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BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a frequent cause of admission to intensive care units (ICUs). High mortality rates are estimated globally, and in our country, few studies have reported one-year survival. The objective of this study is to determine one-year survival in patients with sepsis admitted to the ICU in Colombia, compared with the survival of patients admitted for other conditions. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using administrative databases from the Ministry of Health of Colombia. One-year survival and the adjusted hazard ratio for survival, adjusted for comorbidities included in the Charlson Index, were determined using a Cox proportional hazards model for patients admitted for other causes as well as for those admitted for sepsis. This was then compared with an inverse propensity score weighting model. RESULTS: A total of 116.407 patients were initially admitted to the ICUs, with 12.056 (10.36%) diagnosed with sepsis. Within the first year, 4.428 (36.73%) patients died due to sepsis. Age and male gender were associated with an increased risk of death from sepsis, and the covariates associated with one-year mortality were as follows: age over 80 years with HR 9.91 (95% CI: 9.22-10.65), renal disease with HR 3.16 (95% CI: 3.03-3.29), primary tumoral disease with HR 2.07 (95% CI: 1.92-2.23), liver disease with HR 2.27 (95% CI: 2.07-2.50), and metastatic solid tumor with HR 2.03 (95% CI: 1.92-2.15). CONCLUSION: This study revealed a high one-year sepsis mortality rate in the population, associated with variables such as age over 80 years, the presence of renal disease, liver disease, connective tissue diseases, and cancer. Men exhibited higher mortality compared to women.
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Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Sepse , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Sepse/mortalidade , Feminino , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores de Risco , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America generated the need to develop low-cost, fast-manufacturing mechanical ventilators. The Universidad de La Sabana and the Fundacion Neumologica Colombiana designed and manufactured the Unisabana-HERONS (USH) ventilator. Here, we present the preclinical and clinical study results to evaluate its effectiveness and safety characteristics in an animal model (Yorkshire Sow) and five patients with acute respiratory failure receiving mechanical ventilatory support for 24 h. Methods: The effectiveness and safety outcomes included maintaining arterial blood gases and pulse oximetry saturation (SpO2), respiratory pressures and volumes (during continuous monitoring) in the range of ARDS and lung-protective strategy goals, and the occurrence of barotrauma. A significance level of 0.05 was used for statistical tests. This clinical trial was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04497623) and approved by the ethics committee. Results: Among patients treated with the Unisabana-HERONS, the most frequent causes of acute respiratory failure were pneumonia in 3/5 (60 %) and ARDS in 2/5 (40 %). During the treatment, the ventilatory parameters related to lung protection protocols were kept within the safety range, and vital signs and blood gas were stable. The percentage of time that the respiratory pressures or volumes were out of safety range were plateau pressure >30 cm H2O: 0.00 %; driving pressure >15 cm H2O: 0.06 %; mechanical power >15 J/min: 0.00 %; and Tidal volume >8 mL/kg: 0.00 %. There were no adverse events related to the ventilator. The usability questionnaire retrieved a median score for all items between 9 and 10 (best score: 10), indicating great ease of use. Conclusion: The Unisabana-HERONS ventilator effectively provided adequate gas exchange and maintained the ventilatory parameters in the range of lung protection strategies in humans and an animal model. Furthermore, it is straightforward to use and is a low-cost medical device.
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Introducción. Los términos falla intestinal crónica, síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) y nutrición parenteral total son muy frecuentes en la práctica clínica cotidiana.El objetivo de esta guía fue establecer un marco de referencia de práctica clínica basado en el mejor de nivel de evidencia en pacientes con falla intestinal crónica secundaria a síndrome de intestino corto. Métodos. Se estableció un grupo de expertos interdisciplinarios en el manejo de la falla intestinal crónica quienes, previa revisión de la literatura escogida, se reunieron de manera virtual acogiendo el método Delphi para discutir una serie de preguntas seleccionadas, enfocadas en el contexto terapéutico de la falla intestinal crónica asociada al síndrome de intestino corto. Resultados. La recomendación del grupo de expertos colombianos es que se aconseje a los pacientes con SIC consumir dietas regulares de alimentos integrales que genere hiperfagia para compensar la malabsorción. Las necesidades proteicas y energéticas dependen de las características individuales de cada paciente; la adecuación del régimen debe ser evaluada a través de pruebas clínicas, antropométricas y parámetros bioquímicos. Se sugiere, especialmente a corto plazo después de la resección intestinal, el uso de análogos de somatostatina para pacientes con yeyunostomía de alto gasto en quienes el manejo de líquidos y electrolitos es problemático. En pacientes con SIC, que son candidatos a tratamiento con enterohormonas, Teduglutida es la primera opción. Conclusión. Existen recomendaciones en el manejo integral de la rehabilitación intestinal respaldadas ampliamente por este consenso y es importante el reconocimiento de alternativas terapéuticos enmarcadas en el principio de buenas prácticas clínicas.
