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This study investigated the ability of the dusky damselfish Stegastes fuscus to associate conditioned and unconditioned stimuli (single CS-US) and to find a specific place in a clueless ambiece (spatial learning). After tested for colour preference and showing no specific colour attractively, the fish were trained to associate a colour cue with a stimulus fish (conspecific). Fish were then challenged to locate the exact place where the stimulus fish was presented. Stegastes fuscus spent most time close to the zone where stimulus was presented, even without obvious marks for orientation. The results confirm that S. fuscus show single CS-US learning and suggest the fish ability for spatial orientation. Stegastes fuscus appears to use multiple senses (sight and lateral line) for cues association and recall, and appear to perform relational learning similar to mammals. These data suggest the importance of cognitive skill for reef fishes that may have contributed to their establishment and evolutionary success in such complex environment.

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El daño de los músculos masticadores relacionados con desórdenes cráneomandibulares son aspectos comunes en la clínica. Es importante contar con datos morfológicos de estos músculos en el sistema estomatognático. El propósito de este trábajo es mostrar la morfología del músculo masetero del gerbil Meriones unguiculatus, desde el nivel macroscópico hasta el de microscopía electrónica. En la observación macroscópica fueron utilizados 5 animales que fueron perfundidos con sulución de formalina al 100 por ciento. Las disecciones fueron fotografiadas. Posteriormente, los músculos fueron removidos e sumergidos en la solución de formalina, por unos pocos días. Las muestras fueron procesadas a través de técnicas histológicas convencionales y sumergidas en parafina. Cortes seriados de 6 um fueron teñidos con H. E. analizados y fotografiados con un fotomicroscopio JENAMED. Nuestros resultados mostraron que el músculo masetero presentaba 5 fascículos, los cuales se mezclaban en la porción media, y algunos husos estaban fusionados con la cápsula externa de ellos mismos, pareciendo husos gigantes

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnosis value of exercise testing for silent myocardial ischemia in systolic hypertension of the elderly. METHODS: We compared 110 patients with systolic hypertension (group A) with 104 patients without hypertension (group B). They were submitted to an exercise test according to the Bruce protocol, between January/91 to December/94. Exercise was discontinued if target heart rate was achieved, or fatigue, dyspnea, severe arrhythmia, hypotension or significant ST segment depression > or = 2 mm/0.2 mV developed. RESULTS: Exercise testing showed ischemic ST depression in 22 (20%) of the elderly patients with hypertension systolic and 12 (11.5%) of control elderly patients. The exercise time was shorter in the hypertensives 7.1 +/- 2.9 min vs 8.8 +/- 2.5 min. The ST depression was greater in the hypertensives than the control group: 2.5 +/- 0.8 min vs 1.9 +/- 0.4 min. Also the duration or ischemic ST depression was longer in the hypertensive patients than the control group 5.4 +/- 2.8 min vs 3.4 +/- 1.9 min. CONCLUSION: Elderly hypertensive patients with systolic hypertension have more silent myocardial ischemia than elderly without hypertension. Among the elderly hypertensive patients there was a prevalence of silent ischemia that was 1.7 times higher than in the normotensive elderlies (20% vs 11.5% P < 0.003).

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Electrocardiographic changes, left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, myocardial ischemia, myocytolysis and arrhythmias have been well documented in patients with cerebral bleed. These complications may be related to stimulation of autonomic nervous system and central nervous system. We report a case of a 38-year-old back woman without previous heart disease, taken to emergency unit with headache and subarachnoid Haemorrhage. One day after, she complained of retroesternal pain. An electrocardiographic tracing showed significant and diffuse ST-T wave abnormalities. The patient remained stable with no neurologic or cardiac deficits. She was treated with bed rest, nimodipine, isossorbide propranolol and is symptomless six months of follow-up.

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The relation between cocaine use and cardiovascular disease has been well documented including coronary artery vasoconstriction, coronary thrombosis, accelerated atherosclerosis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies and endocarditis. Cocaine use has reached epidemic proportions. Cocaine is the most commonly abused drug among young patients. We report the case of a 32-year-old male admitted to the emergency department with myocardial infarction secondary to an overdose of cocaine.

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A 17-year-old boy was admitted to hospital because of severe hypertension (200/130 mmHg), headache, irritability, sweating, etc. Initial biochemical tests suggested pheochromocytoma, being treated with nifedipina, clonidina and propranolol. On reporting exposure to mercury vapour, he underwent twenty-four-hour urine screening and measurement of blood mercury which confirmed intoxication. The patient received courses of chelation therapy with dimercaprol (BAL) and penicillamine with remission of symptoms and normalisation of hypertension after 2 months. This case is relevant to current practice regarding similarity between mercury intoxication and hypertension secondary to pheochromocytoma.

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Adolescente de 17 anos foi admitida no hospital com hipertensäo arterial severa (200/130 mmHg), dor de cabeça, irritabilidade e sudorese. Exames bioquímicos na admissäo sugeriam feocromocitoma, tendo sido tratado com nifedipina, clonidina e propranolol. Entretanto, com história de contato com vapor de mercúrio, a dosagem na urina de 24 h confirmou a intoxicaçäo. O paciente submeteu-se à terapiacom dimercaprol e penicilamina com regressäo dos sintomas e normalizaçäo da hipertensäo dois meses após. Ariginalidade deste relato é destacar, na prática corrente, a similaridade entre a intoxicaçäo de mercúrio e hipertensäo secundária ao feocromocitoma.

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Blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiographic responses to exercise were compared in a group of 125 subjects with antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi and in 153 seronegative subjects, randomly selected from persons with no evidence of heart disease in a resting electrocardiogram during a cross-sectional survey among apparently healthy manual workers. The mean heart rates and diastolic and systolic blood pressures of those in each group did not differ statistically at different phases of the exercise test and there was no evidence of a difference in physical fitness between those in the 2 groups. An abnormal test was recorded in 26.2% of seropositive, and in 16.1% of seronegative, subjects (odds ratio adjusted for age, sex and body mass index [OR] = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.1-3.8). No significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in the occurrence of hypertensive response to exercise (6.4% among seropositives and 5.9% among seronegatives), ST depression greater than 1 mm (0.8% and 2.0%), supraventricular premature beats (4.8% and 2.6%) or conduction defects (0.8% and 1.3%). Complex ventricular premature beats were recorded more often in seropositive subjects (12.8% and 3.9%; OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.4-9.8, P less than 0.01). The risk of an abnormal test increased with age in both groups. A history of cardiovascular symptoms, gender and body mass was not associated with the risk of an abnormal response in the test. The findings suggest that exercise testing might be a routine procedure when subjects with antibodies to T. cruzi are being assessed for participation in potentially high risk activities, such as heavy manual work.

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