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Fungal enzymes are widely used in technological processes and have some interesting features to be applied in a variety of biosynthetic courses. Here, free and substrate-immobilised lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 were obtained by solid-state fermentation using wheat bran as substrate and fungal carrier. Based on their hydrolytic and transesterification activities, the lipases were characterised as pH-dependent in both reactions, with higher substrate conversion in an alkaline environment. Thermally, the lipases performed well from 30 to 45 °C, being more stable in mild conditions. Organic solvents significantly influenced the lipase selectivity using different vegetable oils as fatty acid source. Omega(ω)-3 production in n-hexane achieved 45% using canola oil, against ≈ 18% in cyclohexane. However, ω-6 production was preferably produced for both solvents using linseed oil with significant alterations in the yield (≈ 79% and 49% for n-hexane and cyclohexane, respectively). Moreover, the greatest enzyme selectivity for ω-6 led us to suppose a lipase preference for the Sn1 position of the triacylglycerol. Lastly, a transesterification reaction was performed, achieving 90% of ester conversion in 72 h. This study reports the characterisation and use of free and substrate-immobilised lipases from Fusarium verticillioides P24 as an economic and efficient method for the first time.

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Abstract Objectives To investigate the 5-year prevalence of patients admitted to public inpatient care units due to a mental disorder, stratifying them by age group and diagnosis, and to assess trends of admissions over this time period in Porto Alegre. Methods All admissions to the public mental health care system regulated by the city-owned electronic system Administração Geral dos Hospitais (AGHOS) were included in the analysis. The total population size was obtained by estimations of Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE). General information about 5-year prevalence of inpatient admissions, time-series trends e prevalence by age groups and diagnosis were presented. Results There were 32,608 admissions over the 5-year period analyzed. The overall prevalence of patients was 1.62% among the total population, 0.01% among children, 1.12% among adolescents, 2.28% among adults and 0.93% among the elderly. The most common diagnosis was drug-related, followed by mood, alcohol-related and psychotic disorders. There was a linear trend showing an increase in the number of admissions from 2013 to the midst of 2014, which dropped in 2015. Conclusions Admissions due to mental disorders are relatively common, mainly among adults and related to drug use and mood disorders. Time trends varied slightly over the 5 years. Prevalence rates in real-world settings might be useful for policymakers interested in planning the public mental health system in large Brazilian cities.

Resumo Objetivos Investigar a prevalência de 5 anos de pacientes internados no sistema público de saúde por motivo de saúde mental, estratificando-os por grupo etário e diagnóstico, e avaliar tendências temporais nas admissões nesse período em Porto Alegre. Métodos Todas as admissões no sistema público de saúde mental reguladas pelo sistema eletrônico da cidade, denominado Administração Geral dos Hospitais (AGHOS), foram incluídos na análise. A população total foi obtida a partir de estimativas da Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE). Informações gerais sobre a prevalência de 5 anos de admissões, tendências das séries temporais e prevalência por grupo etário e por diagnóstico foram apresentadas. Resultados Ocorreram 32.608 admissões no período de 5 anos analisado. A prevalência global de pacientes foi de 1,62% na população total, 0,01% em crianças, 1,12% em adolescentes, 2,28% em adultos e 0,93% em idosos. Os diagnósticos mais comuns foram relacionados ao uso de drogas, seguidos de transtornos de humor, relacionados ao álcool e transtornos psicóticos. Houve uma tendência linear mostrando um aumento no número de admissões de 2013 a meados de 2014, que caíram em 2015. Conclusões Admissões por transtornos mentais são relativamente comuns, principalmente entre adultos e relacionados ao uso de drogas e transtornos de humor. Tendências lineares variaram levemente nos últimos 5 anos. Estimativas de prevalência no mundo real podem ser úteis para formuladores de políticas interessados em planejar o sistema público de saúde mental em grandes cidades brasileiras.