Introduction. The terms chronic intestinal failure, short bowel syndrome (SBS), and total parenteral nutrition are very common in daily clinical practice. The objective of this guideline was to establish a reference framework for clinical practice based on the best level of evidence in patients with chronic intestinal failure secondary to short bowel syndrome. Methods. A group of interdisciplinary experts in the management of chronic intestinal failure was established who, after reviewing the selected literature, met virtually using the Delphi method to discuss a series of selected questions, focused on the therapeutic context of chronic intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome. Results. The recommendation of the Colombian expert group is that patients with SBS be advised to consume regular diets of whole foods that generate hyperphagia to compensate malabsorption. Protein and energy needs depend on the individual characteristics of each patient; the adequacy of the regimen must be evaluated through clinical, anthropometric tests and biochemical parameters. The use of somatostatin analogue is suggested, especially in the short term after bowel resection, for patients with high-output jejunostomy in whom fluid and electrolyte management is problematic. In SBS, who are candidates for enterohormonal therapy, Teduglutide is the first choice. Conclusion. There are recommendations on the comprehensive management of intestinal rehabilitation that are widely supported by this consensus and it is important to recognize therapeutic alternatives framed in the principle of good clinical practice.
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Humanos , Síndrome do Intestino Curto , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Nutrição Parenteral Total , Programas e Políticas de Nutrição e Alimentação , Hormônios Gastrointestinais , Intestino DelgadoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) food fortification in low- and middle-income countries near the Equator is unknown. OBJECTIVES: We examined the effects of providing cholecalciferol-fortified skim milk to adolescents and their mothers on serum total 25(OH)D, free 25(OH)D, and vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) concentrations in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: We randomly assigned 80 Colombian families each with a child aged 12-14.5 y and their mother 1 L of skim milk daily, either fortified with 2400 IU (60 µg) cholecalciferol or unfortified, for 6 wk. We prescribed 500 mL of milk daily to adolescents; mothers consumed the remainder ad libitum. We estimated intent-to-treat effects as the between-arm difference in the change in serum total and free 25(OH)D and DBP concentrations from baseline to the end of follow-up. Secondary analyses included stratification by baseline characteristics and per-protocol comparisons. RESULTS: Among adolescents, fortification effects (95% CI) on serum total 25(OH)D, free 25(OH)D, and DBP concentrations were 5.4 nmol/L (2.1, 8.8 nmol/L), 0.6 pmol/L (-0.2, 1.4 pmol/L), and -416 nmol/L (-944, 112 nmol/L), respectively. Effects on total 25(OH)D were stronger in adolescents with lower DBP concentrations, darker skin, less sunlight exposure, and higher compliance than in their respective counterparts. Fortification increased free 25(OH)D concentrations in high compliers. Among mothers, the effects (95% CI) on total 25(OH)D and DBP concentrations were 4.0 nmol/L (0.6, 7.5 nmol/L) and -128 nmol/L (-637, 381 nmol/L), respectively. There were no adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of cholecalciferol-fortified skim milk increases serum total 25(OH)D concentrations in Colombian adolescents and adult women.
