RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical features of epilepsy secondary to Malformation of Cortical Development (MCD) in a series of adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched our database for all cases with confirmed epilepsy and MCD and included in the study only those with complete data. Mean age, sex, age at seizure onset (ASO), seizure types, abnormal neurological exam (ANE), mental retardation, family history, gestational or perinatal insults (G-PI), interictal EEG and response to treatment were analyzed. Cases were classified into the 3 main groups (G) according to the Barkovich classification (BC) and then compared: (G1) "malformations due to abnormal cell proliferation", (G2) "malformations due to abnormal migration" and (G3) "malformations due to abnormal cortical organization". RESULTS: We identified 152 (5.06%) patients with MCD from a total of 3000 with epilepsy. In total, 138 patients with complete medical data were included in this study. The mean age of patients was 36.2 years, 52.2% were female, the mean ASO was 12.3 years, 5.1% of cases had a positive family history and 21% had G-PI. An ANE was observed in 21% and mental retardation in 31.9%. Most of the patients (84.8%) had refractory epilepsy. The distribution of cases according to the BC was: 51.4% in G1, 28.9% in G2 and 19.6% in G3. Comparing the 3 groups, we found that an ANE was statistically more frequent in G3 and was present in 70.4% of cases. CONCLUSION: Our series of adult patients with epilepsy and MCD suggests that MCD are identified as commonly in a developing country as in previous "first world" series. Neurological deficits were more common in the subgroup of patients with polymicrogyria and schizencephaly (BC Group 3).
Assuntos
Encéfalo/patologia , Epilepsia/complicações , Epilepsia/patologia , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/complicações , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idade de Início , Idoso , Encéfalo/anormalidades , Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia/classificação , Epilepsia/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/classificação , Malformações do Desenvolvimento Cortical/diagnóstico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to identify specific clinical-electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns at seizure onset in patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). METHODS: Sixty-six ictal video-EEG recordings corresponding to 26 patients with HS have been reviewed, focusing on the EEG features found during the first 30 ictal s. The EEG activity has been classified into the following groups: (A) according to spatial distribution: type 1: temporal electrodes on one side; type 2: temporal and adjacent frontal electrodes on one side; and type 3: non-lateralizing electrographic activity; and (B) according to morphology; subtype (a): regular 5-9 Hz rhythmic activity (RA); subtype (b): low-voltage rapid activity, followed by a 5-9 Hz RA; and subtype (c): irregular EEG sharp waves. We analyzed the clinical symptoms sequence and established the relationship with the ictal EEG patterns. RESULTS: Considering spatial distribution and morphology, the most frequent ictal EEG patterns were type 1 (57%), type 2 (37%), and subtype (a): 62%; subtype (b): 27%; and subtype (c): 11%. The sequence of clinical symptoms observed was: aura-->behavioral arrest-->oro-alimentary automatisms-->unilateral hand automatisms. All seizures with aura and including two or more symptoms of the clinical sequence (65%) were associated with a 1a, 1b, 2a or 2b EEG pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of a specific clinical-EEG pattern provides a useful tool for the epileptogenic zone localization in non-invasive pre-surgical assessment of patients with hippocampal sclerosis. SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of a specific clinical-EEG pattern associated to neuroimaging findings and neuropsychological testing allows indicating surgery for the treatment of epilepsy in patients with hippocampal sclerosis, without performing any further complementary studies.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/patologia , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/fisiopatologia , Hipocampo/patologia , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Tonsila do Cerebelo/cirurgia , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/cirurgia , Feminino , Hipocampo/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , EscleroseRESUMO
The purpose of this research is to analyse patients in whom carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy adversely affected electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings leading to seizure exacerbation and to identify risk factors for these events. From a total number of 2191 patients (p.) included in the Municipal Epilepsy Center (MEC) database, 77 patients with spike-and-wave (SW) discharges while on CBZ treatment have been selected. Patient population was divided in two groups: (i) patients who were already receiving CBZ at the time of their first visit to the MEC; and (ii) patients to whom CBZ was prescribed during follow-up at the MEC. CBZ was discontinued in all patients with confirmed evidence of an increase in seizure frequency, or with no improvement of epilepsy. During follow-up, EEG findings as well as all clinical changes were duly recorded. Group 1: Carbamazepine was discontinued in 17 patients (p.) as a result of paradoxical reactions. This condition occurs when an antiepileptic drug (AED) appears to exacerbate a type of seizure against which it is usually effective, or when it leads to the onset of new types of seizures. Three p. were withdrawn because of inappropriate drug selection. Group 2: CBZ was discontinued in six patients (p.) as a result of paradoxical reactions. The paradoxical reaction was more frequent in patients with frontal epilepsy and generalized SW discharges on the EEG (P=0.09) and patients with benign rolandic epilepsy (BRE) with diffuse interictal sharp and slow-wave discharges. In both groups, clinical and electrical changes returned to their initial status upon CBZ withdrawal. On the basis of this study, it may be concluded that EEGs might eventually help to screen high-risk patients. If EEG recordings become substantially worse, with more frequent and longer generalized SW bursts after initiation of CBZ therapy, patients should be carefully monitored in order to detect any sign of clinical impairment.