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OBJECTIVES: To investigate the 5-year prevalence of patients admitted to public inpatient care units due to a mental disorder, stratifying them by age group and diagnosis, and to assess trends of admissions over this time period in Porto Alegre. METHODS: All admissions to the public mental health care system regulated by the city-owned electronic system Administração Geral dos Hospitais (AGHOS) were included in the analysis. The total population size was obtained by estimations of Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE). General information about 5-year prevalence of inpatient admissions, time-series trends e prevalence by age groups and diagnosis were presented. RESULTS: There were 32,608 admissions over the 5-year period analyzed. The overall prevalence of patients was 1.62% among the total population, 0.01% among children, 1.12% among adolescents, 2.28% among adults and 0.93% among the elderly. The most common diagnosis was drug-related, followed by mood, alcohol-related and psychotic disorders. There was a linear trend showing an increase in the number of admissions from 2013 to the midst of 2014, which dropped in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: Admissions due to mental disorders are relatively common, mainly among adults and related to drug use and mood disorders. Time trends varied slightly over the 5 years. Prevalence rates in real-world settings might be useful for policymakers interested in planning the public mental health system in large Brazilian cities.

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Statistical evidence pointing to the very soft change in the ionic composition on the surface of the sugar cane bagasse is crucial to improve yields of sugars by hydrolytic saccharification. Removal of Li+ by pretreatments exposing -OH sites was the most important factor related to the increase of saccharification yields using enzyme cocktails. Steam Explosion and Microwave:H2SO4 pretreatments produced unrelated structural changes, but similar ionic distribution patterns. Both increased the saccharification yield 1.74-fold. NaOH produced structural changes related to Steam Explosion, but released surface-bounded Li+ obtaining 2.04-fold more reducing sugars than the control. In turn, the higher amounts in relative concentration and periodic structures of Li+ on the surface observed in the control or after the pretreatment with Ethanol:DMSO:Ammonium Oxalate, blocked -OH and O- available for ionic sputtering. These changes correlated to 1.90-fold decrease in saccharification yields. Li+ was an activator in solution, but its presence and distribution pattern on the substrate was prejudicial to the saccharification. Apparently, it acts as a phase-dependent modulator of enzyme activity. Therefore, no correlations were found between structural changes and the efficiency of the enzymatic cocktail used. However, there were correlations between the Li+ distribution patterns and the enzymatic activities that should to be shown.

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Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was treated in three stages using ozone oxidation (O), washing in an alkaline medium (B) and ultrasonic irradiation (U). The impact of each pretreatment stage on the physical structure of the SCB was evaluated by its chemical composition, using an infrared technique (FTIR-ATR), and using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). The pretreatment sequence O, B, U provided a significant reduction of lignin and hemicellulose, which was confirmed by changes in the absorption bands corresponding to these compounds, when observed using infrared. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed an increased thermal stability in the treated sample due to the removal of hemicellulose and extractives during the pretreatment. This pretreatment released 391mg glucose/g from treated SCB after the enzymatic hydrolysis, corresponding to a yield of 94% of the cellulose available.

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The aim of the present was determinate the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected by nitrogen retention (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME) and TME corrected by the nitrogen retention (TMEn), its metabolizability coefficients, moreover, adjust prediction equations from experimental results and chemical composition of eight different corn cultivar originating from Copagril experimental station. The total excreta collecting method was used to determinate the energy values, where 160 broiler chicken Cobb, aging 21 days, were shared in a completely randomized blocks design. The experiment lasted 10 days, five of them for adaptation and the other ones for total excrements collecting. The energy values of the foods and excretas were determined using the calorimetric method. Significative differences were not observered (P>0,05) for metabolizability coefficients of corn samples. The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn values varied of 3295 up to 3498 kcal/kg, 3227 up to 3416 kcal/kg, 3315 up to 3454 kcal/kg and 3235 up to 3424 kcal/kg, respectively. The prediction equations had not been adjusted adequately for energetic values, they demonstrated a low R2 value.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn), energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e EMV corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMVn), seus respectivos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade, bem como estabelecer equações de predição por meio dos resultados experimentais obtidos e de composição química para oito diferentes cultivares de milho provenientes da estação experimental da Copagril. Para a determinação dos valores de energia foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas, onde 160 pintos da linhagem Cobb com 21 dias de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. O experimento teve duração de dez dias, sendo cinco dias de adaptação e cinco de coleta total de excretas. Para determinar os valores de energia realizaram-se análises de energia bruta (EB) dos alimentos e das excretas em bomba calorimétrica. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade das amostras de milho. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn variaram de 3.295 a 3.498 kcal/kg, 3.227 a 3.416 kcal/kg, 3.315 a 3.454 kcal/kg e 3.235 a 3.424 kcal/kg, respectivamente. As equações de predição não se ajustaram adequadamente aos valores energéticos, apresentando um baixo valor de R2.

