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OBJECTIVE: Patients with acute respiratory failure often require mechanical ventilation to reduce the work of breathing and improve gas exchange; however, this may exacerbate lung injury. Protective ventilation strategies, characterized by low tidal volumes (≤ 8mL/kg of predicted body weight) and limited plateau pressure below 30cmH2O, have shown improved outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, in the transition to spontaneous ventilation, it can be challenging to maintain tidal volume within protective levels, and it is unclear whether low tidal volumes during spontaneous ventilation impact patient outcomes. We developed a study protocol to estimate the prevalence of low tidal volume ventilation in the first 24 hours of spontaneous ventilation in patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure and its association with ventilator-free days and survival. METHODS: We designed a multicenter, multinational, cohort study with a 28-day follow-up that will include patients with acute respiratory failure, defined as a partial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 300mmHg, in transition to spontaneous ventilation in intensive care units in Latin America. RESULTS: We plan to include 422 patients in ten countries. The primary outcomes are the prevalence of low tidal volume in the first 24 hours of spontaneous ventilation and ventilator-free days on day 28. The secondary outcomes are intensive care unit and hospital mortality, incidence of asynchrony and return to controlled ventilation and sedation. CONCLUSION: In this study, we will assess the prevalence of low tidal volume during spontaneous ventilation and its association with clinical outcomes, which can inform clinical practice and future clinical trials.
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Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório , Volume de Ventilação Pulmonar , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/terapia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/epidemiologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/fisiopatologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/mortalidade , Respiração Artificial , Insuficiência Respiratória/terapia , Insuficiência Respiratória/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 produjo una alta mortalidad en el mundo. Sin embargo, las presentaciones más críticas de la enfermedad han sido poco caracterizadas en nuestra región. Objetivo: estudiar la presentación clínica, evolución y mortalidad en pacientes ingresados en la unidad de medicina intensiva de un centro COVID-19 de referencia. Pacientes y método: estudio clínico, prospectivo, observacional de SARS-CoV-2 durante las primeras etapas de la pandemia en Uruguay. Se definió mortalidad en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) como desenlace primario. Resultados: en 274 pacientes, la edad mediana fue de 65 años (IQR 54-73), el sexo masculino representó el 57% y el índice de Charlson tuvo una mediana de 3 (IQR 2-5). La mortalidad en UCI fue 59,9%. Las principales causas de muerte fueron: hipoxemia refractaria, disfunción orgánica múltiple y shock refractario. La edad (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1,06; IC de 95% 1,03 - 1,09), ocupación de camas (OR = 1,04, IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,07), sexo masculino (OR = 2,14, IC 95%: 0,93 - 5,06), ventilación mecánica invasiva (OR = 51,7, IC 95%: 16,5 - 208,6), coinfección al ingreso (OR = 2,34, IC 95%: 0,88 - 6,77) y enfermedad renal crónica previa (OR = 13,1, IC 95%: 2,29 - 129,2) fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad. La primera ola de la pandemia se produjo por la circulación de las variantes P.6 y P.1 del coronavirus, en una población con muy bajo porcentaje de vacunación (8%). Conclusiones: estos resultados en pacientes críticos aportan una descripción detallada del impacto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en un centro de referencia y constituyen una base para enfrentar futuros eventos epidémicos.
Introduction: COVID-19 has caused high mortality worldwide. However, the most critical presentations of the disease have been poorly characterized in our region. Objective: to study the clinical presentation, progression, and mortality in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a COVID-19 Reference Center. Patients and methods: clinical, prospective, observational study of SARS-CoV-2 during the early stages of the pandemic in Uruguay. ICU mortality was defined as the primary outcome. Results: in 274 patients, the median age was 65 years (IQR 54-73), male gender accounted for 57%, and the Charlson Index was 3 (IQR 2-5). ICU mortality was 59.9%. The main causes of death were refractory hypoxemia, multiple organ dysfunction, and refractory shock. Age (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% CI 1.03 - 1.09), bed occupancy (OR= 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 -1.07), male gender (OR= 2.14, 95% CI 0.93 - 5.06), invasive mechanical ventilation (OR= 51.7, 95% CI 16.5 - 208.6), coinfection at admission (OR= 2.34, 95% CI 0.88 - 6.77), and pre-existing chronic kidney disease (OR= 13.1, 95% CI 2.29 - 129.2) were independent predictors of mortality. The first wave of the pandemic was driven by the circulation of the P.6 and P.1 variants of the coronavirus in a population with a very low vaccination percentage (8%). Conclusions: these results in critical patients provide a detailed description of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a reference center and serve as a foundation for addressing future epidemic events.