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Colecalciferol , Deficiência de Vitamina D , Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Adolescente , Humanos , Animais , Colecalciferol/farmacologia , Leite , Colômbia , Alimentos Fortificados , Vitamina D , Calcifediol , Suplementos Nutricionais , Deficiência de Vitamina D/prevenção & controle , Método Duplo-CegoRESUMO
Background and objectives: In low- and middle-income countries, the leading cause of neonatal mortality is perinatal asphyxia. Training in neonatal resuscitation has been shown to decrease this cause of mortality. The program "Helping Babies Breathe" (HBB) is a program to teach basic neonatal resuscitation focused on countries and areas with limited economic resources. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the implementation of the HBB program on newborn outcomes: mortality and morbidity. Material and Methods: A systematic review was carried out on observational studies and clinical trials that reported the effect of the implementation in low- and middle-income countries of the HBB program on neonatal mortality and morbidity. We carried out a meta-analysis of the extracted data. Random-effect models were used to evaluate heterogeneity, using the Cochrane Q and I2 tests, and stratified analyses were performed by age and type of outcome to determine the sources of heterogeneity. Results: Eleven studies were identified. The implementation of the program includes educational strategies focused on the training of doctors, nurses, midwives, and students of health professions. The poled results showed a decrease in overall mortality (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.57, 0.80), intrapartum stillbirth mortality (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.51, 0.75), and first-day mortality (OR 0.70; 95% IC 0.64, 0.77). High heterogeneity was found, which was partly explained by differences in the gestational age of the participants. Conclusions: The implementation of the program HBB in low- and medium-income countries has a significant impact on reducing early neonatal mortality.
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Asfixia Neonatal , Tocologia , Lactente , Gravidez , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Ressuscitação/métodos , Asfixia Neonatal/terapia , Natimorto/epidemiologia , Mortalidade Infantil , Tocologia/educaçãoRESUMO
To determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) exposure prior to intensive care unit (ICU) admission affects the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) with renal replacement therapy (RRT). An administrative database is used to establish a cohort of patients who were admitted to the ICU. The exposure to NSAIDs that the patients had before admission to the ICU is determined. Demographic variables, comorbidities, AKI diagnoses requiring RRT, and pneumonia during the ICU stay are also measured. Multivariate logistic regression and inverse probability weighting (IPW) are used to calculate risks of exposure to NSAIDs for patients with AKI requiring RRT. In total, 96,235 patients were admitted to the ICU, of which 16,068 (16.7%) were exposed to NSAIDs. The incidence of AKI with RRT was 2.71% for being exposed to NSAIDs versus 2.24% for those not exposed (p < 0.001). For the outcome of AKI, the odds ratio weighted with IPW was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.15−1.43), and for the outcome of pneumonia as a negative control, the odds ratio was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.98−1.17). The impact of prior exposure to NSAIDs over critically ill patients in the development of AKI is calculated as 8 patients per 1000 exposures. The negative control with the same sources of bias did not show an association with NSAID exposure.
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This systematic review aimed to reevaluate the available evidence of the use of biologics as treatment candidates for the treatment of severe and advanced COVID-19 disease; what are the rationale for their use, which are the most studied, and what kind of efficacy measures are described? A search through Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed, Medline, medrxiv.org, and Google scholar was performed on the use of biologic interventions in COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral pneumonia, and sepsis, until 11 January 2022. Throughout the research, we identified 4821 records, of which 90 were selected for qualitative analysis. Amongst the results, we identified five popular targets of use: IL6 and IL1 inhibitors, interferons, mesenchymal stem cells treatment, and anti-spike antibodies. None of them offered conclusive evidence of their efficacy with consistency and statistical significance except for some studies with anti-spike antibodies; however, Il6 and IL1 inhibitors as well as interferons show encouraging data in terms of increased survival and favorable clinical course that require further studies with better methodology standardization.
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OBJECTIVE: To validate the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) for the Colombian population using administrative databases from the health insurance system. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Database reports of events related to services that insurers provided (Health Promoter Enterprises, EPS in Spanish) in the Colombian health system, which covered 22.19 million residents in 2016. PARTICIPANTS: The study cohort comprised 3 849 849 patients aged 18 years and up admitted to the Colombian hospitals between 1 January and 31 December 2016. PRIMARY OUTCOME: The study aimed to gauge the CCI's predictive value for mortality by comparing the calibration and discrimination of three different versions of the index, with mortality information obtained from death certificates, including date of death and diagnoses associated with cause of death. Follow-up was conducted for at least 1 year. RESULTS: Altogether, 46 429 patients died within 1 year (1.21%). Discriminatory power in predicting 1-year mortality was calculated for three versions of the ICC. In the original CCI model, the area under the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.906 (95% CI (0.906 to 0.907), p<0.001). In the version for Colombia, it was 0.908 (95% CI (0.908 to 0.909), p<0.001) and for the new model it was 0.909 (95% CI (0.908 to 0.910), p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Adapting the CCI based on the 14 predictive variables of the new model resulted in an adequate predictive value for 1-year mortality in patients who were hospitalised for all causes. These findings support the use of the modified CCI in the Colombian population.
