RESUMO
The aims of this study were, to record developmental enamel in three areas of Brazil with a range of fluoride concentrations in their drinking water and to consider the association between clinical and photographic methods of recording enamel defects. A total of 457 subjects were examined from areas with less than 0.01, 0.7 and 2-3 ppm F in their drinking water. From the photographs, the prevalences of subjects with TF scores of one or more for the upper permanent central incisors were 7 per cent, 52 per cent and 92 per cent respectively for the three areas. The prevalence of demarcated opacities decreased with increasing fluoride levels in the drinking water (p < 0.008). There was substantial agreement between the Thylstrup Fejerskov (TF) scores using clinical and photographic methods (kappa = 0.63). However, prevalences of TF scores of one or more were higher using the photographic (44.9 percent) than clinical (41.4 percent) method (p < 0.01). The results of this study were compared with one undertaken in the United Kingdom and Ireland which also used the same photographic method. Although the prevalences of TF scores of one or more were similar in the areas with near 'optimal' levels of fluoride in the drinking water, in the groups with levels of fluoride less than 0.1 ppm the prevalence of subjects with TF scores of one or more was higher in the United Kingdom population than in Brazil. This study demonstrates the utility of photographic methods of collecting information on enamel opacities over a wide range of fluoride exposure. Results suggest that for the groups from areas with low levels of fluoride in the drinking water the overall fluoride exposure of the UK children was greater than the Brazilian.
Assuntos
Esmalte Dentário/anormalidades , Fatores Etários , Brasil , Criança , Esmalte Dentário/patologia , Fluoretos/análise , Humanos , Incisivo/anormalidades , Irlanda , Fotografação , Prevalência , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Calcificação de Dente , Reino Unido , Abastecimento de Água/análiseRESUMO
Los objetivos de este estudio fueron los de registrar los defectos de desarrollo del esmalte en tres áreas de Brasil con diferentes concentraciones de fluoruros en el agua de bebida y considerar la asociación entre los métodos clínicos y fotográficos en el registro de defectos del esmalte. Se examinó un total de 457 individuos de zonas con menos de 0,01, 0,7 y de 2-3 ppm de F en el agua de bebida. En el estudio fotográfico, la prevalencia de sujetos con un índice de Thylstrup Fejerskov (TF) de uno o más en los incisivos centrales superiores fue de 7 por ciento, 52 por ciento y 92 por ciento respectivamente, en cada una de las tres zonas. La prevalencia de opacidades demarcadas disminuyó con el aumento del nivel de fluoruros en el agua de bebida (p<0,008). Hubo un acuerdo sustancial entre los valores del índice TF al usar métodos clínicos y fotográficos (kappa=0,63). Sin embargo, la prevalencia de los valores TF mayores de uno fue más alta al usar el método fotográfico (44,9 por ciento) que el clínico (41,4 por ciento) (p<0.01). Los resultados de este estudio se compararon con los de uno realizado en el Reino Unido y otro en Irlanda en los que se usó el miesmo método fotográfico. Aunque la prevalencia de los valores del indice TF de uno o más fue similar en las zonas con niveles casi óptimos de fluoruro en el agua de bebida, en los grupos con niveles de fluoruro menores de 0,1 ppm, la prevalencia de sujetos con valores TF de uno o más fue mayor en la población del Reino Unido que en la de Brasil. Este estudio demuestra la utilidad de los métodos fotográficos para el registro de datos sobre opacidades del esmalte en casos de exposición a un amplio rango de concentraciones de fluoruro. Los resultados sugierem que en los grupos provenientes de zonas con bajos niveles de fluoruro en el agua de bebida, la exposición total a fluoruros fue mayor entre los ni±os del Reino Unido que en los de Brasil
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Água Potável/efeitos adversos , Esmalte Dentário/química , Halogenação/efeitos adversos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Fotografação , Purificação da Água/métodos , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study was to consider the association between water fluoride levels and caries prevalence in three Brazilian populations. METHODS: A total of 457 6-12-year-old lifetime residents from three economically deprived groups with 2-3, 0.7, and less than 0.01 ppm F in their water supplies were examined. Dental caries was recorded on permanent upper central incisors and first molars and all primary teeth (dmft). RESULTS: There was a significant trend (P < 01) for the mean dmft to decrease with increasing levels of fluoride in the drinking water. Caries experience in the six permanent teeth was significantly lower (P < 01) in the area with 0.7 ppm F than in the other two groups For the 2-3 ppm F group significantly more caries was found in subjects with higher TF scores (P < 05). CONCLUSION: Optimization of fluoride levels in the drinking water remains a valuable dental public health measure in Brazil.