Introdução: a COVID-19 causou alta morbimortalidade em todo o mundo, embora as formas graves da doença tenham sido pouco caracterizadas nos países da América Latina. Objetivos: analisar o quadro clínico, a evolução e a mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 atendidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) em um Centro de Referência. Métodos: Estudo clínico, prospectivo e observacional de pacientes com SARS-CoV-2 durante a primeira onda da pandemia no Uruguai. A mortalidade na UTI foi o resultado primário. Resultados: oram estudados 274 pacientes, com uma mediada de idade de 65 anos (IQR 54-73), sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (57%). O índice de Charlson foi de 3 (IQR 2-5). A mortalidade geral na UTI foi de 59,9%. As principais causas de morte foram hipoxemia refratária, disfunção orgânica múltipla e choque refratário. A idade (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1,06; IC 95% 1,03-1,09), ocupação de leitos (OR = 1,04; IC 95%: 1,02-1,07), sexo masculino (OR = 2,14; IC 95%: 0,93-5,06), ventilação mecânica invasiva (OR = 51,7; IC 95%: 16,5-208,6), coinfecção na admissão (OR = 2,34; IC 95%: 0,88-6,77) e doença renal crônica pré-existente (OR = 13,1; IC 95%: 2,29-129,2) foram preditores independentes de mortalidade. A primeira onda da pandemia foi impulsionada pela circulação das variantes P.6 e P.1 do SARS-CoV-2 em uma população com uma taxa de vacinação muito baixa (8%). Conclusões: esses resultados em pacientes críticos fornecem uma descrição detalhada do impacto da pandemia SARS-CoV-2 em um Centro de Referência e constituem uma base para o enfrentamento de futuros eventos epidêmicos.
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Estado Terminal , Cuidados Críticos , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Respiração Artificial , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudo Observacional , Estudo ClínicoRESUMO
COVID-19 was the most significant infectious-agent-related cause of death in the 2020-2021 period. On average, over 60% of those admitted to ICU facilities with this disease died across the globe. In severe cases, COVID-19 leads to respiratory and systemic compromise, including pneumonia-like symptoms, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiorgan failure. While the upper respiratory tract and lungs are the principal sites of infection and injury, most studies on the metabolic signatures in COVID-19 patients have been carried out on serum and plasma samples. In this report we attempt to characterize the metabolome of lung parenchyma extracts from fatal COVID-19 cases and compare them with that from other respiratory diseases. Our findings indicate that the metabolomic profiles from fatal COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases are markedly different, with the former being the result of increased lactate and amino acid metabolism, altered energy pathways, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Overall, these findings provide additional insights into the pathophysiology of COVID-19 that could lead to the development of targeted therapies for the treatment of severe cases of the disease, and further highlight the potential of metabolomic approaches in COVID-19 research.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, can have a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic disease to potentially life-threatening complications. Convalescent plasma therapy has been proposed as an effective alternative for the treatment of severe cases. The aim of this study was to follow a two-time renal transplant patient with severe COVID-19 treated with convalescent plasma over time from an immunologic and virologic perspective. A 42-year-old female patient, who was a two-time kidney transplant recipient, was hospitalized with COVID-19. Due to worsening respiratory symptoms, she was admitted to the intensive care unit, where she received two doses of convalescent plasma. We analyzed the dynamics of viral load in nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, and tracheal aspirate samples, before and after convalescent plasma transfusion. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibody titers were also measured in serum samples. A significant decrease in viral load was observed after treatment in the saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples, and a slight decrease was observed in tracheal aspirate samples. In addition, we found evidence of an increase in antibody titers after transfusion, accompanied by a decrease in the levels of several cytokines responsible for cytokine storm.
