RESUMO
Upon examination of epipsocid specimens recently collected in natural areas of Colombia, Mexico and Peru, 17 new species of Goja were found. These are here described and illustrated. An updated key for the identification of males of the described species of Goja is presented.
Assuntos
Insetos , Neópteros , Animais , Colômbia , Masculino , México , PeruRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Morphological identification of adult females of described species of the genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 in South America is problematic, but necessary due to their differing roles in the transmission of human malaria. The increase in the number of species complexes uncovered by molecular taxonomy challenges accurate identification using morphology. In addition, the majority of newly discovered species have not been formally described and in some cases the identities of the nominotypical species of species complexes have not been resolved. Here, we provide an up-to-date key to identify Neotropical Anopheles species using female external morphology and employing traditionally used and new characters. METHODS: Morphological characters of the females of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to construct a species/group identification key. Photographs of key characters were obtained using a digital Canon Eos T3i, attached to a microscope. The program Helicon Focus was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. RESULTS: A morphological identification key to the adult females of species of the genus Anopheles described in South America is presented. Definitions and illustrations of the key characters are provided to facilitate use of key. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of species of the genus Anopheles based on female morphology is challenging because some key characters can be variable and overlapping among species. In addition, the majority of key characters are linked to color and shape of scales, their distribution on the head, scutum, abdomen, maxillary palpi, labium and legs, and pattern of pale and dark scales on dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing veins. Thus, it is understandable that a specimen needs to be in good condition to be accurately identified. Morphologically similar species, such as those of the Konderi, Oswaldoi, Nuneztovari, Benarrochi and Albitarsis Complexes, and the Triannulatus and Strodei Groups, among others, cannot be accurately identified using characters included in the key. Further investigation will be required to exploit morphological characteristics for identification of members of those complexes, with formal description of new species.
Assuntos
Anopheles/anatomia & histologia , Anopheles/classificação , Genitália/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , América do SulRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accurate species identification of South American anophelines using morphological characters of the fourth-instar larva is problematic, because of the lack of up-to-date identification keys. In addition, taxonomic studies, employing scanning electron microscopy of the eggs and DNA sequence data, have uncovered multiple complexes of morphologically similar species, and resulted in the resurrection of other species from synonymy, mainly in the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. Consequently, the identification keys urgently need to be updated to provide accurate morphological tools to identify fourth-instar larvae of all valid species and species complexes. METHODS: Morphological characters of the fourth-instar larvae of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to elaborate a fully illustrated identification key. For species for which no specimens were available, illustrations were based on published literature records. RESULTS: A fully illustrated key to the fourth-instar larvae of South American species of the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) is presented. Definitions of the morphological terms used in the key are provided and illustrated. CONCLUSIONS: Morphological identification of South American Anopheles species based on the fourth-instar larvae has been updated. Characters of the spiracular apparatus were determined useful for the identification of morphologically similar species, in the Strodei Group and some taxa in the Myzorhynchella Section. The single versus branched abdominal seta 6-IV used to differentiate Myzorhynchella species from other Nyssorhynchus species was shown to be variable in Myzorhynchella species. Also, the abdominal setae 1-IV,V of Anopheles atacamensis and Anopheles pictipennis were shown to be slightly serrate at the edges. Recognition of this character is important to avoid inaccurate identification of these species as members of the subgenus Anopheles.
Assuntos
Anopheles/anatomia & histologia , Anopheles/classificação , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Feminino , Genitália/anatomia & histologia , Genitália/ultraestrutura , Larva/classificação , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , América do SulRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The worldwide genus Anopheles Meigen, 1918 is the only genus containing species evolved as vectors of human and simian malaria. Morbidity and mortality caused by Plasmodium Marchiafava & Celli, 1885 is tremendous, which has made these parasites and their vectors the objects of intense research aimed at mosquito identification, malaria control and elimination. DNA tools make the identification of Anopheles species both easier and more difficult. Easier in that putative species can nearly always be separated based on DNA data; more difficult in that attaching a scientific name to a species is often problematic because morphological characters are often difficult to interpret or even see; and DNA technology might not be available and affordable. Added to this are the many species that are either not yet recognized or are similar to, or identical with, named species. The first step in solving Anopheles identification problem is to attach a morphology-based formal or informal name to a specimen. These names are hypotheses to be tested with further morphological observations and/or DNA evidence. The overarching objective is to be able to communicate about a given species under study. In South America, morphological identification which is the first step in the above process is often difficult because of lack of taxonomic expertise and/or inadequate identification keys, written for local fauna, containing the most consequential species, or obviously, do not include species described subsequent to key publication. METHODS: Holotypes and paratypes and other specimens deposited in the Coleção Entomológica de Referência, Faculdade de Saúde Pública (FSP-USP), Museo de Entomología, Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV) and the US National Mosquito Collection, Smithsonian Institution (USNMC) were examined and employed to illustrate the identification keys for female, male and fourth-instar larvae of Anopheles. RESULTS: We presented, in four concurrent parts, introduction and three keys to aid the identification of South American Anopheles based on the morphology of the larvae, male genitalia and adult females, with the former two keys fully illustrated. CONCLUSIONS: Taxonomic information and identification keys for species of the genus Anopheles are updated. The need for further morphology-based studies and description of new species are reinforced.