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Estudos Retrospectivos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Humanos , Curva ROCRESUMO
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is associated with obesity and may be involved in its aetiology, but few studies have focused on children and most have been cross-sectional. We assessed the relation of LTL with adiposity development in a prospective study of Colombian children. We quantified LTL at enrollment in 722 children aged 5-12 years and measured anthropometry annually for a median 6 years. Using mixed effects models, we estimated changes in adiposity measures including BMI and waist circumference (WC)-for-age z-scores in relation to baseline LTL z-score. In girls, longer LTL was linearly related to a lower increase in WC z-score from age 6 to 16 years. Every 1 SD LTL was associated with an adjusted 0.13 units lower increase in WC (95% CI: -0.23, -0.03; p = 0.01). In conclusion, longer LTL among girls in middle childhood is associated with smaller increases in WC, an indicator of abdominal adiposity.
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Adiposidade , Obesidade , Telômero , Adiposidade/genética , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Colômbia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Leucócitos , Masculino , Modelos Biológicos , Obesidade/genética , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Telômero/genética , Circunferência da Cintura/genéticaRESUMO
Introduction: Half of the Colombian households experience some degree of food insecurity. Food insecurity has been associated with malnutrition, which could result in micronutrient deficiencies in children; however, the evidence is not conclusive. Objective: To examine the associations between food insecurity and blood concentrations of hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin A, vitamin B12, folate, and zinc in school-age children from Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 2,660 children aged 5-12 from Bogotá's public schools. We assessed their household food insecurity level with the Spanish version of the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM), a validated scale, and quantified blood biomarkers of iron, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12, and zinc status. We examined the associations between food insecurity, severe hunger, and micronutrient status biomarkers using propensity scores. Results: Three-quarters of households had some degree of food insecurity and 12 % had food insecurity and severe hunger. Prevalence of marginal vitamin B12 status and vitamin A and zinc deficiencies were, respectively, 17%, 14%, and 1.4%. Compared with children from households without severe hunger, those exposed to it had lower adjusted mean concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folate, but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Food insecurity with severe hunger was not associated with micronutrient status biomarkers in Colombian school-age children. The HFSSM may adequately measure hardship in food acquisition due to lack of resources, but it does not yield an index that is associated with micronutrient status biomarkers.
Introducción. La mitad de los hogares colombianos padecen inseguridad alimentaria. Esta se ha asociado con malnutrición, la que, según algunos estudios, podría reflejarse en un déficit de micronutrientes en los niños, aunque los datos no son concluyentes. Objetivo. Establecer la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y los niveles de hemoglobina, hierro, vitamina A, vitamina B12, folato y cinc, en escolares de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal. Se aplicó la escala del Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) validada en español en una muestra de hogares de escolares de Bogotá, para establecer la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria. Utilizando el índice de propensión, se exploró la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria, el hambre grave y las concentraciones de hierro, vitamina A, folato, vitamina B12 y cinc, estimadas en muestras de suero provenientes de los escolares. Resultados. Se incluyeron 2.660 escolares. En el 76 % de los hogares había inseguridad alimentaria, de los cuales el 11,6 % se clasificaba como inseguridad alimentaria con hambre grave. La deficiencia marginal de vitamina B12 fue del 17 % y las de vitamina A y cinc, de 14 y 1,4 %, respectivamente. Aunque se encontraron niveles promedios más bajos de vitamina A (-0,009 µmol/L; IC95% -0,13 - 0,03 µmol/L), vitamina B12 (-19,57 pmol/L; IC95% -72,55 - 29,94 pmol/L) y folato (-9,25 nmol/L; IC95% -29,55 - 18,66 nmol/L) en los niños expuestos a inseguridad alimentaria con hambre grave, al compararlos con los de los no expuestos, las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones. La inseguridad alimentaria con hambre grave no se asoció los valores de micronutrientes o sus deficiencias en los escolares. La escala del HFSSM mide adecuadamente la dificultad en la adquisición de alimentos por falta de recursos, pero no permite establecer una asociación con las concentraciones de micronutrientes.