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Understanding transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to establish effective interventions in healthcare institutions. Although the role of surface contamination in SARS-CoV-2 transmission has been controversial, fomites have been proposed as a contributing factor. Longitudinal studies about SARS-CoV-2 surface contamination in hospitals with different infrastructure (presence or absence of negative pressure systems) are needed to improve our understanding of their effectiveness on patient healthcare and to advance our knowledge about the viral spread. We performed a one-year longitudinal study to evaluate surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in reference hospitals. These hospitals have to admit all COVID-19 patients from public health services that require hospitalization. Surfaces samples were molecular tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA presence considering three factors: the dirtiness by measuring organic material, the circulation of a high transmissibility variant, and the presence or absence of negative pressure systems in hospitalized patients' rooms. Our results show that: (i) There is no correlation between the amount of organic material dirtiness and SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected on surfaces; (ii) SARS-CoV-2 high transmissible Gamma variant introduction significantly increased surface contamination; (iii) the hospital with negative pressure systems was associated with lower levels of SARS-CoV-2 surface contamination and, iv) most environmental samples recovered from contaminated surfaces were assigned as non-infectious. This study provides data gathered for one year about the surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2 RNA sampling hospital settings. Our results suggest that spatial dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA contamination varies according with the type of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variant and the presence of negative pressure systems. In addition, we showed that there is no correlation between the amount of organic material dirtiness and the quantity of viral RNA detected in hospital settings. Our findings suggest that SARS CoV-2 RNA surface contamination monitoring might be useful for the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 dissemination with impact on hospital management and public health policies. This is of special relevance for the Latin-American region where ICU rooms with negative pressure are insufficient.
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Human tuberculosis is still a major world health concern. In Uruguay, contrary to the world trend, an increase in cases has been observed since 2006. Although the incidence of MDR-resistant strains is low and no cases of XDR-TB were registered, an increase in the number of patients with severe tuberculosis requiring critical care admission was observed. As a first aim, we performed the analysis of the genetic structure of strains isolated from patients with severe tuberculosis admitted to an intensive care unit. We compared these results with those corresponding to the general population observing a statistically significant increase in the Haarlem genotypes among ICU patients (53.3% vs 34.7%; p<0.05). In addition, we investigated the association of clinical outcomes with the genotype observing a major incidence of hepatic dysfunctions among patients infected with the Haarlem strain (p<0.05). The cohort presented is one of the largest studied series of critically ill patients with tuberculosis.
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Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Antituberculosos , Estado Terminal , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Extensivamente Resistente a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Uruguay controlled the viral dissemination during the first nine months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Unfortunately, towards the end of 2020, the number of daily new cases exponentially increased. Herein, we analyzed the country-wide genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 between November 2020 and April 2021. We identified that the most prevalent viral variant during the first epidemic wave in Uruguay (December 2020-February 2021) was a B.1.1.28 sublineage carrying Spike mutations Q675H + Q677H, now designated as P.6, followed by lineages P.2 and P.7. P.6 probably arose around November 2020, in Montevideo, Uruguay's capital department, and rapidly spread to other departments, with evidence of further local transmission clusters; it also spread sporadically to the USA and Spain. The more efficient dissemination of lineage P.6 with respect to P.2 and P.7 and the presence of mutations (Q675H and Q677H) in the proximity of the key cleavage site at the S1/S2 boundary suggest that P.6 may be more transmissible than other lineages co-circulating in Uruguay. Although P.6 was replaced by the variant of concern (VOC) P.1 as the predominant lineage in Uruguay since April 2021, the monitoring of the concurrent emergence of Q675H + Q677H in VOCs should be of worldwide interest.