RESUMO

The aim of the present was determinate the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected by nitrogen retention (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME) and TME corrected by the nitrogen retention (TMEn), its metabolizability coefficients, moreover, adjust prediction equations from experimental results and chemical composition of eight different corn cultivar originating from Copagril experimental station. The total excreta collecting method was used to determinate the energy values, where 160 broiler chicken Cobb, aging 21 days, were shared in a completely randomized blocks design. The experiment lasted 10 days, five of them for adaptation and the other ones for total excrements collecting. The energy values of the foods and excretas were determined using the calorimetric method. Significative differences were not observered (P>0,05) for metabolizability coefficients of corn samples. The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn values varied of 3295 up to 3498 kcal/kg, 3227 up to 3416 kcal/kg, 3315 up to 3454 kcal/kg and 3235 up to 3424 kcal/kg, respectively. The prediction equations had not been adjusted adequately for energetic values, they demonstrated a low R2 value.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn), energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e EMV corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMVn), seus respectivos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade, bem como estabelecer equações de predição por meio dos resultados experimentais obtidos e de composição química para oito diferentes cultivares de milho provenientes da estação experimental da Copagril. Para a determinação dos valores de energia foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas, onde 160 pintos da linhagem Cobb com 21 dias de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. O experimento teve duração de dez dias, sendo cinco dias de adaptação e cinco de coleta total de excretas. Para determinar os valores de energia realizaram-se análises de energia bruta (EB) dos alimentos e das excretas em bomba calorimétrica. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade das amostras de milho. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn variaram de 3.295 a 3.498 kcal/kg, 3.227 a 3.416 kcal/kg, 3.315 a 3.454 kcal/kg e 3.235 a 3.424 kcal/kg, respectivamente. As equações de predição não se ajustaram adequadamente aos valores energéticos, apresentando um baixo valor de R2.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME) and TME corrected for nitrogen retention (TMEn), and respective metabolizability coefficient (AMC) of corn and high moisture corn grain silage (HMCGS) with 50 and 100 days of ensilage and different inoculant levels for poultry. For determination the values of energy, the total excreta collecting method was used, which 144 broiler chicken Ross 308, 21 days old, were distributed in a completely randomized design. Differences were not observed (P>0.05) for metabolizability coefficient. It was concluded that the values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of corn were 3680, 3588, 3748 and 3735 kcal/kg respectively and the values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of HMCGS ranged from 3477 to 3881, 3401 to 3769, 3573 to 3985 and 2374 to 2649 kcal/kg, respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn), energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e EMV corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMVn), bem como seus respectivos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade do milho e da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) em função de diferentes níveis de inoculante e com 50 e 100 dias de ensilagem. Para a determinação dos valores energéticos foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas, onde 144 pintos Ross 308, com 21 dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn do milho foram 3680, 3588, 3748 e 3735 kcal/kg respectivamente e os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn para as SGUM variam de 3477 a 3881, 3401 a 3769, 3573 a 3985, e 2374 a 2649 kcal/kg respectivamente.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME) and TME corrected for nitrogen retention (TMEn), and respective metabolizability coefficient (AMC) of corn and high moisture corn grain silage (HMCGS) with 50 and 100 days of ensilage and different inoculant levels for poultry. For determination the values of energy, the total excreta collecting method was used, which 144 broiler chicken Ross 308, 21 days old, were distributed in a completely randomized design. Differences were not observed (P>0.05) for metabolizability coefficient. It was concluded that the values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of corn were 3680, 3588, 3748 and 3735 kcal/kg respectively and the values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of HMCGS ranged from 3477 to 3881, 3401 to 3769, 3573 to 3985 and 2374 to 2649 kcal/kg, respectively.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn), energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e EMV corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMVn), bem como seus respectivos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade do milho e da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) em função de diferentes níveis de inoculante e com 50 e 100 dias de ensilagem. Para a determinação dos valores energéticos foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas, onde 144 pintos Ross 308, com 21 dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn do milho foram 3680, 3588, 3748 e 3735 kcal/kg respectivamente e os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn para as SGUM variam de 3477 a 3881, 3401 a 3769, 3573 a 3985, e 2374 a 2649 kcal/kg respectivamente.