Ovariano/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Animais , Feminino , Folículo Ovariano/citologia , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
O presente estudo realizou uma avaliação acerca do efeito do tratamento com eCG e acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP) sobre a eficiência reprodutiva em novilhas de corte. Para tanto, em uma primeira etapa (pré-experimento), foram utilizadas 64 novilhas cruzadas (Bos taurus x Bos índicus), de 12 a 14 meses de idade, divididas ao acaso em dois grupos: eCG (n = 32) e controle (n = 32). Na segunda etapa, utilizou-se um número maior de fêmeas (n = 92) da mesma idade e padrão fenotípico, a fim de confirmar os resultados alcançados no grupo eCG. Fêmeas dos grupos-tratamento (eCG e confirmação), no dia zero (início do tratamento), receberam durante sete dias um pessário vaginal contendo 250 mg de MAP, junto a uma injeção intramuscular (IM) de benzoato de estradiol (BE) na dose de 2,5 mg. Nas 24 h antes da retirada do pessário (dia 6), foram aplicados 104 µg de cloprostenol sódico, via submucosa vulvar, e uma injeção IM de 250UI de eCG. Após a retirada dos pessários (dia 7), as fêmeas tiveram seu estro controlado pelo período de 48 h, sendo inseminadas nas 12 h da sua manifestação. As fêmeas que não manifestaram estro nesse período receberam uma injeção IM de 100 µg de GnRH e, após 16-18 h, foram inseminadas sem observação dele (IATF). As fêmeas do grupo-controle receberam o mesmo tratamento hormonal anterior sem o emprego do eCG.
The present study evaluated the effect of eCG and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) on the reproductive efficiency of beef heifers. Initially, a preliminary experiment comprehending sixty-four 12-14 months old crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) beef heifers randomly assigned to groups eCG (n = 32) and control (n=32) was performed. In a second moment, ninety-two heifers of same age and fenotipic background were used as a replicate of the first experiment to confirm the preliminary results. Animals from group eCG received an intravaginal sponge pessary containing MAP (250 mg) on day 0 (beginning of treatment) for 7 days, along with an intramuscular (IM) injection of estradiol benzoate (2.5 mg). Twenty-four hours before sponge withdrawal (day 6), cloprostenol sodium (104 µg) was injected in the vulvar submucosa along with an IM injection of eCG (250 IU). After sponge withdrawal on day 7 estrous detection was carried out for forty-eight hours, and animals were inseminated twelve hours after being observed in estrous. Animals which did not manifested estrous received an IM injection of GnRH (100 µg) and were inseminated 16-18 hours later without estrous detection. Animals in the control group were treated according to the same hormonal protocol used for group eCG except for the eCG injection which it was administered.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/análise , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Inseminação Artificial/métodos , Prenhez/fisiologia , Sincronização do Estro/métodos , OvulaçãoRESUMO
O presente estudo realizou uma avaliação acerca do efeito do tratamento com eCG e acetato de medroxiprogesterona (MAP) sobre a eficiência reprodutiva em novilhas de corte. Para tanto, em uma primeira etapa (pré-experimento), foram utilizadas 64 novilhas cruzadas (Bos taurus x Bos índicus), de 12 a 14 meses de idade, divididas ao acaso em dois grupos: eCG (n = 32) e controle (n = 32). Na segunda etapa, utilizou-se um número maior de fêmeas (n = 92) da mesma idade e padrão fenotípico, a fim de confirmar os resultados alcançados no grupo eCG. Fêmeas dos grupos-tratamento (eCG e confirmação), no dia zero (início do tratamento), receberam durante sete dias um pessário vaginal contendo 250 mg de MAP, junto a uma injeção intramuscular (IM) de benzoato de estradiol (BE) na dose de 2,5 mg. Nas 24 h antes da retirada do pessário (dia 6), foram aplicados 104 µg de cloprostenol sódico, via submucosa vulvar, e uma injeção IM de 250UI de eCG. Após a retirada dos pessários (dia 7), as fêmeas tiveram seu estro controlado pelo período de 48 h, sendo inseminadas nas 12 h da sua manifestação. As fêmeas que não manifestaram estro nesse período receberam uma injeção IM de 100 µg de GnRH e, após 16-18 h, foram inseminadas sem observação dele (IATF). As fêmeas do grupo-controle receberam o mesmo tratamento hormonal anterior sem o emprego do eCG.(AU)
