RESUMO
The ant genus Linepithema is widely known, thanks to the pest species Linepithema humile (Mayr), which is easily mistaken for Linepithema micans (Forel) due to their morphological similarity. Like L. humile, L. micans is associated to the main grapevine pest in Brazil, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille), also known as ground pearl. Therefore, the present study uses mtDNA fragments to expand the knowledge of haplotype diversity and distribution of L. micans in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), to understand the genetic differences of the populations identified in this study. We identified 15 haplotypes of L. micans spread across different localities. Twelve of these haplotypes were new for the species. The high haplotype diversity uncovered in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) for this species was predictable, as L. micans is in its native environment. Additional studies that take gene flow into account may reveal interesting aspects of diversity in these populations.
Assuntos
Formigas/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Haplótipos , Animais , Brasil , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Linepithema micans (Forel) is considered to be the main ant species responsible for the spread of Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille), a soil scale that damages vine plants in southern Brazil. In this work, the seasonal life cycle of L. micans was evaluated in vineyards to define the most appropriate time for the application of toxic baits for control. Ant nests were transported to the laboratory in plastic bags, and individual ants were separated into groups of eggs, larvae, pupae, workers, males, and queens, recording the number of individuals per colony. The seasonal life cycle of L. micans in the vineyards began in spring with the deposition of eggs by queens. During the warm months of the year (spring and summer), it was possible to observe nests consisting primarily of eggs and pupae. During the autumn and winter months, the colonies were composed predominantly of larvae and a reduction in eggs was observed. Because the main control strategy targets the larval stage of the insect, the application of toxic baits for the control of L. micans must be performed during the winter.
Assuntos
Formigas , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Animais , Brasil , Fazendas , Larva , Masculino , Estações do Ano , VitisRESUMO
Linepithema micans (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is reported to occur from eastern Brazil to central Argentina in pasture or grassland, forest and second growth riparian forest, nesting under stones, rotting wood, and sandy soil. However, information on this species is poor and its ecological interactions and role as pests are unknown. Linepithema humile (Mayr), a closely related species to L. micans, known as the Argentine ant, is native to South America, and was accidentally introduced to several regions of the world. Recent studies have shown that other related species, such as L. micans, could become as pestiferous as L. humile because of its phylogenetic proximity. Samples of L. micans from different habitats in Southern Brazil were characterized by sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA. Sequences were compared to previously obtained sequences from samples of L. humile and the genetic distance and differences in the tRNALeu structure were investigated. Our data identified three haplotypes of L. micans, two of which were observed in ant populations closely associated with the Brazilian ground pearl Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Hempel) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), a soil scale that is a serious pest of vineyards. The third haplotype was identified in ants from populations invading residences in urban habitats.
Assuntos
Formigas/classificação , Formigas/genética , Haplótipos , Animais , BrasilRESUMO
ABSTRACT The South American tortricid moth Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is often found damaging vineyards and other temperate fruits in Southern Brazil. In this study, neem oil (0.25 and 0.50%) incorporated to A. sphaleropa artificial diet increased larval phase, reduced larval and pupae viability, producing males with a reduced lifespan. Pyroligneous acid (0.50%) increased larval duration, reduced male longevity and the oviposition period without affecting fecundity. Using the fertility life table, neem oil (0.25 and 0.50%) and pyroligneous acid (0.50%) added to the artificial diet increased duration in days of one generation (T), the net reproductive rate (Ro), the intrinsic rate of increase (Rm) and the finite rate of increase (l) of A. sphaleropa when compared with diets without these compounds.
