RESUMO

Inherently, ruminant production of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas (GHG), causes animal energy losses. Cottonseed is a lipid source and is used sometimes to enhance energy density in cattle diets. It also can mitigate enteric CH4. Lipids release peroxides in the rumen, and antioxidants have the ability to neutralize them. Thus, a lipid and antioxidant source can benefit rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate rumen fermentation parameters from cows fed cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows were arranged in a replicate 3 × 3 latin square. Treatments were: 1) Control, 2) CS (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed) and 3) CSVitE (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed, plus 500 IU VitE). Results were compared by orthogonal contrast. When compared to the control diet, cottonseed inclusion reduced enteric CH4 emissions by 42 %. Production of acetate, butyrate and the acetate to propionate ratio were respectively 34 %, 47 % and 36 % lower with the cottonseed treatments. Energy lost in the rumen as CH4 and energy release as butyrate were reduced by 26 % and 32 % respectively. Propionate and intestinal energy release were, respectively, 43 % and 35 % higher with cottonseed treatments. Furthermore, as a nutritional strategy to mitigate enteric CH4, cottonseed has positive effects on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and gastrointestinal energy release. Vitamin E did not result in improvements in ruminal fermentation. Further studies evaluating levels of vitamin E in association with different amounts and sources of lipids are required.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Inherently, ruminant production of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas (GHG), causes animal energy losses. Cottonseed is a lipid source and is used sometimes to enhance energy density in cattle diets. It also can mitigate enteric CH4. Lipids release peroxides in the rumen, and antioxidants have the ability to neutralize them. Thus, a lipid and antioxidant source can benefit rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate rumen fermentation parameters from cows fed cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows were arranged in a replicate 3 × 3 latin square. Treatments were: 1) Control, 2) CS (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed) and 3) CSVitE (30 % corn replaced by cottonseed, plus 500 IU VitE). Results were compared by orthogonal contrast. When compared to the control diet, cottonseed inclusion reduced enteric CH4 emissions by 42 %. Production of acetate, butyrate and the acetate to propionate ratio were respectively 34 %, 47 % and 36 % lower with the cottonseed treatments. Energy lost in the rumen as CH4 and energy release as butyrate were reduced by 26 % and 32 % respectively. Propionate and intestinal energy release were, respectively, 43 % and 35 % higher with cottonseed treatments. Furthermore, as a nutritional strategy to mitigate enteric CH4, cottonseed has positive effects on short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and gastrointestinal energy release. Vitamin E did not result in improvements in ruminal fermentation. Further studies evaluating levels of vitamin E in association with different amounts and sources of lipids are required.

Assuntos

RESUMO

High lipid concentration in ruminant diets often harms nutrient digestibility and feed intake; thus, a protected lipid and antioxidant source can be considered as an alternative for improving diet energy without putting animal production at a disadvantage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility and feeding behavior of cattle fed cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows, non-pregnant, non-lactating were distributed in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Feed was offered ad libitum twice daily. Treatments were: 1) Control, 2) CS: 30 % cottonseed included; and 3) CSVitE: 30 % cottonseed plus 500 IU VitE included. Data were analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System, v.9.3) and the significance was declared at p < 0.05. Diets with cottonseed had 22 % greater digestibility of ether extract and 9 % lower digestibility of non-fiber-carbohydrates compared to the control. Treatments with cottonseed had 13 % higher time eating, 48 % more ruminating, 34 % more chewing and 17 % lower time idling compared to the control. Molar proportion of propionate was 36 % higher and the butyrate and acetate:propionate ratio were 27 % and 30 % lower, respectively, for the cottonseed treatments compared to the control. Including cottonseed up to 30 % can be used to increase diet energy density leading to improvements in feeding behavior and ruminal parameters. The inclusion of Vitamin E did not result in benefits to cattle when it was combined with cottonseed. Further studies should be undertaken to evaluate vitamin E levels in association with different amounts and lipid sources.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

High lipid concentration in ruminant diets often harms nutrient digestibility and feed intake; thus, a protected lipid and antioxidant source can be considered as an alternative for improving diet energy without putting animal production at a disadvantage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient digestibility and feeding behavior of cattle fed cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows, non-pregnant, non-lactating were distributed in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Feed was offered ad libitum twice daily. Treatments were: 1) Control, 2) CS: 30 % cottonseed included; and 3) CSVitE: 30 % cottonseed plus 500 IU VitE included. Data were analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System, v.9.3) and the significance was declared at p < 0.05. Diets with cottonseed had 22 % greater digestibility of ether extract and 9 % lower digestibility of non-fiber-carbohydrates compared to the control. Treatments with cottonseed had 13 % higher time eating, 48 % more ruminating, 34 % more chewing and 17 % lower time idling compared to the control. Molar proportion of propionate was 36 % higher and the butyrate and acetate:propionate ratio were 27 % and 30 % lower, respectively, for the cottonseed treatments compared to the control. Including cottonseed up to 30 % can be used to increase diet energy density leading to improvements in feeding behavior and ruminal parameters. The inclusion of Vitamin E did not result in benefits to cattle when it was combined with cottonseed. Further studies should be undertaken to evaluate vitamin E levels in association with different amounts and lipid sources.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Researchers around the world have focused their efforts on devising combinations of technologies that are not only economically feasible but also effective in mitigating the impacts caused by wastes containing pathogens that pose potential risks to human and animal health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a biological treatment system for removing total and thermotolerant coliform bacteria with a view to the possible organic recycling of domestic sewage. To this end, a tubular continuous flow anaerobic digester, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 25 days and an optional stabilization pond, were used to treat the sewage produced by 150 people in the municipality of Sertãozinho, SP, Brazil. The samples were collected weekly, always on the same day, at three different sampling points (inlet of the treatment system, the outlet of tubular digester, and the optional stabilization pond), totaling 108 samples. The MPN method was employed to determine the total coliform and thermotolerant coliform populations, using multiple series of three tubes (APHA, 2005). The system proved efficient in reducing the number of indicator bacteria of fecal contamination, showing a removal efficiency of 98.76% for total coliforms and of 99.29% for thermotolerant coliforms. However, a third treatment step involving polishing should be included to render the effluent suitable for use in fertigation or discharge into water bodies.

Aliar tecnologias que sejam viáveis e ainda eficientes em mitigar o impacto gerado pelos resíduos, que possuem potencial patogênico à saúde humana e animal, tem sido o propósito das ações de pesquisadores em todo o mundo. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar um sistema de tratamento biológico, quanto a redução de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes, visando a possibilidade de reciclagem orgânica do esgoto doméstico. Para tanto foi utilizado um biodigestor tubular de fluxo contínuo com tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 25 dias e uma lagoa de estabilização facultativa, responsável pelo tratamento de esgoto produzido por 150 pessoas, no município de Sertãozinho/SP. As amostras foram colhidas, semanalmente e sempre no mesmo dia, em três pontos distintos de colheita (entrada do sistema de tratamento, saída do biodigestor tubular e na lagoa de estabilização facultativa), totalizando 108 amostras. Para as determinações das populações de coliformes totais e termotolerantes foi utilizada a técnica do NMP em tubos múltiplos série de três tubos (APHA, 2005). O sistema foi eficiente quanto a redução no número de micro-organismos indicadores de poluição fecal atingindo 98,75% para coliformes totais e 99,26% para os termotolerantes. Entretanto, deve ser prevista mais uma etapa para polimento do efluente dando condições para sua utilização na fertirrigação ou lançamento em corpos de água.

Assuntos