Assuntos
Anopheles/anatomia & histologia , Anopheles/classificação , Genitália/anatomia & histologia , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Anopheles/parasitologia , Feminino , Larva/classificação , Malária/transmissão , Masculino , Mosquitos Vetores/classificação , América do SulRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Accurate identification of the species of Anopheles Meigen, 1818 requires careful examination of all life stages. However, morphological characters, especially those of the females and fourth-instar larvae, show some degree of polymorphism and overlap among members of species complexes, and sometimes even within progenies. Characters of the male genitalia are structural and allow accurate identification of the majority of species, excluding only those in the Albitarsis Complex. In this key, based on the morphology of the male genitalia, traditionally used important characters are exploited together with additional characters that allow robust identification of male Anopheles mosquitoes in South America. METHODS: Morphological characters of the male genitalia of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to construct a comprehensive, illustrated identification key. For those species for which specimens were not available, illustrations were based on published illustrations. Photographs of key characters of the genitalia were obtained using a digital Canon Eos T3i attached to a light Diaplan Leitz microscope. The program Helicon Focus was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. RESULTS: An illustrated key to South American species of Anopheles based on the morphology of the male genitalia is presented, together with a glossary of morphological terms. The male genitalia of type-specimens of previously poorly documented species were also examined and included in the key, e.g. Anopheles (Anopheles) tibiamaculatus (Neiva, 1906) which has a unique quadrangular-shaped aedeagus with an apical opening. CONCLUSIONS: Male genitalia of South American species of Anopheles possess robust characters that can be exploited for accurate species identification. Distortion that can occur during the dissection and mounting process can obstruct accurate identification; this is most evident with inadvertent damage or destruction of unique features and interferes with correctly assigning shapes of the features of the ventral claspette. In some species, the shape, and anatomical details of the aedeagus also need to be examined for species identification. For members of the Myzorhynchella Series, both ventral and dorsal claspettes possess multiple characteristics that are herein used as reliable characters for species identification.
Assuntos
Anopheles/anatomia & histologia , Anopheles/classificação , Genitália Masculina/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Larva/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Microscopia , América do SulRESUMO
We here describe and illustrate the following 14 new species of Loneura: altaquerensis; carijona; javierensis; koreguaje; magdalenensis; misak; murui; nonuya; occidentalis; orucapu; tatama; tayronensis; tendalensis; zuluagai. These are based on specimens recently collected in natural areas of Colombia; the females of L. colombiana García Aldrete et al., and L. gorgonaensis García Aldrete et al., are also described. The new species are assigned to the infrageneric groups recognized in the genus. The number of species of Loneura is raised to 35, of which 21 (73.2%) are from Colombia, making this country the most species rich for the genus. An identification key to the males of Loneura is included.
Assuntos
Insetos , Neópteros , Animais , Colômbia , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
We describe and illustrate 15 species of Ptiloneura, from Colombia and Peru. The number of species of Ptiloneura is raised to 34, of which 28 (82.3%) are Colombian. One species is from Brazil, four species are from Peru, one is from Nicaragua and two species are from Venezuela. Two species are shared between Colombia and Peru, one species is shared between Colombia and Venezuela, and 25 species are endemic to Colombia. An identification key to the males and a phylogenetic analysis of Ptiloneura are included.
Assuntos
Insetos , Animais , Colômbia , Masculino , Peru , FilogeniaRESUMO
Lachesilla is the most species-rich psocid genus, with 341 species grouped into 19 species groups (with at least 100 undescribed species), plus an additional undescribed species group. We present the first phylogenetic analysis of Lachesilla and a discussion on the relationships of sister genera of the subfamily Lachesillinae. We codified a matrix of 60 morphological characters (16 multistate and 44 binary) formed by 44 terminals: 37 ingroup species and seven outgroup species. A phylogenetic analysis was performed using Maximum Parsimony (MP) as optimality criterion, under equal weights and implied weights approaches. Monophyly of Lachesilla is not recovered, showing a polyphyletic genus divided in two major clades: clade A, composed of the pedicularia species group + Nadleria, and clade B, including the remaining species groups. The implied weights analysis produced a hypothesis with Hemicaecilius as sister group of clade B, nesting seven subclades mainly with low branch support values (symmetric resampling and bootstrap). These results suggest that all species groups, included in this analysis, can be considered monophyletic clades based on several synapomorphies, despite the andra species group was split up showing that L. punctata + L. dentata cluster together with high branch support values, but L. tehuautlensis and L. falcicula were recovered in different subclades.
