RESUMO
The present study aims to assess (1) the ecosystem services (ES) provided by LFS and (2) the differential ES between local (Creole) and exotic breeds from pig, cattle and goat. The ES are defined as the benefits that humans derive from LFS. They were summarized in 12 ES indicators that cover services related to provisioning, ecological and socio-cultural aspects and territorial vitality. A total of 106 LFS units that covers the five agroecological zones of Guadeloupe were analysed. Functional typologies of LFS per species were created from surveys. The effect of breed on the ES indicators was tested. Results showed that the 40 pig LFS units were separated into 3 clusters that were differentiated in ES according to provisioning ES (cluster 1), cultural use and sale to the neighborhood (cluster 2) and pork self-consumption (cluster 3). The typology of the 57 farms with cattle distinguished 4 clusters with differences in ES provided in self-consumption (cluster1), ecological ES (cluster 2), socio-cultural ES for racing or draught oxen (cluster 3) and ES associated with territory vitality (cluster 4). The 66 goat LFS units were classified into 3 clusters different in ES concerning self-consumption (cluster 1), cultural aspects (cluster 2) and provisioning ES (cluster 3). Our study highlights that ES indicators are not breed dependent (P > 0.10) but rather livestock farming system dependent. The ES rely more on the rearing management than on the breed type, and up to now, there are no specifications in Guadeloupe to differentiate management between breeds.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Gado , Agricultura , Animais , Bovinos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Guadalupe , SuínosRESUMO
BACKGROUD AND AIM: The usual consumption of nuts reduces cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk by improving serum lipids and oxidation status. Baru almonds (Dipteryxalata Vog.), a native species of Brazilian Savannah, have considerable contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), dietary fiber, vitamin E and zinc, which could exert positive effects in serum lipids and markers of oxidation. However, there is no study about the effect of their consumption on human health. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of baru almonds supplementation on lipid profile and oxidation of mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. METHODS AND RESULTS: A randomized, crossover, placebo controlled study was performed with 20 mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects (total cholesterol (TC) mean ±SEM = 5.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L). The assay had 2 periods of 6 weeks each and a 4-week washout period between the treatments. Subjects were randomly allocated in alternated periods receiving the following treatments per period: supplementation with 20 g/day of baru almonds or placebo (1 corn starch capsule/day). Compared to placebo, supplementation of baru almonds reduced TC (-8.1 ± 2.4%, P = 0.007), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (-9.4 ± 2.4%, P = 0.006) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) (-8.1 ± 3.0%, P = 0.013). There were no significant changes on the oxidation biomarkers evaluated. CONCLUSION: Dietary supplementation of mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects with baru almonds improved serum lipid parameters, so that this food might be included in diets for reducing the CVD risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) (website: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br). Register number: RBR-4zdy9p.
Assuntos
Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/dietoterapia , Lipídeos/sangue , Prunus/química , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Cross-Over , Dieta , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxirredução , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/metabolismo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to measure the effect of simulating two different loads on maxillary incisors displaying eight morphological types of non-carious cervical lesions, unrestored and restored with an adhesive restoration, by quantifying the stress distributions generated using finite element analysis. METHODS: Virtual models of maxillary incisors were generated using the CAD software (RhinoCeros). After composing virtual dental and supporting structures with and without non-carious cervical lesions, each model was meshed using a control mesh device (ANSYS Finite Element Analysis Software). All of the virtual models were subjected to two load types, oblique load and vertical load, to simulate occlusal forces of 100 N each. Comparisons were made between simulated teeth with non-carious cervical lesions, with and without composite resin restorations, and a simulated sound tooth. Data summarizing the stress distributions were obtained in MPa using von Mises criteria. RESULTS: Oblique loading on simulated non-carious cervical lesions resulted in greater stress concentration compared with vertical loading, and non-carious cervical lesions with acute angles displayed higher stress concentrations at the depth of the lesion. Restoring the lesions with an adhesive restoration, such as composite resin, appeared to overcome this stress concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Restoring NCCLs with adhesive restorative materials, such as a nanohybrid composite resin, appears to recover the biomechanical behaviour similar to sound teeth.
