RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is one of the most common pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), but recent reports suggest that its incidence may be declining in relation to the use of the conjugate 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in children. We compared the result of the immunochromatographic SP urinary antigen test (SPUAT) and clinical outcomes in patients with CAP admitted in two periods of time: 2001-2002(CAP1) and 2015-2016(CAP2). METHODS: This was a matched nested case-control study of two prospectively recorded cohorts of patients admitted with CAP, with SPUAT and blood culture performed in all patients. CAP2 cases and CAP1 controls were matched for age ± 4 years, sex, and Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) score ± 10 points. Odds ratios (OR) for having SPUAT positive was estimated by conditional logistic regression. A multivariate model assessed the contribution of individual variables. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-eight patients were recruited; 307 during the CAP1 and 191 during the CAP2 periods. Comparing both periods we observed differences, in age, PSI score, and the percentage of smokers, outpatients, previously immunized with pneumococcal vaccine, and positive SPUAT. On the other hand, mortality, admission from nursing homes, pneumococcal bacteremia and hospital admission were not different. After matching, pneumonia due to SP per the SPUAT was observed in 34(23.4%) of CAP1 and in 12(8.3%) of CAP2 patients (p < 0.001), and 6/145 CAP1 vs 33/145 CAP2 patients had received pneumococcal immunization before their admission (p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis confirmed that, independent of falling into PSI class 5, having not received the pneumococcal vaccine and having not survived the episode of pneumonia, there were two factors that increased the probability of having SPUAT positive: developing pneumonia during the CAP1 period (OR = 1.23) and having pneumococcal bacteremia (OR = 2.66). CONCLUSION: We observed a reduction of the role of SP as pathogen, along with an increase in the number of patients who received pneumococcal immunization before admission, in 2015-2016 compared to 2001-2002. In addition, the use of conjugate 13-valent vaccine, starting in 2012 for childhood immunization, could be an additional factor contributing to these changes, as a result of early herd immunity in adults pneumonia.
RESUMO
RATIONALE: Comorbidities, age, severity of illness, and high risk pathogens are well-known outcome determinants in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). How these factors interact has not yet been clarified. OBJECTIVES: We conducted this study to analyze the complex interaction of comorbidities, age, illness severity, and pathogens in relation to CAP. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization database to evaluate the impact of age in different age groups (<65, 65-79, and ≥80 yr), comorbidities (malignant disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal and liver disease, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, and diabetes mellitus), severity of illness at admission, and etiology on the mortality of patients admitted to the hospital with CAP. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 6,205 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 508 (8.2%) died within 30 days. Factors independently associated with mortality were malignant disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, renal disease, diabetes mellitus, altered mental status, hypoxemia, pleural effusion, hematocrit less than 30%, requirement for mechanical ventilation, and being age 80 years and older. A total of 1,699 pathogens were defined in 1,545 cases; the etiology was the same for all age groups. In the overall population, mortality increased with age, but etiology was not associated with mortality. When we analyzed the patients with one comorbidity or less, we found that mortality was not different between patients younger than 65 old and those 65-79 years old, but it was higher for those aged 80 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of comorbidities is associated with poorer outcomes in CAP. However, when one comorbidity or less was present, we found that being age 80 years or older was a factor that increased mortality. From a clinical standpoint, this study suggests that being age 80 years or older, instead of age 65 years and older, should be considered a risk factor for poor outcome in CAP.