RESUMO A lagarta-das-fruteiras Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) é uma espécie freqüentemente encontrada danificando a cultura da videira e outras frutíferas temperadas na região da Encosta Superior do Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul e no Uruguai. Neste trabalho, foi estudado em laboratório o efeito de inseticidas permitidos na produção orgânica quando fornecidos as lagartas em dieta artificial sobre o desenvolvimento de A. sphaleropa. O óleo de nim (0,25 e 0,50%), incorporados à dieta artificial de A. sphaleropa provocou um aumento na duração da fase de lagarta, menor viabilidade das fases de lagarta e pupa e menor longevidade de machos. O extrato pirolenhoso (0,50%) provocou aumento na duração da fase de lagarta, reduzindo a longevidade de machos e o período de oviposição, sem afetar a fecundidade. Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade verificou-se que a presença do óleo de nim (0,25 e 0,50%) e do extrato pirolenhoso (0,50%) em dietas artificiais aumentaram a duração em dias de uma geração (T), a taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro), a razão infinitesimal de aumento populacional (Rm) e a razão finita de aumento () de A. sphaleropa quando comparado com a dieta sem os inseticidas.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT The European peach scale, Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius, 1776) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) is one of the most important pests of southern Brazilian vineyards. Scale biology was studied using females collected in a vineyard of Vitis labrusca L. var. Isabel (Vitaceae) in December of 2002 and fixing the insects on leaves of one-year-old plants in the laboratory. Length and width of the scale, fecundity and longevity were observed (n = 30). Scale has a life cycle of one year with 3 nymphal instars. Life span of the first instar nympha occurs from January to March, the second from April to July, and the third from August to November. The fecundity was 2,449.5 ± 323.46 eggs/female with a viability of 87.5%. Viability of first, second and third instars was 93.3, 82.1 and 86.9%, respectively, and 58.2% from egg to adult. Males of the species were not observed.
RESUMO A cochonilha-parda Parthenolecanium persicae (Fabricius, 1776) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) é uma das principais pragas da videira na região sul do Brasil. Com o objetivo de estudar a biologia da espécie, fêmeas grávidas foram coletadas em parreiral de Vitis labrusca L. da variedade Isabel (Vitaceae) em dezembro de 2002 e trazidas ao laboratório, onde foram fixadas em plantas de videira com um ano de idade. Após a eclosão, quinzenalmente foi acompanhado o desenvolvimento dos insetos (n = 30) medindo-se o comprimento e a largura das cochonilhas, fecundidade e viabilidade das fases de desenvolvimento. A cochonilha-parda apresentou ciclo anual, com três instares ninfais. O primeiro instar ocorreu de janeiro a março, o segundo de abril a julho e o terceiro de agosto a novembro. A fecundidade foi de 2.449,5 ± 323,46 ovos/fêmea com viabilidade de 87,5%. As ninfas de primeiro, segundo e terceiro instares, apresentaram viabilidade de 93,3, 82,1 e 86,9%, respectivamente. A viabilidade de ovo a adulto foi de 58,2%. Não foi observada a presença de machos na espécie.
RESUMO
RESUMO Hypocala andremona (Stoll, 1781) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) é a principal praga do caquizeiro no Brasil. Neste trabalho estudou-se a biologia do inseto em folhas de caquizeiro da cultivar Fuyu, nas temperaturas de 18, 22, 26 e 30º C, determinando-se as exigências térmicas e estimando-se o número anual de gerações nas principais regiões produtoras de caqui do Brasil. A duração dos estágios imaturos e do período ovo-adulto de H. andremona foi dependente da temperatura, sendo 22 e 26º C as mais adequadas para o desenvolvimento do inseto. Os valores do limiar térmico inferior de desenvolvimento (Tb) de H. andremona foram 7,62, 8,76, 10,96 e 11,03° C, com constantes térmicas (K) de 45,80, 383,82, 174,90 e 512,59GD para os estágios de ovo, lagarta, pupa e período ovo-adulto, respectivamente, permitindo ao inseto completar 2,9 gerações por ano em Vacaria, 3,6 em Caxias do Sul, e 6,3 em Montenegro, RS; 3,5 em Joaçaba e 4,0 em Canoinhas, SC; 3,7 em Maringá, 3,8 em Curitiba e 6,7 em Apucarana, PR; 5,7 em Mogi das Cruzes, 6,8 em Bragança Paulista e 7,1 em Jundiaí, SP; 4,9 em Nova Friburgo e 6,8 na região Serrana, RJ; e 5,7 em Santa Rita do Sapucaí, MG.