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COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , COVID-19/transmissão , Genoma Viral , Humanos , Mutação , Filogeografia , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , UruguaiRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intensive care medicine is a relatively young discipline that has rapidly grown into a full-fledged medical subspecialty. Intensivists are responsible for managing an ever-increasing number of patients with complex, life-threatening diseases. Several factors may influence their performance, including age, training, experience, workload, and socioeconomic context. The aim of this study was to examine individual- and work-related aspects of the Latin American intensivist workforce, mainly with academic appointments, which might influence the quality of care provided. In consequence, we conducted a cross-sectional study of intensivists at public and private academic and nonacademic Latin American intensive care units (ICUs) through a web-based electronic survey submitted by email. Questions about personal aspects, work-related topics, and general clinical workflow were incorporated. RESULTS: Our study comprised 735 survey respondents (53% return rate) with the following country-specific breakdown: Brazil (29%); Argentina (19%); Chile (17%); Uruguay (12%); Ecuador (9%); Mexico (7%); Colombia (5%); and Bolivia, Peru, Guatemala, and Paraguay combined (2%). Latin American intensivists were predominantly male (68%) young adults (median age, 40 [IQR, 35-48] years) with a median clinical ICU experience of 10 (IQR, 5-20) years. The median weekly workload was 60 (IQR, 47-70) h. ICU formal training was between 2 and 4 years. Only 63% of academic ICUs performed multidisciplinary rounds. Most intensivists (85%) reported adequate conditions to manage patients with septic shock in their units. Unsatisfactory conditions were attributed to insufficient technology (11%), laboratory support (5%), imaging resources (5%), and drug shortages (5%). Seventy percent of intensivists participated in research, and 54% read scientific studies regularly, whereas 32% read no more than one scientific study per month. Research grants and pharmaceutical sponsorship are unusual funding sources in Latin America. Although Latin American intensivists are mostly unsatisfied with their income (81%), only a minority (27%) considered changing to another specialty before retirement. CONCLUSIONS: Latin American intensivists constitute a predominantly young adult workforce, mostly formally trained, have a high workload, and most are interested in research. They are under important limitations owing to resource constraints and overt dissatisfaction. Latin America may be representative of other world areas with similar challenges for intensivists. Specific initiatives aimed at addressing these situations need to be devised to improve the quality of critical care delivery in Latin America.
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Cuidados Críticos/tendências , Países em Desenvolvimento/estatística & dados numéricos , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/organização & administração , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) hypercapnia is a marker of poor prognosis, however there is controversial information regarding the effect of hypercapnia on outcomes. Recently two studies in a large population of mechanical ventilation patients showed higher mortality associated independently to hypercapnia. Key roles responsible for the poor clinical outcomes observed in critically ill patients exposed to hypercapnia are not well known, two possible mechanisms involved are the effect of CO2 on the muscle and the alveolar epithelium. Hypercapnia frequently coexists with muscle atrophy and dysfunction, moreover patients surviving ARDS present reduced muscle strength and decreased physical quality of life. One of the possible mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities could be the effects of hypercapnia during the course of ARDS. More over controversy persists about the hypercapnia role in the alveolar space, in the last years there is abundant experimental information on its deleterious effects on essential functions of the alveolar epithelium.
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OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the presence of diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) at histological examination, as compared to its absence, defines a specific subphenotype. METHODS: We studied 149 patients who died in our ICU with the clinical diagnosis of ARDS according to the Berlin Definition (BD) and who had autopsy examination. We compared the change over time of different clinical variables in patients with (n = 49) and without (n = 100) DAD. A predictive model for the presence of DAD was developed and validated in an independent cohort of 57 patients with ARDS and postmortem examination (21 of them with DAD). RESULTS: Patients with DAD, as compared to patients without DAD, had a lower PaO2/FiO2 ratio and dynamic respiratory system compliance, and a higher SOFA score and INR, and were more likely to die of hypoxemia and less likely to die of shock. In multivariate analysis, variables associated with DAD [odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (CI)] were PaO2/FiO2 ratio [0.988 (0.981-0.995)], dynamic respiratory system compliance [0.937 (0.892-0.984)] and age [0.972 (0.946-0.999)]. Areas under the ROC curve (95 % CI) for the classification of DAD using the regression model or the BD were, respectively, 0.74 (0.65-0.82) and 0.64 (0.55-0.72) (p = 0.03). In the validation cohort, the areas under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of DAD were 0.73 (0.56-0.90) and 0.67 (0.54-0.81) for the regression model and the BD, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of DAD appears to define a specific subphenotype in patients with ARDS. Targeting patients with DAD within the population of patients with the clinical diagnosis of ARDS might be appropriate to find effective therapies for this condition.