Assuntos
Força de Mordida , Análise do Estresse Dentário/métodos , Incisivo/fisiopatologia , Abrasão Dentária/fisiopatologia , Colo do Dente , Fenômenos Biomecânicos/fisiologia , Resinas Compostas/uso terapêutico , Materiais Dentários/uso terapêutico , Análise de Elementos Finitos , Humanos , Maxila , Resistência à Tração , Abrasão Dentária/patologia , Abrasão Dentária/terapiaRESUMO
A specific breeding goal definition was developed for Creole goats in Guadeloupe. This local breed is used for meat production. To ensure a balanced selection outcome, the breeding objective included two production traits, live weight (BW11) and dressing percentage (DP) at 11 months (the mating or selling age), one reproduction trait, fertility (FER), and two traits to assess animal response to parasite infection: packed cell volume (PCV), a resilience trait, and faecal worm eggs count (FEC), a resistance trait. A deterministic bio-economic model was developed to calculate the economic values based on the description of the profit of a Guadeloupean goat farm. The farm income came from the sale of animals for meat or as reproducers. The main costs were feeding and treatments against gastro-intestinal parasites. The economic values were 7.69 per kg for BW11, 1.38 per % for FER, 3.53 per % for DP and 3 × 10(-4) per % for PCV. The economic value for FEC was derived by comparing the expected profit and average FEC in a normal situation and in an extreme situation where parasites had developed resistance to anthelmintics. This method yielded a maximum weighting for FEC, which was -18.85 per log(eggs per gram). Alternative scenarios were tested to assess the robustness of the economic values to variations in the economic and environmental context. The economic values of PCV and DP were the most stable. Issues involved in paving the way for selective breeding on resistance or resilience to parasites are discussed.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Cruzamento/métodos , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia , Cabras/fisiologia , Cabras/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Criação de Animais Domésticos/economia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/economia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Peso Corporal , Cruzamento/economia , Simulação por Computador , Meio Ambiente , Doenças das Cabras/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Cabras/genética , Cabras/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Guadalupe/epidemiologia , Helmintíase Animal/tratamento farmacológico , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Modelos Genéticos , Reprodução , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The Creole goat is a local meat breed well adapted to the tropical environment of Guadeloupe, a French island in the Caribbean. A survey of 47 goat farmers was conducted in May 2008 to describe the Guadeloupean goat farming systems. It was the preliminary step for the implementation of a breeding programme for Creole goats. Farmers had 31 does on average. A small number (4%) kept only Creole goats. Most of them (62%) had a mixed herd of Creole and crossbreds. One-third of them (34%) reared only crossbred goats. Farmers appreciate the rusticity and resistance of the Creole goat but consider its growth as too slow. The most desired traits for goat selection were conformation and growth for males (77% of the answers). These traits were also important for females (30% of the answers). Maternal qualities were also frequently cited (maternal behaviour 23%, reproduction 20% and milk production 17%). Disease resistance was not seen as an important trait (10% and 7% of the answers for bucks and does, respectively). A typology constituted of five groups of farmers was also created. Farmers of three groups were retained to participate at a selection programme. They kept Creole goats and have expressed a strong willingness to join a selection programme. The results of the survey suggest that a breeding programme should mostly focus on the Creole goat as a maternal breed. Real consideration should be given to disease resistance. The Creole goat has indeed a key role to play in the sustainability of local farming systems.
RESUMO
To be successful, initiatives to improve farmer's goat production should directly address the needs and objectives of the keepers while promoting rational use of local genetic resources. A survey was carried out to implement a genetic policy governing meat goat farming in Martinique (11,400 heads and 33,400 ha arable land). The questionnaire comprised a total of 27 items with 306 modalities, and included questions on farm structure, crop and animal productions, management of feeding, reproduction and health control. The sample consisted of 33 farmers with 644 ha and 2,680 goats (1,286 does and 52 bucks), 97% of does in the studied sample were crossbred, 56% of bucks were" imported" breeds (Boer or Anglo-Nubian). The number of goats per farm varied from 16 to 582. The feeding system was predominantly grazing, according to a rotation (55% of cases) or continuous grazing system (42%). On 62% of farms, the males remained with the females permanently, also 83% of farmers did not resort to methods of controlled-mating. The first criteria used for choosing animals (80 to 90% of answers) of both sex, were development and conformation. Assuming that adaptive together with productive traits are important in tropical zones, it is advisable to better define the maternal lineage of the local livestock (presently very sparse records), to improve reproduction management and culling strategies (poor and inadequate management practices do not support any genetic improvement programme), and to guide the farmers in their decisions by employing concerted interprofessional actions (choice of meat breed, market studies).