The present study evaluated the effect of eCG and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) on the reproductive efficiency of beef heifers. Initially, a preliminary experiment comprehending sixty-four 12-14 months old crossbred (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) beef heifers randomly assigned to groups eCG (n = 32) and control (n=32) was performed. In a second moment, ninety-two heifers of same age and fenotipic background were used as a replicate of the first experiment to confirm the preliminary results. Animals from group eCG received an intravaginal sponge pessary containing MAP (250 mg) on day 0 (beginning of treatment) for 7 days, along with an intramuscular (IM) injection of estradiol benzoate (2.5 mg). Twenty-four hours before sponge withdrawal (day 6), cloprostenol sodium (104 µg) was injected in the vulvar submucosa along with an IM injection of eCG (250 IU). After sponge withdrawal on day 7 estrous detection was carried out for forty-eight hours, and animals were inseminated twelve hours after being observed in estrous. Animals which did not manifested estrous received an IM injection of GnRH (100 µg) and were inseminated 16-18 hours later without estrous detection. Animals in the control group were treated according to the same hormonal protocol used for group eCG except for the eCG injection which it was administered.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Sincronização do Estro/métodos , Prenhez/fisiologia , Inseminação Artificial/métodos , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona/análise , OvulaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The limited supply of organs restricts the number of transplantations. Studying the families who refuse donation may help to increase the number of transplantations. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study used a questionnaire to obtain information from 61 family members who had refused to donate organs from January 1997 to December 2004. The exclusion criterion was donor death less than 1 year from the study. The mean age of subjects was 41 ± 12.7 years (range, 18 to 79 years) with 66% women. RESULTS: More than half (36 of 69; 52%) of the families who refused donation would agree to donate in a new situation. The primary reasons for refusing donation were: disagreement among family members (25 of 128; 19%), lack of knowledge regarding the deceased's wishes (22 of 128; 17%), and previous request from the deceased not to be a donor (17 of 128; 13%). The most frequent suggestions to increase organ donation were to provide families with more information (43 of 149; 29%), initiate contact among the families (36 of 149; 24%), and involve a trusted physician (30 of 149; 20%). CONCLUSION: Most family members who refused organ donation changed their minds and would agree to donate in a few situation. Most of the reasons for refusing to donate reflected a lack of information and discussion on the topic.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha , Família/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Transplante de Órgãos/psicologia , Consentimento do Representante Legal , Doadores de Tecidos/provisão & distribuição , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Atitude Frente a Morte , Comunicação , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papel do Médico , Relações Profissional-Família , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plays an important role in the assessment of functional capacity in patients with interstitial lung disease. The aim of this study was to identify CPET measures that might be helpful in predicting the vital capacity and diffusion capacity outcomes of patients with thoracic sarcoidosis. A longitudinal study was conducted on 42 nonsmoking patients with thoracic sarcoidosis (median age = 46.5 years, 22 females). At the first evaluation, spirometry, the measurement of single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (D LCOsb) and CPET were performed. Five years later, the patients underwent a second evaluation consisting of spirometry and D LCOsb measurement. After 5 years, forced vital capacity (FVC) percent and D LCOsb percent had decreased significantly [95.5 (82-105) vs 87.5 (58-103) and 93.5 (79-103) vs 84.5 (44-102), respectively; P < 0.0001 for both]. In CPET, the peak oxygen uptake, maximum respiratory rate, breathing reserve, alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient at peak exercise (P(A-a)O2), and Δ SpO2 values showed a strong correlation with the relative differences for FVC percent and D LCOsb percent (P < 0.0001 for all). P(A-a)O2 ≥22 mmHg and breathing reserve ≤40 percent were identified as significant independent variables for the decline in pulmonary function. Patients with thoracic sarcoidosis showed a significant reduction in FVC percent and D LCOsb percent after 5 years of follow-up. These data show that the outcome measures of CPET are predictors of the decline of pulmonary function.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Teste de Esforço , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Sarcoidose Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Capacidade Vital/fisiologia , Tolerância ao Exercício , Volume Expiratório Forçado/fisiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , EspirometriaRESUMO