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Alvéolos Pulmonares/patologia , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/patologia , Autopsia , Brasil , Colômbia , Humanos , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Análise Multivariada , Fenótipo , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório/classificação , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
La ventilación no invasiva (VNI) se utiliza con buenos resultados en la insuficiencia respiratoria con los objetivos de evitar la intubación traqueal y la ventilación invasiva. Sus indicaciones se han extendido a nuevas situaciones clínicas aunque en ocasiones la evidencia no permite hacer recomendaciones definitivas. Objetivos: describir los usos y resultados clínicos de la VNI. Metodología: estudio clínico, prospectivo y observacional en una unidad de medicina intensiva (UMI) durante un año. Resultados: la VNI se utilizó en 141/771 casos, representando el 18,3% de los egresos en el período de estudio. En 11,7% se aplicó como tratamiento inicial (VNI-Inicial), mientras que en 6% se utilizó luego de un período de ventilación invasiva (VNI-Pos VI). En este último grupo se utilizó en diferentes situaciones: a) como puente para el destete de ventilación invasiva; b) para prevenir la insuficiencia respiratoria posextubación, o c) para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria posextubación. El éxito global de la técnica fue de 70% en ambos grupos, siendo la mortalidad en la UMI de 10% para el grupo VNI-Inicial y de 4,3% en el grupo VNI-Pos VI. En el Grupo Fracaso se observó mayor severidad por APACHE II, tiempo de estadía y mortalidad en la UMI. Conclusiones: la VNI es de uso frecuente para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria del paciente crítico como alternativa a la intubación traqueal y para el manejo respiratorio posventilación invasiva. Un mayor conocimiento acerca de las distintas aplicaciones de la VNI puede contribuir a mejorar los resultados clínicos del paciente crítico.
Abstract Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) has been used in critically ill patients during acute respiratory failure. One of the main objectives during NIV is to prevent the possible adverse effects of tracheal intubation and invasive ventilation. NIV has been successfully applied to respiratory and non respiratory diseases and new applications are emerging and under investigation. However, in most of the cases the level of evidence is still lacking. Objectives: we prospectively studied all the applications of NIV in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during a one year period. Methodology: clinical, prospective, observational study in an Intensive Care Medicine Unit during a one year period. Results: NIV was used in 141/771 cases representing 18.3% of patients discharged from the ICU. Near 11.7% of the patients received NIV as the initial approach for the treatment of respiratory failure. Another 6% received NIV after a variable period of invasive ventilation. In this subgroup of patients, NIV was used with different purposes: a) to discontinue invasive mechanical ventilation, b) to prevent respiratory failure, c) to treat respiratory failure after extubation. NIV was successfully used in around 70% of the cases in both groups. Mortality was 10% when applied as initial treatment and 4.3% in patients after extubation from invasive ventilation. Patients who failed NIV showed a higher APACHE II score, length of stay, and mortality in the ICU. Conclusions: NIV is frequently used during acute respiratory failure in the critically ill patient, to prevent endotracheal intubation, and to support respiratory function after invasive mechanical ventilation. A better understanding of NIV applications in the critically ill patient could contribute to improve clinical outcome.