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Insegurança Alimentar , Micronutrientes , Biomarcadores , Criança , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Resumen Introducción. La mitad de los hogares colombianos padecen inseguridad alimentaria. Esta se ha asociado con malnutrición, la que, según algunos estudios, podría reflejarse en un déficit de micronutrientes en los niños, aunque los datos no son concluyentes. Objetivo. Establecer la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y los niveles de hemoglobina, hierro, vitamina A, vitamina B12, folato y cinc, en escolares de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de corte transversal. Se aplicó la escala del Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) validada en español en una muestra de hogares de escolares de Bogotá, para establecer la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria. Utilizando el índice de propensión, se exploró la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria, el hambre grave y las concentraciones de hierro, vitamina A, folato, vitamina B12 y cinc, estimadas en muestras de suero provenientes de los escolares. Resultados. Se incluyeron 2.660 escolares. En el 76 % de los hogares había inseguridad alimentaria, de los cuales el 11,6 % se clasificaba como inseguridad alimentaria con hambre grave. La deficiencia marginal de vitamina B12 fue del 17 % y las de vitamina A y cinc, de 14 y 1,4 %, respectivamente. Aunque se encontraron niveles promedios más bajos de vitamina A (-0,009 µmol/L; IC95% -0,13 - 0,03 µmol/L), vitamina B12 (-19,57 pmol/L; IC95% -72,55 - 29,94 pmol/L) y folato (-9,25 nmol/L; IC95% -29,55 - 18,66 nmol/L) en los niños expuestos a inseguridad alimentaria con hambre grave, al compararlos con los de los no expuestos, las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones. La inseguridad alimentaria con hambre grave no se asoció los valores de micronutrientes o sus deficiencias en los escolares. La escala del HFSSM mide adecuadamente la dificultad en la adquisición de alimentos por falta de recursos, pero no permite establecer una asociación con las concentraciones de micronutrientes.
Abstract Introduction: Half of the Colombian households experience some degree of food insecurity. Food insecurity has been associated with malnutrition, which could result in micronutrient deficiencies in children; however, the evidence is not conclusive. Objective: To examine the associations between food insecurity and blood concentrations of hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin A, vitamin B12, folate, and zinc in school-age children from Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 2,660 children aged 5-12 from Bogotá's public schools. We assessed their household food insecurity level with the Spanish version of the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM), a validated scale, and quantified blood biomarkers of iron, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12, and zinc status. We examined the associations between food insecurity, severe hunger, and micronutrient status biomarkers using propensity scores. Results: Three-quarters of households had some degree of food insecurity and 12 % had food insecurity and severe hunger. Prevalence of marginal vitamin B12 status and vitamin A and zinc deficiencies were, respectively, 17%, 14%, and 1.4%. Compared with children from households without severe hunger, those exposed to it had lower adjusted mean concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folate, but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Food insecurity with severe hunger was not associated with micronutrient status biomarkers in Colombian school-age children. The HFSSM may adequately measure hardship in food acquisition due to lack of resources, but it does not yield an index that is associated with micronutrient status biomarkers.
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Criança , Micronutrientes , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Estudantes , ColômbiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)/hypopnoea syndrome is associated with serious and major multiorgan morbidities, particularly in its most severe forms. However, no severe OSA screening instruments are available for high altitude residents that enable adequate identification and clinical prioritisation of such patients. We aimed at developing a severe OSA prediction tool based on the clinical characteristics and anthropometric measurements of a clinical referral cohort living at 2640 m.a.s.l. DESIGN: Cohort-nested cross-sectional study. SETTING: Sleep laboratory for standard polysomnography (PSG) in Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: A predictive model was generated from 8718 participants referred to the PSG laboratory. Results were subsequently validated in a second cohort of 1898 participants. PRIMARY OUTCOME: To identify clinical and anthropometric variables associated with severe OSA (>30 events/hour) and to include them in a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: The significant variables that were retained with the presence of severe OSA included Body mass index (BMI), Age, Sex, Arterial hypertension and Neck circumference (BASAN). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curvefor the BASAN index was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.68 to 0.70) in the derivation cohort and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.65 to 0.69) in the validation cohort, whereby a BASAN index ≥2 had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 17% to detect severe OSA. CONCLUSION: An objectively based approach to screen for the presence of severe OSA, the BASAN index, exhibits favourable sensitivity characteristics that should enable its operational use as a screening tool in a Hispanic population with a clinical suspicion of OSA and living at high altitude.