Assuntos
Neópteros , Animais , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Eight species of Euplocania from Colombia, in species groups Bonaverensis, Enderleini and Patinoi, are here described and illustrated. They raise to 40 the number of species described in the genus, 27 of which are found in Colombia. Of the Colombian species, one is shared with Ecuador and one is shared with Brazil and Peru. A key to identify the males of the species here described is included.
Assuntos
Insetos , Animais , Brasil , Colômbia , Equador , Masculino , PeruRESUMO
Two species of Waoraniella from Valle del Cauca, represented by both sexes, are here described and illustrated. The new species were found in the Andean region, between 1000-2000 m above sea level, constituting the first record of the genus outside the Amazon Basin. An identification key and a distribution map of the known Waoraniella species is included.
Assuntos
Insetos , Animais , Colômbia , Euphorbiaceae , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Thirteen species of Cladiopsocus Roesler, from the Colombian departments of Caquetá, Chocó, Magdalena, Nariño, Norte de Santander and Putumayo are here described and illustrated. New records of eight described species of Cladiopsocus, from the departments of Caquetá, Cauca, Quindío and Valle del Cauca are included. The number of species in the genus is increased to 41, of which 27 are Colombian. An updated identification key to the males of the genus is included, as well as a map of species distribution.
Assuntos
Insetos , Animais , Colômbia , Masculino , NeópterosRESUMO
The genus Prolachesilla Mockford & Sullivan presently includes nine species, all described when the genus was erected; since then, no other species have been discovered. Here, we describe and illustrate one Bolivian and three Mexican species. This is the first record of Prolachesilla from Bolivia. A key to the species of the genus is included.
Assuntos
Insetos , Animais , Bolívia , MéxicoRESUMO
Seven species of Loneura from natural areas of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are described and illustrated. The female of L. andina is described for the first time. Two additional species, known only from the National Natural Park Gorgona (Cauca), are also recorded in Valle del Cauca. The new species are assigned to the infrageneric groups known in the genus. An identification key to males of Loneura is included.
Assuntos
Insetos , Animais , Colômbia , Feminino , MasculinoRESUMO
Three new species of Graphocaecilius Enderlein are here described and illustrated; the species were found in the Colombian departments of Valle del Cauca and Risaralda, raising to five the number of species of this genus in Colombia, making it the most species rich country for Graphocaecilius in South America. A key to the species in the genus is included.
Assuntos
Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Insetos/classificação , Animais , Colômbia , Feminino , Masculino , Clima Tropical , Asas de Animais/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Ten species of Cladiopsocus Roesler were identified among recent collections from the Colombian departments of Amazonas and Putumayo. Eight new species were found, five from Putumayo and three from Amazonas, that are here described and illustrated. C. ramulosus (Enderlein) and C. domesticus (New) were found in the Putumayo department. The number of species in the genus is increased to 28, with two from Angola, and 26 from the Neotropics. An identification key to the males of the neotropical species is included.
Assuntos
Insetos/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Colômbia , Feminino , Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , América do SulRESUMO
Six species of Colombian Loneuroides García Aldrete are here described and illustrated; also, the male of L. venezolanus García Aldrete is described, on basis of specimens from Valle del Cauca, Colombia. An updated diagnosis of the genus is presented; two species groups, based on the structure of the hypandrium, are recognized in the genus.
Assuntos
Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Insetos/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Animais , Colômbia , Feminino , Insetos/fisiologia , Masculino , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Seven species of Colombian Euplocania, are here described and illustrated, they increase to 16 the number of species in the genus, eight of which are endemic to Colombia. A new species group is also described.
Assuntos
Insetos/classificação , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Colômbia , Feminino , Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
Six new species of Elaphopsocus Roesler from Brazil and Colombia are described and illustrated. Revised generic diagnoses are provided for Elaphopsocoides and Elaphopsocus; based on the structure of the male hypandrium and phallosome three species groups are recognized in Elaphopsocus.
Assuntos
Insetos/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Brasil , Colômbia , Feminino , Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
Two species of Lachesilla, in the pedicularia species group, from the Colombian Amazonia, are here described and illustrated. Also, a record of L. asymmetriproctus García Aldrete, for the Colombian Department of Putumayo is provided. An identification key to Lachesilla species in the pedicularia group with a single male clunial apophysis is presented, together with a diagnosis of this assemblage of species. A table is included indicating the distribution of Lachesilla species with one and two male clunial apophyses. The species treated in this paper constitute the first lachesillids known from the Department of Putumayo, Colombia.
Assuntos
Insetos/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Colômbia , Feminino , Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
Two new species of Elaphopsocoides n. gen. from Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are here described and illustrated. The new genus is related to Elaphopsocus Roesler, but differs from it mostly in the hypandrial projections and in phallosome structure. The female subgenital plate has a distinct, median, posterior projection. The types are deposited in the Entomology Museum, Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV), Santiago de Cali, Colombia.