RESUMO
La Conciencia ambiental en México es un tema de gran relevancia ya que las alteraciones de hoy en día sobre el medio ambiente son principalmente por actividades antropogénicas ya sea por el desarrollo industrial, consumismo, la contaminación, residuos sólidos, etc., por lo que es de gran importancia lograr un equilibrio entre la naturaleza - hombre y para alcanzar este equilibrio es necesario la educación ambiental la cual permite emplear diferentes estrategias para lograr generar sentimientos, desarrollar conciencia ambiental y evidenciar la necesidad de elaborar nuevos valores a partir de las experiencias directas. Por lo que la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la Conciencia Ambiental de los habitantes de la colonia Emilio Portes Gil en la H. Matamoros (Tamaulipas) mediante el instrumento llamado Cuestionario de Actitudes Ambientales (CAAM) de Núevalos a una población de 50 habitantes conformada con 52% de mujeres y el 48% de hombres en un rango de edad entre los 20 a 31 años, obteniéndose una conciencia ambiental muy parecida con un 32% y 30% tanto del sexo femenino como del masculino respectivamente.
Environmental awareness in Mexico is a very important issue since today's alterations on the environment are basically produced by anthropogenic activities either because of industrial development, consumerism, pollution, solid waste, etc.., reason why it is very important to achieve a balance between nature and man and, in order to achieve this balance, environmental education which can employ different strategies for generating feelings, developing environmental awareness and highlighting the need to develop new values from direct experiences is necessary. For this reason, this investigation has as its main objective the assessment of Emilio Portes Gil Colonia in H. Matamoros (Tamaulipas) inhabitants' Environmental Awareness, using Nuévalos' instrument called Environmental Attitudes Questionnaire (CAAM) to a population of 50 inhabitants conformed by 52% women and 48% men in an age range between 20 to 31 years, yielding a very similar environmental awareness with 32% and 30% of both the male and the female respectively.
Assuntos
Humanos , Educação em Saúde Ambiental , Colômbia , Consciência , Meio AmbienteRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Brazil, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and type II (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) are co-circulating and possess approximately 65% homology, which results in high cross-reactivity in serological tests. Based on the detection of EIA and Western blot (WB) tests, HTLV serodiagnosis yields indeterminate results in high-risk population, with the true determination of HTLV-II prevalence requiring a combined serological and molecular analysis. Molecular analysis of HTLV-II isolates has shown the existence of four distinct subtypes: IIa, IIb, IIc, and IId. The aim of this study was to evaluate the routine EIA and WB used in Sao Paulo city, as well as molecular methods for confirmation of infection and HTLV-II subtype distribution. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-three individuals, who were enrolled in the HTLV out-clinic in Sao Paulo city, Brazil, between July 1997 and May 2003, were tested by EIAs, and positive sera 232 (79%) reactive by one of the tests. When these sera were tested by WB revealed 134 were HTLV-I, 28 HTLV-II, 4 HTLV-I/II, and 48 were indeterminate. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the indeterminate group showed that 20 (42%) were HTLV-II and 28 were negative. From a total of 48 HTLV-II subjects with DNA available, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the env region revealed 47 HTLV-IIa and 1 HTLV-IIb. The phylogenetic analysis was performed on 23 samples, which identified 19 as subtype a, Brazilian subcluster, and 4 as subtype b. This is the first time HTLV-II subtype b has been described in Brazil. However, further studies, such as a complete nucleotide DNA sequencing, need to be done to confirm these findings.
Assuntos
Infecções por HTLV-II/epidemiologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/classificação , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/genética , Adulto , Western Blotting , Brasil/epidemiologia , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Produtos do Gene tax/genética , Variação Genética , Anticorpos Anti-HTLV-II/sangue , Infecções por HTLV-II/virologia , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 2 Humano/imunologia , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Prevalência , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicaçõesRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The Brazilian variant of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B (serotype B'-GWGR) has a tryptophan replacing a proline in position 328 of the HIV-1 envelope, a feature that may induce a different HIV disease progression. We aimed to evaluate the role of the B subtypes of HIV-1 (serotypes B-GPGR and B'-GWGR) on HIV disease progression. METHODS: A total of 137 HIV-infected individuals who had been admitted to the hospital were tested with an anti-V3 serologic assay, using peptides representing 2 HIV-1 subtype B strains, MN and SF2, and 2 Brazilian variant B'-GWGR strains, BR1 and BR2. RESULTS: Of 137 serum samples tested with the anti-V3 serologic assay, 4 (3%) yielded indeterminate results, 74 (54%; from 25 women and 49 men) were found to be B-GPGR, and 59 (43%; from 20 women and 39 men) were found to be the B'-GWGR variant. In general, a longer interval from the first known positive HIV test result to an AIDS-defining event was observed in the B'-GWGR group than in the B-GPGR group (21 vs. 7 months). The CD4+ T cell counts were higher in the B'-GWGR group (median CD4+ T cell count, 65 vs. 31 cells/mm3; P=.01), and women infected with the B'-GWGR variant were less likely to die than were men infected with the same variant (P=.01). The median viral load in the B'-GWGR group was 3.395 copies/mL, compared with 39.350 copies/mL in the B-GPGR group (P=.01). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our results indicate that B'-GWGR-infected women may have more-favorable outcomes than B-GPGR-infected subjects.