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Altitude , Hipertensão , Adulto , Índice de Massa Corporal , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , HumanosRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and balanced anesthesia (BA) are the most commonly used anesthetic techniques. The differences are the variability of the depth of anesthesia between these techniques that might predict which one is safer for patients and presents a lower risk of intraoperative awakening. Objective: To determine whether a difference exists in the variability of depth of anesthesia obtained by response entropy (RE). Methods: A crossover clinical trial was conducted on 20 healthy patients receiving upper or lower limb ambulatory orthopedic surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to (a) target-controlled infusion of propofol using the Schnider model at a target concentration of 2.5 µg/mL for 15 minutes and a 10-minute washout, followed by sevoflurane administration at 0.8 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for the reminder of the surgery, or (b) the reverse sequence. Differences in the variability of the depth of anesthesia using RE were evaluated using paired t-test. Results: The treatment effect showed no significant difference in the average values of RE, during TIVA = 97.23 vs BA 97.04 (P = 0.39). Carry Over (-4.98 vs 4.08) and Period (100.3 vs 94.68) effects were not significantly different. Conclusion: The present study suggests that both anesthetic techniques are equivalent in terms of the stability of the depth of anesthesia. It is important to keep testing the determinants of the efficacy of different populations because the individual behaviors of patients might ultimately tip the scale.
Resumen Introducción: La anestesia total intravenosa (TIVA, por sus siglas en inglés) y la anestesia balanceada (AB) son las técnicas anestésicas más comúnmente utilizadas. La diferencia está en la variabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia entre estas dos técnicas, lo cual pudiera predecir cuál es más segura para los pacientes y representar un menor riesgo de despertar intraoperatorio. Objetivo: Determinar si existe alguna diferencia en la variabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia obtenida según los índices de entropía de respuesta (ER). Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio clínico cruzado en 20 pacientes sanos que se sometieron a cirugía ortopédica ambulatoria de miembros superiores o inferiores. Los pacientes se asignaron aleatoriamente así: a) infusión controlada por objetivo (TCI, por sus siglas en inglés) de propofol, utilizando el modelo Schnider a una concentración objetivo de 2,5 µg/mL durante 15 min y un período de lavado de 10 minutos, seguido de la administración de sevoflurano a 0,8 de concentración alveolar mínima (CAM) durante el tiempo restante de la cirugía; o b) la secuencia inversa. Las diferencias en la variabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia utilizando entropía de respuesta se evaluaron utilizando la prueba t pareada. Resultados: El efecto del tratamiento no mostró ninguna diferencia significativa en los valores promedio de entropía de respuesta (ER) durante TIVA = 97,23 vs. AB 97,04 (P = 0,39). Los efectos de arrastre (-4,98 vs. 4,08) y período (100,3 vs. 94,68) no fueron significativamente diferentes. Conclusiones: El presente estudio sugiere que ambas técnicas anestésicas son equivalentes en términos de estabilidad de la profundidad de la anestesia. Es importante continuar probando los factores determinantes de eficacia en las distintas poblaciones, ya que el comportamiento individual de cada paciente pudiera finalmente inclinar la balanza.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Entropia , Consciência no Peroperatório , Anestesia Balanceada , Anestesia Intravenosa , Propofol , Métodos Epidemiológicos , SevofluranoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Between 30 and 70% of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) have acute kidney injury (AKI), and 10% of these patients will require renal replacement therapy (RRT). A significant number of studies have compared the mortality of patients who require RRT versus those who do not require it, finding an increase in mortality rates in the short and medium term; however, few studies have evaluated the long-term survival in a mixture of patients admitted to the ICU. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of RRT on 5-year survival in patients with AKI admitted to the ICU. METHODS: Using administrative databases of insurers of the Colombian health system, a cohort of patients admitted to the ICU between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2013 was followed until 31 December 2018. ICD-10 diagnoses, procedure codes, and prescribed medications were used to establish the frequencies of the comorbidities included in the Charlson index. Patients were followed for at least 5 years to evaluate survival and establish the adjusted risks by propensity score matching. RESULTS: Of the 150,230 patients admitted to the ICU, 4366 (2.9%) required RRT in the ICU. Mortality rates for patients with RRT vs no RRT evaluated at ICU discharge, 1 year, and 5 years were 35%, 57.4%, and 67.9% vs 7.4%, 17.6%, and 30.1%, respectively. After propensity score matching, the hazard ratio was calculated for patients who received RRT and those who did not (HR, 2.46; 95% CI 2.37 to 2.56; p < 0.001), with a lower difference in years of survival for patients with RRT (mean effect in the treated) of - 1.86 (95% CI - 2.01 to to1.65; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The impact of acute renal failure with the consequent need for RRT in patients admitted to the ICU is reflected in a decrease of approximately one quarter in 5-year survival, regardless of the different comorbidities.
