RESUMO
Annelid disparity has resulted in morphological-based classifications that disagree with phylogenies based on Sanger sequencing and phylogenomic analyses. However, the data used for the latter studies came from various sources and technologies, involved poorly occupied matrices and lacked key lineages. Here, we generated a new Illumina-based data set to address annelid relationships from a fresh perspective, independent from previously generated data and with nearly fully occupied matrices. Our sampling reflects the span of annelid diversity, including two symbiotic annelid groups (Myzostomida and Spinther) and five meiofaunal groups once referred to as part of Archiannelida (three from Protodrilida, plus Dinophilus and Polygordius). As well as the placement of these unusual annelids, we sought to address the overall phylogeny of Annelida, and provide a new perspective for naming of major clades. Our results largely corroborate the phylogenomic results of Weigert et al. (2014; Illuminating the base of the annelid tree using transcriptomics. Mol Biol Evol. 31:1391-1401), with "Magelona + Owenia" and Chaetopteridae forming a grade with respect to all other annelids. Echiura and Sipuncula are supported as being annelid groups, with Sipuncula closest to amphinomids as sister group to Sedentaria and Errantia. We recovered the three Protodrilida terminals as sister clade to Phyllodocida and Eunicida (=clade Aciculata). We therefore place Protodrilida as part of Errantia. Polygordius was found to be sister group to the scaleworm terminal and the possibility that it is a simplified scaleworm clade, as has been shown for the former family Pisionidae, is discussed. Our results were equivocal with respect to Dinophilus, Myzostomida, and Spinther possibly owing to confounding long-branch effects.
Assuntos
Anelídeos/classificação , Anelídeos/genética , Animais , Evolução Molecular , Filogenia , Poliquetos/classificação , Poliquetos/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Objetivo: realizar la evaluación físico-química del agua de depósitos positivos a focos de Aedes aegypti en el municipio Cotorro de Ciudad de La Habana. Métodos: el muestreo se realizó en el periodo de junio de 2004 a julio de 2005. El universo de trabajo estuvo constituído por 86 focos de Aedes aegypti confirmados en el laboratorio del Centro Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología, donde existieron más de 500 mL de agua en áreas de riesgo definidas por el Departamento de Lucha Antivectorial del municipio. Resultados: los focos representaron 41,3 por ciento del total de focos identificados en las 3 áreas de salud. La muestra recolectada representó 32,5 por ciento del total de focos. El pH se mantuvo en un intervalo de 6,80-7,11, la turbidez entre 5,0-7,8 U y la conductividad entre 406-909 µS/cm. Se encontró que la concentración de nitrato estuvo entre 6,25-14,26 mg/L y la del nitrito entre < 0,006-3,62 mg/L. Conclusiones: la evaluación de las características físico-químicas, pH, turbiedad y nitratos del agua de depósitos positivos a focos de Aedes aegypti no sobrepasan los valores establecidos en la norma cubana. La concentración de nitrito sobrepasa la norma cubana en 17,8 por ciento de las muestras.
Aim: to perform the physical-chemical evaluation of the reservoirs positive to Aedes aegypti foci in Cotorro municipality, Havana City. Methods: the sampling was carried out from june 2004 to july 2005. The universe included 86 foci of Aedes aegypti confirmed in the laboratory of the Municipal Centre of Hygiene and Epidemiology, where there were more than 500 mL of water in risk areas, defined by the Municipal Department of Antivectorial Fight. Results: the foci accounted for 41.3 percent of all the foci identified in the 3 health areas. The collected sample represented 32.5 percent of all foci. pH remained in an interval of 6.80-7.11, turbidity was between 5.0-7.8 U, and conductivity was between 406-909 µS/cm. It was found that the concentration of nitrate was between 6.25-14.26 mg/L, and that of nitrite between < 0.006-3.62 mg/L. Conclusions: the evaluation of physical-chemical features, pH, turbidity, and nitrates in reservoirs positive to Aedes aegypti foci did not exceed the values established in the cuban standard. The nitrite concentration surpassed the cuban standard in 17.8 percent of all samples.
Assuntos
Humanos , Aedes , Qualidade da ÁguaRESUMO
El trabajo consistió en la aplicación de una metodología de evaluación de riesgos para la salud por exposición a desechos peligrosos a nivel local en la Litográfica Habana. Para la aplicación de la metodología se realizaron visitas a la Litográfica, así como entrevistas a especialistas del Centro Municipal de Higiene y Epidemiología (CMHE) para conocer los antecedentes del sitio. Se aplicó una encuesta a líderes formales de la comunidad para identificar las preocupaciones de la comunidad en relación con la salud y la contaminación del medio ambiente. La metodología es de rápida aplicación por lo que permite adoptar medidas preventivas durante el desarrollo de la misma