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/efeitos adversos , Carbamazepina/efeitos adversos , Eletroencefalografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Epilepsias Parciais/fisiopatologia , Epilepsia Generalizada/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To determine the predictive value of clinical features and medical history in patients with nonepileptic seizures (NESs). METHODS: One hundred sixty-one consecutive ictal video-EEGs were reviewed, and 17 patients with 41 NESs identified. NES diagnosis was defined as paroxysmal behavioral changes suggestive of epileptic seizures recorded during video-EEC without any electrographic ictal activity. Clinical features, age, sex, coexisting epilepsy, associated psychiatric disorder, social and economic factors, delay in reaching the diagnosis of NES, previous treatment, and correlation with outcome on follow-up were examined. RESULTS: The study population included 70% female patients with a mean age of 33 years. Mean duration of NESs before diagnosis was 9 years. Forty-one percent had coexisting epilepsy. The most frequent NES clinical features were tonic-clonic mimicking movements and fear/anxiety/hyperventilation. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was conversion disorder and dependent and borderline personality disorder. Seventy-three percent of patients with pure NESs received antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and 63.5% of this group received new AEDs. Fifty-nine percent of the patients received psychological/psychiatric therapy. At follow-up, 23.5% were free of NESs. CONCLUSIONS: All seizure-free patients had two good prognostic factors: having an independent lifestyle and the acceptance of the nonepileptic nature of the episodes. Video-EEG monitoring continues to be the diagnostic method to ensure accurate seizure classification. Establishing adequate health care programs to facilitate access to new technology in public hospitals as well as the implementation of continuous education programs for general practitioners and neurologists could eventually improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients with NESs.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento/estatística & dados numéricos , Convulsões/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idade de Início , Idoso , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapêutico , Argentina/epidemiologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Criança , Comorbidade , Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Prognóstico , Fatores de Risco , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológico , Convulsões/epidemiologia , Transtornos Somatoformes/diagnóstico , Transtornos Somatoformes/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Somatoformes/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the method of choice to search for epileptogenic lesions. We correlated MRI findings with the epileptogenic zone (EZ) depicted by clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) data. We studied 400 clinical records of patients who had been submitted to MRI studies and we analyzed, retrospectively, their ictal semiology, EEG characteristics and response to treatment. They were classified into 3 groups: A) temporal lobe epilepsy, B) frontal lobe epilepsy and C) parieto-occipital epilepsy. We included 155 patients: Group A) 68 cases (43.9%), 28 men (41.1%), mean age 32 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 44 (64.7%), refractory to treatment 48 (70.5%). Group B) 68 cases (43.9%), 38 men (55.8%), mean age 30 +/- 15 years old, abnormal IMR in 26 (38.2%), refractory to treatment 30 (44.1%). Group C) 19 cases (12.2%), 13 men (68.4%), mean age 27 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 11 (57.8%), refractory to treatment 12 (63.1%). Results showed that there were higher possibilities of detecting lesions which correlate with EZ in temporal than in frontal or parieto-occipital lobes epilepsy. The chances to find abnormalities on the MRI were 5 times higher in refractory patients than in those who were non-refractory.
Assuntos
Eletroencefalografia/métodos , Epilepsias Parciais/fisiopatologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Epilepsias Parciais/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the method of choice to search for epileptogenic lesions. We correlated MRI findings with the epileptogenic zone (EZ) depicted by clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) data. We studied 400 clinical records of patients who had been submitted to MRI studies and we analyzed, retrospectively, their ictal semiology, EEG characteristics and response to treatment. They were classified into 3 groups: A) temporal lobe epilepsy, B) frontal lobe epilepsy and C) parieto-occipital epilepsy. We included 155 patients: Group A) 68 cases (43.9
), 28 men (41.1
), mean age 32 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 44 (64.7
), refractory to treatment 48 (70.5
). Group B) 68 cases (43.9
), 38 men (55.8
), mean age 30 +/- 15 years old, abnormal IMR in 26 (38.2
), refractory to treatment 30 (44.1
). Group C) 19 cases (12.2
), 13 men (68.4
), mean age 27 +/- 11 years old, abnormal IMR in 11 (57.8
), refractory to treatment 12 (63.1
). Results showed that there were higher possibilities of detecting lesions which correlate with EZ in temporal than in frontal or parieto-occipital lobes epilepsy. The chances to find abnormalities on the MRI were 5 times higher in refractory patients than in those who were non-refractory.