RESUMO
The organochlorine pesticide p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was widely used in the early 1960s-70s for vector control in tropical and subtropical areas of South America. Due to its persistence, DDT has a high potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain and living organisms and is a major public health concern, especially in South America. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate predictors of serum and adipose tissue concentrations of p,p'-DDT and its main metabolite, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), in an adult cohort (n=112) from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, using multiple linear regression models. These models explained 29.3-47.8% of the variability in adipose tissue concentrations of p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, respectively, and 32.9-47.0% of that in serum. Main exposure predictors included age, occupational class, residence, diet, smoking habit, and accumulated breastfeeding time. This is one of the few studies to explore predictors of human exposure to these chemicals using a multivariate approach in a South American population. Results show that predictors of human exposure to p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE in Santa Cruz de la Sierra may diverge from those found in other populations of the world, due to particular sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics of this region.
Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/química , DDT/sangue , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/sangue , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Bolívia , Aleitamento Materno , Estudos de Coortes , DDT/análise , Diclorodifenil Dicloroetileno/análise , Dieta , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Ocupações , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/sangue , Saúde Pública , Características de Residência , Fumar , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cutaneous melanoma has received substantial attention during the last years because of the increase in its incidence which has been registered in many countries. This paper aims at describing the incidence and characteristics of all new cutaneous malignant melanoma cases during 1985-1992 reported to the Granada Cancer Registry (Spain) in the context of Mediterranean populations. A population-based study with 247 cutaneous melanoma cases was carried out. The variables used were: sex, age, anatomic site, hystological type, level of invasion and tumour thickness. The Age-Standardised incidence Rate per World population (ASRW) was 2.9 for males and 3.7 for females in the whole period. An increasing incidence trend for both males and females was found. The ASRW in 1985-1987, 1988-1990 and 1991-1992 was respectively 2.2, 2.9 and 3.2 for males and 3, 3.4, 4.7 for females. The most frequent location was trunk for males (36%) and lower extremities for females (44%). The most frequent hystological type for both males and females was superficial spreading melanoma. Seventy-six percent of males and 60% of females were diagnosed Clark's level III or over. Average tumour thickness was 3.3 mm for males and 2.4 mm for females. The results of this study can be a guidance for the setting up of health policies which would contribute to the prevention of the disease and to an improvement in care. Because of the increase in incidence rates and the high percentage of cases which were diagnosed at advanced stages, it is advised that prevention campaigns are addressed to the Granada population.
Assuntos
Melanoma/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Extremidades/irrigação sanguínea , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica , Vigilância da População , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Sexuais , Espanha/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to estimate the relationship between the levels of air pollution and the daily mortality in the city of Huelva for the 1993-1996 period using the EMECAM methodology. METHODS: The number of daily deaths for all causes except external ones, the death rate of those over age 69, due to diseases of the circulatory system and for respiratory diseases were used as rate indicators. Four pollutants--SO2, PM10, NO2 and CO--were analyzed, the daily levels of which were furnished by the air pollution monitoring network in Huelva. Autoregressive Poisson regression models were constructed controlling by tendency, seasonality, temperature, humidity, flue and events out of the ordinary. RESULTS: For the mortality rate for all causes, a significant association impact was found to exist for the NO2 for the entire period (RR10 microgram/m3: 1.0414; CI95%: 1.0047-1.0794) and for the particles (PM10) for the cold half of the year (RR10 microgram/m3: 1.0358; CI95%: 1.007-1.0722). For the mortality in people over age 69, a significant relationship was found to exist for SO2 throughout the entire period (RR10 microgram/m3: 1.0606; CI95%: 1.0020-1.1227). A significant relationship to the mortality from respiratory disease particles (PM10) was found to exist for the cold half of the year (RR10 microgram/m3: 1.1412; IC95%: 1.0300-1.2644). There was no association of contaminants with cardiovascular mortality; also there was no association between levels of CO and mortality indicators. CONCLUSIONS: In Huelva, significant relationships have been found to exist between the current levels of air pollution resulting from particles, SO2 and NO2 and the daily mortality. The impact of these pollutants on the mortality is coherent with scientific literature, although in the case of Huelva, the extremely small number of daily deaths due to its small population and other factors limit the consistency thereof.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Mortalidade/tendências , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Causas de Morte , Humanos , Distribuição de Poisson , Análise de Regressão , Risco , Estações do Ano , Espanha/epidemiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: As part of the EMECAM Project, the objective of this study is that of assessing the impact of air pollution on the daily mortality in Seville throughout the 1992-1996 period. METHODS: During the 1992-1996 period, readings were taken daily of the amounts of SO2, particles in suspension (PM10) and NO2 present in the air in the city of Seville, in addition to the number of deaths daily due to different causes. For analyzing this data, a multivariable Poisson regression model was used for modeling each one of the causes of death in terms of the air immission readings, controlling other confusion-causing variables. RESULTS: A relationship was found to exist between the rises in the NO2 levels and the daily death rate throughout the months of May to October. For each 10 micrograms/m3 rise, the risk of death or all causes showed a 2% rise, the same rise in the NO2 levels leading to a 3% rise in the risk of death resulting from cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS: A relationship exists between the levels of NO2 air pollution and the daily death rate in Seville. The findings provide scientific knowledge and information which can be of use for preventing the impact of air pollution on human health.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Mortalidade/tendências , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Causas de Morte , Humanos , Conceitos Meteorológicos , Distribuição de Poisson , Análise de Regressão , Estações do Ano , Espanha/epidemiologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To forecast the cancer incidence and mortality rates in Spain for the year 2000, and to estimate the number of new cases and the number of dead patients due to the cancer for this year. DESIGN: Ecological study with time series analysis. PATIENTS: Cancer mortality rates in Spain was obtained from 1905 to 1995. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Brow method was applied in order to forecast cancer mortality rates for the year 2000. An estimation of the incidence rates in Spain was obtained from the incidence/mortality rate (1.49 for males and 2.07 for females), given by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). INE's publications were used in order to estimate the number of new cases and the number of dead patients due to the cancer for the year 2000. The forecasting about cancer mortality rates in Spain for the year 2000 were 312.93 in men and 180.56 in women. An increasing in mortality will be produced in the following years. 90,000 men and 75,000 women will be diagnosed with cancer; 61,000 men and 36,000 women will be died due of this disease. CONCLUSION: The trends in cancer incidence and mortality are increasing. These results could be interesting in health policy in order to plan different actions in the future.