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Cabras , Agricultura , Animais , Cruzamento , Feminino , Masculino , Martinica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The Brazilian commercial ethanol propolis extract, also formulated to ensure physical and chemical stability, was found to inhibit oral candidiasis in 12 denture-bearing patients with prosthesis stomatitis candidiasis association.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidíase Bucal/prevenção & controle , Fitoterapia , Própole/farmacologia , Adulto , Idoso , Animais , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Abelhas , Brasil , Dentaduras , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Própole/administração & dosagem , Própole/uso terapêutico , Estomatite/microbiologiaRESUMO
African-derived mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been described in South American and Caribbean native cattle populations, which could have been introduced into America from Iberia or by direct importation from Africa. However, the similarity among described haplotypes is not known. We examined mtDNA variation in Guadeloupe Creole and Spanish cattle in an attempt to identify African-derived mtDNA haplotypes and compare them with those previously described. Eleven haplotypes clustered into the European taurine haplogroup (T3), two haplotypes into the African taurine (T1) haplogroup, and three haplotypes into the African-derived American haplogroup (AA). The AA1 and Eucons haplotypes were the most frequently observed. The presence of the AA haplogroup in Spanish cattle confirms historical records and genetic evidence of Iberian cattle as the main source of American native cattle origin. The possible origin of African-derived mitochondrial haplotypes in Iberian and Creole cattle is discussed, and the accumulated evidence does not support a founder effect from African ancestral cattle by direct importations. The presence of taurine AA and T3 haplotypes in Brazilian Nellore may indicate introgression by local European-derived cattle. Data presented in this work will contribute to the understanding of the origin of Guadeloupe Creole cattle.
Assuntos
Cruzamento , Bovinos/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Variação Genética , Filogenia , África , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Brasil , Região do Caribe , Primers do DNA , Haplótipos/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Dinâmica Populacional , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Espanha , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a dermatological condition of unknown etiology that rarely affects the oral mucosa. There are conflicting reports suggesting that it may represent a reactive virally-induced lesion associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. The present paper reports an additional case of oral JXG and discusses its possible association with CMV infection. The biotin-streptavidin system was used to detect early and late CMV antigens. Positive immunolabelling for both antigens was demonstrated in some histiocytes in the lesion. These findings suggest that JXG may be associated with CMV infection.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/análise , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Doenças da Boca/virologia , Xantogranuloma Juvenil/virologia , Antígenos CD/análise , Antígenos de Diferenciação Mielomonocítica/análise , Criança , Feminino , Seguimentos , Células Gigantes/virologia , Histiócitos/imunologia , Histiócitos/virologia , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Imuno-Histoquímica , Macrófagos/virologia , Doenças da Boca/imunologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/análise , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/análise , Xantogranuloma Juvenil/imunologiaRESUMO
The effects of vitamin A and all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acids on the progression phase of hepatocarcinogenesis were evaluated in this study. For this purpose, male Wistar rats were first submitted to the resistant hepatocyte model of carcinogenesis (diethylnitrosamine for initiation and 2-acetylaminofluorene for selection/promotion). Ten months after initiation, the animals were distributed into four groups and treated by gavage, every other day and during eight weeks, with corn oil (control group), vitamin A (10 mg/kg of body wt), all-trans retinoic acid (10 mg/kg body wt), or 9-cis retinoic acid (10 mg/kg body wt). After this period, the animals were killed one hour after intraperitoneal administration of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU, 100 mg/kg body wt). At the time of sacrifice, liver samples were collected for histopathological (hematoxylin-eosin) examination and immunohistochemical detection of glutathione S-transferase and BrdU, as well as for analysis of retinol and retinoic acid concentrations. Histopathological examination showed the lowest incidence of hepatocarcinomas in vitamin A-treated animals. Moreover, groups treated with retinoids demonstrated lower hepatic BrdU labeling indexes in the neoplastic lesions, as well as in their respective surrounding tissues, than controls. Thus vitamin A and all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid strongly inhibited cell proliferation when administered during the progression phase of hepatocarcinogenesis. Therefore, the anticarcinogenic effects that have been attributed to these retinoids could be partially related to their capacity of inhibiting in vivo cell proliferation.
Assuntos
Anticarcinógenos/farmacologia , Divisão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Tretinoína/farmacologia , Vitamina A/farmacologia , 2-Acetilaminofluoreno , Alitretinoína , Animais , Anticarcinógenos/administração & dosagem , Bromodesoxiuridina/metabolismo , Carcinógenos , DNA/biossíntese , Dietilnitrosamina , Glutationa Transferase/análise , Imuno-Histoquímica , Fígado/química , Neoplasias Hepáticas/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Tretinoína/administração & dosagem , Tretinoína/análise , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Vitamina A/análiseAssuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Análise de Variância , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Guadalupe , Imunidade Inata , Incidência , Inseticidas/uso terapêutico , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Infestações por Carrapato/prevenção & controleRESUMO
A genetic predisposition to resistance (R)/susceptibility (S) has been demonstrated for cowdriosis in certain goal lines. In order to identify genetic markers of R/S and to follow their transmission to the offspring, 4 groups of sires and dams were crossbred in 1991, 1992, and 1993: Rr, RS, SR, and SS. The offspring were challenged at the age of six months with subsequent challenge of the S parent. From 28 presumed S dams, 7 turned out R and from 2 presumed S sires, 1 was R and the other undefinable. The resistance rate was 76% for 21 RR kids and 45% for 20 RS kids. The R character seems to be better transmitted by dams than the S one. No difference was observed between R and S goats in terms of incubation period and body temperature level after challenge. There was no statistical effect found of sex, litter size, or birth mass on the R/S character; only a slight effect on daily mass gain was observed. Sperm has been collected from 4 S sires (died after challenge) and 5 R sires, and stored in liquid nitrogen in order to conceive additional SR and SS progeny. Several caprine leucocyte antigens seem to be genetic markers of R (Be 1, CLY) and of S (Be 9, Be 22, Be 23). Further powerful tools like microsatellites and probes defining other interesting loci possibly involved in disease pathogenesis are now at hand and will be included in future experiments.