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Abstract Introduction: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery frequently develop low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS). Multiple interventions including levosimendan have been used in the prevention and treatment of LCOS. Preliminary studies reported lower mortality respect to placebo or other inotropes, however, recently, 3 clinical trials found no benefit against this outcome. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the evidence of levosimendan on mortality and secondary outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and to determine the sources of heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. We obtained the odds ratio (OR) of mortality and other outcomes such as kidney injury with dialysis requirement and LCOS, using fixed and random effects models. The risk of bias was assessed and the sources of heterogeneity were explored. Results: Of 47 studies identified, 14 studies were selected (n=2752). Regarding the mortality outcome and use of levosimendan, only a decrease was found in the studies of low quality (OR 0,30; CI 95%, 0,18 to 0,51). While high-quality studies, there was no protective effect (OR 0.99,95% CI 0.70-1.40) with an I2 = 0%. The quality of the studies and ejection fraction were the main sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: In high-quality studies, the use of levosimendan in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery has no effect on 30-day mortality. There was a protective effect on postoperative renal failure with dialysis.
Resumen Introducción: Los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiaca tienen riesgo de desarrollar síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco posoperatorio (SBGC). Estudios previos han encontrado una menor mortalidad con levosimendán respecto a placebo u otros inotrópicos; sin embargo, tres experimentos clínicos no encontraron beneficio frente a este desenlace. Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia del levosimendán sobre la mortalidad y los desenlaces secundarios en pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca, y determinar las fuentes de heterogeneidad. Métodos: Mediante una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de los experimentos clínicos que evaluaron la eficacia del levosimendán en los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiaca, se evaluó la eficacia en la mortalidad y en otros desenlaces, como lesión renal y SBGC, utilizando los modelos de efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: De 47 estudios identificados, fueron seleccionados 14 (n = 2752). Respecto al desenlace de mortalidad y el uso de levosimendán solo se encontró una disminución en los estudios de baja calidad (OR 0.30; IC 95%, 0.18-0.51), mientras que para los de alta calidad no hubo efecto protector (OR 0.99; IC 95%, 0.70-1.40) con un I2=0%. La calidad de los estudios y la fracción de eyección fueron las principales fuentes de heterogeneidad. Conclusión: el uso del levosimendán en los pacientes llevados a cirugía cardiovascular no tiene efectos sobre la mortalidad a 30 días en los estudios de alta calidad. Hubo efecto protector sobre la falla renal postoperatoria con necesidad de diálisis.
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Humanos , Cirurgia Torácica , Baixo Débito Cardíaco , Assistência Perioperatória , Injúria Renal Aguda , Simendana , Fibrilação Atrial , Metanálise como Assunto , Mortalidade , DiáliseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency (ID) in infancy is related to subsequent behavior problems. The effects of micronutrient status in middle childhood are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the associations of micronutrient status biomarkers in middle childhood with externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in adolescence. METHODS: We assessed whether ID (ferritin <15 µg/L), anemia (hemoglobin <12.7 g/dL), or blood concentrations of zinc, vitamins A and B-12, and folate at ages 5-12 y were associated with externalizing or internalizing behavior problems in adolescence in 1042 schoolchildren from Bogotá, Colombia. Behavior problems were assessed with the Youth Self-Report questionnaire after a median 6.2 y of follow-up. Mean problem score differences with 95% CIs were estimated between categories of micronutrient status biomarkers with the use of multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Mean ± SD externalizing and internalizing problems scores were 52.6 ± 9.6 and 53.8 ± 9.9, respectively. Among boys, middle-childhood ID, anemia, and low plasma vitamin B-12 were associated with 5.9 (95% CI: 1.0, 10.7), 6.6 (95% CI: 1.9, 11.3), and 2.7 (95% CI: 0.4, 4.9) units higher mean externalizing problems scores in adolescence, respectively-after adjustment for baseline age, time spent watching television or playing video games, mother's height, and socioeconomic status. Also in boys, ID was related to an adjusted 6.4 (95% CI: 1.2, 11.6) units higher mean internalizing problems score. There were no associations among girls. Other micronutrient status biomarkers were not associated with behavior problems. CONCLUSIONS: ID, anemia, and low vitamin B-12 in middle childhood are related to behavior problems in adolescent boys.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03297970.