ABSTRACT Hypocala andremona (Stoll, 1781) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most important pest of persimmon in Brazil. In this research, the biology of this insect was studied on persimmon leaves of the cultivar Fuyu, at temperatures of 18, 22, 26 and 30º C. The thermal requirements were determined and the annual number of generations in the main persimmon growing regions of Brazil was estimated. The duration of the immature stages and of the egg-adult period of H. andremona depended on the temperature. Temperatures of 22 and 26º C were the most adequate for the development of the insects. The thermal threshold of development of H. andremona (Tb) was 7.62, 8.76, 10.96 and 11.03° C. The thermal constants (K) for the egg, larval and pupal stages and for the egg-adult period were 45.80, 383.82, 174.90 and 512.59 GD, respectively, allowing for the completion of 2.9 generations per year in Vacaria, 3.6 in Caxias do Sul, and 6.3 in Montenegro, RS; 3.5 in Joaçaba and 4.0 in Canoinhas, SC; 3.7 in Maringá, 3.8 in Curitiba and 6.7 in Apucarana, PR; 5.7 in Mogi das Cruzes, 6.8 in Bragança Paulista, and 7.1 in Jundiaí, SP; 4.9 in Nova Friburgo and 6.8 in the Serrana region, RJ; and 5.7 in Santa Rita do Sapucaí, MG.
RESUMO
RESUMO Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) é uma das principais pragas do caquizeiro na região da Serra Gaúcha, principal pólo produtor da fruta no Rio Grande do Sul, onde danifica também as culturas do pessegueiro e da videira. O monitoramento da praga nos pomares pode ser realizado com armadilhas de feromônio. Entretanto, para implementar um programa de monitoramento da praga nos pomares é fundamental disponibilizar informações sobre a influência da altura de posicionamento e da cor das armadilhas sobre a captura de A. sphaleropa. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a captura de adultos de A. sphaleropa em armadilhas delta brancas posicionadas a 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 m acima do nível do solo, e em armadilhas das cores branca, amarela, vermelha, azul e verde, posicionadas a 1,8 m acima do nível do solo. Pelos resultados obtidos constatou-se que as armadilhas posicionadas a 2,0 e 2,5 m acima do nível do solo capturaram um número maior de indivíduos quando comparadas com aquelas posicionadas a 0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 m. As armadilhas das cores verde e azul foram mais eficientes que as das cores branca, amarela e vermelha, proporcionando maior captura de A. sphaleropa. Em função dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho, recomenda-se a utilização de armadilhas delta da cor verde ou azul, instaladas a 2,0m acima do nível do solo, para o monitoramento de A. sphaleropa na cultura do caquizeiro.
ABSTRACT Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) (Leptidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of persimmon trees in the Serra Gaúcha region, the main persimmon prodution area in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, where it also damages peach trees and grapevines. In the orchards the pest can be monitored by pheromone traps, but to improve a program of pest monitoring it is essential to supply information about the effect of the color of delta traps and their height of placement on A. sphaleropa catches. In this study, the A. sphaleropa adults catch was evaluated in white delta traps placed at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 m above ground level and in white, yellow, red, blue and green traps located at 1.8m above of ground level. This study showed that the traps placed at 2.0 to 2.5 m above ground level captured a greater number of adults compared to those placed at 0.5 to 1.5 m. The green and blue traps were more efficient than the white, yellow and red ones on the capture of A. sphaleropa. According to the results obtained in this study, the use green or blue traps is recommended, placed at 2.0 m above ground level, for monitoring A. sphaleropa in persimmon orchards.