Assuntos
Ehrlichia ruminantium , Doenças das Cabras , Cabras/genética , Infecções por Rickettsiaceae/veterinária , Animais , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Feminino , Marcadores Genéticos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Cabras/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/genética , Larva , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético , Probabilidade , Recombinação Genética , Infecções por Rickettsiaceae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rickettsiaceae/imunologia , Espermatozoides/microbiologia , CarrapatosRESUMO
The level of infestation of "Creole" beef cattle of Guadeloupe by the tick Amblyomma variegatum was recorded during a long-term survey in an experimental farm: 61 steers and 83 cows were distributed in different lots according to sex and management. They grazed continuously either on irrigated Digitaria decumbens pastures or on dry native savannahs. Tick numbers as well as animal weights were registered monthly. Climatic data were also recorded. Different acaricide treatments were tested during the survey. But in order to minimize their effect in the data analysis, only tick counts over an average of 5 adult ticks per cattle were taken into account. The level of infestation is analyzed with respect to environmental factors (season, management) and individual factors (sex, weight, physiological stage, genetic effect). The effects of these factors are discussed with regard to alternative tick-control methods, such as the selection of resistant hosts.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Análise de Variância , Ração Animal , Animais , Bovinos , Clima , Feminino , Masculino , Poaceae , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estações do Ano , Fatores Sexuais , Infestações por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Carrapatos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologiaRESUMO
By using biological data and historical research, we have tried to explain the difference between resistance and susceptibility to the diseases transmitted (cowdriosis) or associated (dermatophilosis) with the tick Amblyomma variegatum, in two cattle breeds of the French West Indies: the Creole crossbred cattle of Guadeloupe and the Brahman zebu cattle of Martinique. Have been studied the polymorphisms of 5 independent genetic systems (erythrocytic haemoglobin, serum albumin and transferrin, the class I region of the BoLA complex and the gamma S crystallin gene) in different breeds comprising Bos taurus cattle of Europe and Africa, Bos indicus of West and East Africa, as well as the Brahman of Martinique and the Creole crossbred of Guadeloupe. By comparing the different allele frequencies of these 5 non related polymorphic loci and by using the two different mathematical matrices of NEI and of CAVALLI-SFORZA, have been established the genetic distances between these breeds. It appears clearly that the Creole cattle of Guadeloupe are in an intermediate position between the Bos taurus N'Dama breed of West Africa and two Bos indicus zebu breeds, namely the West African Sudan zebu and the Brahman. Thanks to studies of different archieves in the Caribbean and in Europe, historical evidence have been accumulated on the geographical origins and on the chronology of the establishment of Creole and Brahman cattle in the French West Indies. The high resistance of the Creole cattle of Guadeloupe to diseases associated with or transmitted by the "Senegalese" tick Amblyomma variegatum seems to be due to the inheritance of a pool of genes from West African cattle and more particularly from the N'Dama breed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/genética , Bovinos/genética , Infestações por Carrapato/veterinária , Animais , Cruzamento , Doenças dos Bovinos/história , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Polimorfismo Genético , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
A severe outbreak of dermatophilosis occurred in 1985 in a herd of Brahman cows imported from Martinique in Guadeloupe in July 1983. Little was known on this disease in Guadeloupe until then, for the local zebu breed is naturally highly resistant to diseases transmitted by ticks or associated with them. Conditions of appearance and development of the disease were studied in relation with herd management, climate and treatments applied. There was no evidence of the disease during the first 6 months following the importation, in a feedlot management. The first lesions of dermatophilosis appeared about 2 months after the animals were allowed to graze on pastures infested with ticks. Then, thirty percent of the herd became infected. Development of the infection increased dramatically as the humid season approached, and all the 29 Brahman cows showed lesions in July 1985. Only drastic treatments, including antibiotics and local disinfection, associated with the removal from pastures into covered stables allowed the recovery from the disease. Nevertheless, the disease caused the death of 13 head. Differences in individual reactions were also noted, and 7 different types of evolution were identified. These observations provided informations about the epidemiology of dermatophilosis in the climatic conditions of Caribbean humid tropics. They showed the economic importance of this severe disease for cattle in the region and the sensitivity of exotic breeds.