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) plays an important role in the assessment of functional capacity in patients with interstitial lung disease. The aim of this study was to identify CPET measures that might be helpful in predicting the vital capacity and diffusion capacity outcomes of patients with thoracic sarcoidosis. A longitudinal study was conducted on 42 nonsmoking patients with thoracic sarcoidosis (median age = 46.5 years, 22 females). At the first evaluation, spirometry, the measurement of single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (D LCOsb) and CPET were performed. Five years later, the patients underwent a second evaluation consisting of spirometry and D LCOsb measurement. After 5 years, forced vital capacity (FVC)% and D LCOsb% had decreased significantly [95.5 (82-105) vs 87.5 (58-103) and 93.5 (79-103) vs 84.5 (44-102), respectively; P < 0.0001 for both]. In CPET, the peak oxygen uptake, maximum respiratory rate, breathing reserve, alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure gradient at peak exercise (P(A-a)O2), and Δ SpO2 values showed a strong correlation with the relative differences for FVC% and D LCOsb% (P < 0.0001 for all). P(A-a)O2 ≥22 mmHg and breathing reserve ≤40% were identified as significant independent variables for the decline in pulmonary function. Patients with thoracic sarcoidosis showed a significant reduction in FVC% and D LCOsb% after 5 years of follow-up. These data show that the outcome measures of CPET are predictors of the decline of pulmonary function.
Assuntos
Teste de Esforço , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Sarcoidose Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Capacidade Vital/fisiologia , Adulto , Tolerância ao Exercício , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado/fisiologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , EspirometriaRESUMO
The immunohistochemical expression of p63, DeltaNp63, and p53 was studied in mixed tumors of canine mammary glands (13 benign mixed tumors and 19 carcinomas arising from benign mixed tumors) to determine the role of p63 and its isoform DeltaNp63 in the development of mixed tumors, as well as to assess its relation with p53. P63 was expressed in myoepithelial cells of all benign mixed tumors and in 18 of 19 carcinomas in mixed tumors. The p63-negative carcinoma in mixed tumors was invasive, and a loss of p63 was detected in the other malignant tumors showing a discontinuous p63-stained myoepithelial layer. DeltaNp63 was expressed in all benign mixed tumors but only in p63-positive carcinomas in mixed tumors. Despite its positive correlation with p63 expression in carcinomas in mixed tumors (r = 0.8323, P < .00001), DeltaNp63 expression showed a decrease in benign tumors. Positivity for p53 was detected in 2 of 13 and 1 of 19 benign mixed tumors and carcinomas in mixed tumors, respectively. There was no correlation between p63 or DeltaNp63 and p53 expression. Our data support the notion that the decrease of p63 expression, in particular of its isoform DeltaNp63, seems to be an important factor in the development of carcinomas in mixed tumors.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Tumor Misto Maligno/veterinária , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinoma/metabolismo , Carcinoma/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/genética , Doenças do Cão/metabolismo , Cães , Feminino , Neoplasias Mamárias Animais/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Tumor Misto Maligno/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
The objective was to evaluate the effect of estradiol benzoate (EB), in association with three progestin protocols, on ovarian follicular regression of suckled beef cows treated at three stages of follicular development (pre-deviation, deviation, or post-deviation). Thirty-six suckled beef cows (60-90 d postpartum, given 125 microg cloprostenol on two occassions, 12h apart). Forty-eight hours after the first cloprostenol treatment, all follicles >5mm were ablated and transrectal ultrasound scanning (8 MHz) was performed every 24h until Day 7 (Day 0=treatment). When the largest follicle reached a designated diameter of 5-7, 8-10 or >10mm, cows were randomly allocated to receive 2mg of EB im in association with an intravaginal device containing 250 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) with or without 100mg of progesterone (P(4)) given im, or an intravaginal device containing P(4) (3 x 3 factorial design). Treatments induced follicular regression in all cows, independent of follicular stage or treatment. There was no interaction between progestin treatment and follicular stage, nor was there any difference in the time of follicular regression or new wave emergence among follicular stages. Treatment with MPA plus P(4) delayed follicular regression. In conclusion, EB in association with various progestins induced regression of growing follicles and emergence of a new follicular wave in postpartum beef cows, regardless of the stage of follicular development.