Resumo A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) é utilizada, com bons resultados, na insuficiência respiratória buscando evitar a intubaçao traqueal e a ventilação invasiva. Está indicada em novas situações clínicas embora, algumas vezes a evidencia não permita fazer recomendações definitivas. Objetivos: descrever os usos e resultados clínicos de VNI. Metodologia: estudio clínico, prospectivo e observacional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) durante um ano. Resultados: a VNI foi utilizada em 141/771 casos, representando 18,3% dos egressos no período de estudo. Foi aplicada como tratamento inicial (VNI-Inicial) en 11,7% e, em 6% foi utilizada depois de um período de ventilação invasiva (VNI-Pos VI). Neste último grupo foi utilizada em diferentes situações: a) como ponte para o desmame da ventilação invasiva; b) para prevenir a insuficiência respiratória pós-extubaç?o, o c) para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória pós-extubaç?o. O sucesso global da técnica foi de 70% em ambos grupos, sendo que a mortalidade na UTI foi de 10% para o grupo VNI-Inicial e de 4,3% no grupo VNI-Pós VI. No Grupo Fracasso uma maior gravidade por APACHE II, tempo de estadia e mortalidade na UTI foi observada. Conclusões: a VNI é usada frequentemente no tratamento da insuficiência respiratória do paciente crítico como alternativa à entubação traqueal e para o manejo respiratório pós-ventilaçao invasiva. Um melhor conhecimento das diferentes aplicações da VNI pode contribuir para melhorar os resultados clínicos do paciente crítico.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ventilação não Invasiva , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Cuidados Críticos/métodosRESUMO
La ventilación no invasiva (VNI) se utiliza con buenos resultados en la insuficiencia respiratoria con los objetivos de evitar la intubación traqueal y la ventilación invasiva. Sus indicaciones se han extendido a nuevas situaciones clínicas aunque en ocasiones la evidencia no permite hacer recomendaciones definitivas. Objetivos: describir los usos y resultados clínicos de la VNI. Metodología: estudio clínico, prospectivo y observacional en una unidad de medicina intensiva (UMI) durante un año. Resultados: la VNI se utilizó en 141/771 casos, representando el 18,3% de los egresos en el período de estudio. En 11,7% se aplicó como tratamiento inicial (VNI-Inicial), mientras que en 6% se utilizó luego de un período de ventilación invasiva (VNI-Pos VI). En este último grupo se utilizó en diferentes situaciones: a) como puente para el destete de ventilación invasiva; b) para prevenir la insuficiencia respiratoria posextubación, o c) para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria posextubación. El éxito global de la técnica fue de 70% en ambos grupos, siendo la mortalidad en la UMI de 10% para el grupo VNI-Inicial y de 4,3% en el grupo VNI-Pos VI. En el Grupo Fracaso se observó mayor severidad por APACHE II, tiempo de estadía y mortalidad en la UMI. Conclusiones: la VNI es de uso frecuente para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria del paciente crítico como alternativa a la intubación traqueal y para el manejo respiratorio posventilación invasiva. Un mayor conocimiento acerca de las distintas aplicaciones de la VNI puede contribuir a mejorar los resultados clínicos del paciente crítico
Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV) has been used in critically ill patients during acute respiratory failure. One of the main objectives during NIV is to prevent the possible adverse effects of tracheal intubation and invasive ventilation. NIV has been successfully applied to respiratory and non respiratory diseases and new applications are emerging and under investigation. However, in most of the cases the level of evidence is still lacking.Objectives: we prospectively studied all the applications of NIV in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) during a one year period.Methodology: clinical, prospective, observational study in an Intensive Care Medicine Unit during a one year period.Results: NIV was used in 141/771 cases representing 18.3% of patients discharged from the ICU. Near 11.7% of the patients received NIV as the initial approach for the treatment of respiratory failure. Another 6% received NIV after a variable period of invasive ventilation. In this subgroup of patients, NIV was used with different purposes: a) to discontinue invasive mechanical ventilation, b) to prevent respiratory failure, c) to treat respiratory failure after extubation. NIV was successfully used in around 70% of the cases in both groups. Mortality was 10% when applied as initial treatment and 4.3% in patients after extubation from invasive ventilation. Patients who failed NIV showed a higher APACHE II score, length of stay, and mortality in the ICU.Conclusions: NIV is frequently used during acute respiratory failure in the critically ill patient, to prevent endotracheal intubation, and to support respiratory function after invasive mechanical ventilation. A better understanding of NIV applications in the critically ill patient could contribute to improve clinical outcome