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/mortalidade , Hospitalização/estatística & dados numéricos , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Pneumonia/mortalidade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate the performance of the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) and its components to identify early in the hospital course of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) which patients are responding to therapy. DESIGN: Prospective, multicenter, in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients. SETTING: The intensive care unit of six hospitals located in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. PATIENTS: Sixty-three patients, from a cohort of 472 mechanically ventilated patients hospitalized for >72 hrs, had clinical evidence of VAP and bacteriologic confirmation by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or blood cultures. INTERVENTIONS: Bronchoscopy with BAL fluid culture and blood cultures after establishing a clinical diagnosis of VAP. All patients received antibiotics, 46 before bronchoscopy and 17 immediately after bronchoscopy. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: CPIS was measured at 3 days before VAP (VAP-3); at the onset of VAP (VAP); and at 3 (VAP+3), 5 (VAP+5), and 7 (VAP+7) days after onset. CPIS rose from VAP-3 to VAP and then fell progressively in the population as a whole (p <.001), and the fall in CPIS was significant in 31 survivors, but not in 32 nonsurvivors. From the individual components of the CPIS, only the Pao /Fio ratio distinguished survivors from nonsurvivors, beginning at VAP+3. When CPIS was <6 at 3 or 5 days after VAP onset, mortality was lower than in the remaining patients (p =.018). These differences also related to the finding that those receiving adequate therapy had a slight fall in CPIS and a significant increase of Pao /Fio at VAP+3, whereas those getting inadequate therapy did not. CONCLUSIONS: Serial measurements of CPIS can define the clinical course of VAP resolution, identifying those with good outcome as early as day 3, and could possibly be of help to define strategies to shorten the duration of therapy.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/mortalidade , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Pneumonia Bacteriana/etiologia , Pneumonia Bacteriana/mortalidade , Respiração Artificial/efeitos adversos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Argentina/epidemiologia , Gasometria , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/microbiologia , Broncoscopia , Infecção Hospitalar/diagnóstico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Controle de Infecções , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pneumonia Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Initial empirical antimicrobial treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is based on expected microbial patterns. We determined the incidence of, prognosis of, and risk factors for CAP due to gram-negative bacteria (GNB), including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS: Consecutive patients with CAP hospitalized in our 1000-bed tertiary care university teaching hospital were studied prospectively. Independent risk factors for CAP due to GNB and for death were identified by means of stepwise logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: From January 1, 1997, until December 31, 1998, 559 hospitalized patients with CAP were included. Sixty patients (11%) had CAP due to GNB, including P aeruginosa in 39 (65%). Probable aspiration (odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-5.2; P =.04), previous hospital admission (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.7-7.1; P<.001), previous antimicrobial treatment (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.01-3.7; P =.049), and the presence of pulmonary comorbidity (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.5-5.5; P =.02) were independent predictors of GNB. In a subgroup analysis of P aeruginosa pneumonia, pulmonary comorbidity (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 2.2-15.3; P<.001) and previous hospital admission (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.8-8.3; P =.02) were predictive. Infection with GNB was independently associated with death (relative risk, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.6-7.4; P =.002). CONCLUSIONS: In our setting, in every tenth patient with CAP, an etiology due to GNB has to be considered. Patients with probable aspiration, previous hospitalization or antimicrobial treatment, and pulmonary comorbidity are especially prone to GNB. These pathogens are also an independent risk factor for death in patients with CAP.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Pneumonia Bacteriana , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Chile/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/diagnóstico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/epidemiologia , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/microbiologia , Comorbidade , Intervalos de Confiança , Feminino , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Readmissão do Paciente , Pneumonia Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/microbiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções por Pseudomonas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Pseudomonas/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pseudomonas/microbiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) afectaría a 1 de cada 100 personas por año. El tratamiento antibiótico inicial es casi siempre empírico. Normativas de otros paises para el manejo de las NAC no son aplicables en nuestro medio. Estudios extranjeros y datos nacionales no publicados sirvieron para determinar los posibles agentes etiológicos y su susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se definieron las pruebas diagnósticas recomendables, los grupos de pacientes para los distintos esquemas terapéuticos y los criterios de internación. Se distinguió a la NAC severa que requiere terapia intensiva del resto por su etiología diferente y elevada mortalidad, requiriendo un manejo terapéutico diferente. Edad, enfermedades asociadas y gravedad fueron tomadas en cuenta en la elección del esquema empírico.
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas , Pneumonia , Pneumonia/diagnóstico , Pneumonia/terapia , ArgentinaRESUMO
La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) afectaría a 1 de cada 100 personas por año. El tratamiento antibiótico inicial es casi siempre empírico. Normativas de otros paises para el manejo de las NAC no son aplicables en nuestro medio. Estudios extranjeros y datos nacionales no publicados sirvieron para determinar los posibles agentes etiológicos y su susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Se definieron las pruebas diagnósticas recomendables, los grupos de pacientes para los distintos esquemas terapéuticos y los criterios de internación. Se distinguió a la NAC severa que requiere terapia intensiva del resto por su etiología diferente y elevada mortalidad, requiriendo un manejo terapéutico diferente. Edad, enfermedades asociadas y gravedad fueron tomadas en cuenta en la elección del esquema empírico. (AU)