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Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Anemia/psicologia , Deficiências de Ferro , Transtornos Mentais/sangue , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina B 12/psicologia , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Anemia/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Criança , Colômbia , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Humanos , Ferro/sangue , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Micronutrientes/sangue , Estado Nutricional , Autorrelato , Estudantes/psicologia , Vitamina A/sangue , Vitamina B 12/sangue , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
Childhood intake of animal foods is associated with age at first menstrual period (menarche). It is unknown whether the micronutrients present in these foods could explain this association. Our objective was to investigate the associations of micronutrient status biomarkers in middle childhood with age at menarche. We quantified circulating Hb, ferritin, mean corpuscular volume, Zn, vitamin B12, erythrocyte folate and retinol in 1464 pre-menarcheal girls aged 5-12 years in Bogotá, Colombia, and followed them for a median 5·7 years for the occurrence and date of menarche. We estimated median age at menarche and hazard ratios (HR) with 95 % CI by levels of each biomarker with use of Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities and Cox regression, respectively. Median age at menarche was 12·4 years. Middle childhood Hb was inversely related to age at menarche whereas plasma ferritin was positively associated with this outcome in a linear manner. HR of menarche for every 1 sd of Hb (11 g/l) and ferritin (23·2 µg/l) were 1·11 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·18; P=0·001) and 0·94 (95 % CI 0·88, 0·99; P=0·02), respectively, after adjustment for baseline age, C-reactive protein concentration, maternal age at menarche and parity and socioeconomic status. The association with ferritin was stronger in girls aged 9-10 years at baseline. Additional adjustment for baseline height- and BMI-for-age did not change the results. We conclude that higher Fe status in middle childhood is related to later age at menarche whereas Hb concentrations are inversely associated with age at onset of menses.
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Menarca/sangue , Micronutrientes/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Proteína C-Reativa/metabolismo , Criança , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Feminino , Ferritinas/sangue , Ácido Fólico/sangue , Seguimentos , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Estado Nutricional , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Vitamina A/sangue , Vitamina B 12/sangue , Zinco/sangueRESUMO
ResumenIntroducción:La dinámica cardíaca ha sido caracterizada a partir de la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos y la geometría fractal, permitiendo generar metodologías de aplicación clínica.Objetivo:desde los sistemas dinámicos, se desarrollará una metodología de evaluación de los pH y presiones de dióxido de carbono arteriales y venosos para pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos.Materiales y Métodos:se escogieron 10 pacientes con diversas patologías de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Postqui rúrgicos del Hospital Militar Central, registrando pH y presiones de dióxido de carbono arteriales y venosas durante su tiempo de estancia; posteriormente se construyeron atractores, determinando su tipo de trayectoria y estableciendo los valores máximos y mínimos de estas variables en el mapa de retardo.Resultados:se encontró un comportamiento caótico de las variables evaluadas, hallando valores mínimos y máximos de 7,01 y 7,59 para pH arterial, 6,97 y 7,53 para pH venoso, 14,40 y 73,70 para presión arterial de dióxido de carbono, y 19,20 y 97,90 para presión venosa de dióxido de carbono.Conclusiones:La evaluación de los valores máximos y mínimos del atractor en el mapa de retardo constituye un nuevo método, objetivo y reproducible, para la evaluación matemática de cada una de las variables estudiadas, de utilidad para el seguimiento de pacientes en UCI.
SummaryIntroduction:Cardiac dynamics has been characterized from the theory of dynamical systems and fractal geometry, allowing to generate methodologies with clinical application. Objective: from dynamic systems, a methodology for evaluating the arterial and venous pH and dioxide of carbon pressures for patient in Intensive Care Unit will be developed.Materials and Methods:10 patients with various pathologies were selected from Post-surgical Intensive Care Unit of the Central Military Hospital, recording arterial and venous pH and dioxide of carbon pressures of during its stay; attractors were built subsequently, determining the type of path and setting the maximum and minimum values of these variables on the delay map.Results:chaotic behavior of the variables evaluated was found, finding maximum and minimum values of 7,01 and 7,59 for arterial pH values, 6,97 and 7,53 for venous pH, 14,40 and 73,70 for arterial dioxide of carbon pressure, and 19,20 and 97,90 for venous dioxide of carbon pressure.Conclusions:The evaluation of the maximum and minimum values of the attractor on the delay map is a new method, objective and reproducible for the mathematical evaluation of each of the variables studied, useful for monitoring patients in Intensive Care Unit.