A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) é utilizada, com bons resultados, na insuficiência respiratória buscando evitar a intubaçao traqueal e a ventilação invasiva. Está indicada em novas situações clínicas embora, algumas vezes a evidencia não permita fazer recomendações definitivas.Objetivos: descrever os usos e resultados clínicos de VNI.Metodologia: estudio clínico, prospectivo e observacional em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) durante um ano.Resultados: a VNI foi utilizada em 141/771 casos, representando 18,3% dos egressos no período de estudo. Foi aplicada como tratamento inicial (VNI-Inicial) en 11,7% e, em 6% foi utilizada depois de um período de ventilação invasiva (VNI-Pos VI). Neste último grupo foi utilizada em diferentes situações: a) como ponte para o desmame da ventilação invasiva; b) para prevenir a insuficiência respiratória pós-extubaç?o, o c) para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória pós-extubaç?o. O sucesso global da técnica foi de 70% em ambos grupos, sendo que a mortalidade na UTI foi de 10% para o grupo VNI-Inicial e de 4,3% no grupo VNI-Pós VI. No Grupo Fracasso uma maior gravidade por APACHE II, tempo de estadia e mortalidade na UTI foi observada.Conclusões: a VNI é usada frequentemente no tratamento da insuficiência respiratória do paciente crítico como alternativa à entubação traqueal e para o manejo respiratório pós-ventilaçao invasiva. Um melhor conhecimento das diferentes aplicações da VNI pode contribuir para melhorar os resultados clínicos do paciente crítico
Assuntos
Ventilação não Invasiva , Respiração Artificial , Insuficiência Respiratória , Doença Aguda , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to assess the new diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury (AKI) proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) in a large cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This is a prospective observational cohort study enrolling 2783 adult intensive care unit patients under mechanical ventilation (MV) with data on serum creatinine concentration (SCr) in the first 48 hours. The absolute and the relative AKIN diagnostic criteria (changes in SCr ≥ 0.3 mg/dl or ≥ 50% over the first 48 hours of MV, respectively) were analyzed separately. In addition, patients were classified into three groups according to their change in SCr (ΔSCr) over the first day on MV (ΔSCr): group 1, ΔSCr ≤ -0.3 mg/dl; group 2, ΔSCr between -0.3 and +0.29 mg/dl; and group 3, ΔSCr ≥ +0.3 mg/dl). The primary end point was in-hospital mortality, and secondary end points were intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and duration of MV. RESULTS: Of 2783 patients, 803 (28.8%) had AKI according to both criteria: 431 only absolute (AKI(A)), 362 both relative and absolute (AKI(R+A)), and 10 only relative. The relative criterion identified more patients when baseline SCr (SCr0) was <0.9 mg/dl and the absolute when SCr0 was >1.5 mg/dl. The diagnosis of AKI was associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the validity of the AKIN criteria in a population of mechanically patients and the criteria's relationship with the baseline SCr.
Assuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Creatinina/sangue , Indicadores Básicos de Saúde , Respiração Artificial , Injúria Renal Aguda/sangue , Injúria Renal Aguda/mortalidade , Injúria Renal Aguda/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Biomarcadores/sangue , Canadá , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Tempo de Internação , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Arábia Saudita , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , América do Sul , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Chronic airflow obstruction in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with respiratory muscle dysfunction. Our aim was to study the effects of salbutamol-a beta-adrenergic agonist known to improve muscle strength in physiologic and pathologic conditions-on diaphragm contractility in an animal model of chronic airway obstruction achieved by tracheal banding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into a control group and 3 tracheal banding groups, 1 that received acute salbutamol treatment, 1 that received chronic salbutamol treatment, and 1 that received nothing. Arterial blood gases, acid-base balance, and in vitro diaphragmatic contractility were evaluated by measuring peak twitch tension, contraction time, contraction velocity, half-relaxation time, relaxation velocity, and force-frequency curves. RESULTS: The 3 study groups had significantly reduced arterial pH and increased PaCO2 and bicarbonate levels compared to the control group (P<.05). The untreated tracheal banding group had significantly reduced peak twitch tension and contraction velocity, and a significantly lower force-frequency curve in comparison with the other groups (P<.05). The chronic treatment group had a higher relaxation velocity than the untreated study group (P<.05). The mean (SE) peak twitch tension values were 6.46 (0.90)N/cm(2) for the control group, 3.28 (0.55)N/cm(2) for the untreated tracheal banding group, 6.18 (0.71)N/cm(2) for the acute treatment group, and 7.09 (0.59)N/cm(2) for the chronic treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Diaphragmatic dysfunction associated with chronic airflow obstruction improves with both the acute and chronic administration of salbutamol. The mechanisms involved in respiratory muscle dysfunction warrant further study.