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Purpose: Increased life expectancy in recent years, together with the downward trend in fertility rates, will accelerate the aging of the Latin American population (Flamini and et al., 2018) [1]. This demographic change represents a problem for pension systems as the economic capacity to finance the retirement of the population could be insufficient in the future. This creates a favorable scenario for new financial products, including reverse mortgages. This study determines, from the supply approach, the potential of reverse mortgages in the main cities of Colombia as a complement to the financing of old age according to the guidelines of Benavides et al. (Benavides Franco et al., Jan. 2021) [2]. Methodology: The following variables were used: housing prices, interest rates, mortality rates, and the consumer price index. The econometric testing simulates the possible paths of these variables, estimates the probability of occurrence of the paths, and calculates the expected losses of bidding banks. Findings: The results show that reverse mortgages are a good complement to Colombia's pension system and confirm the feasibility of implementation at city level. It is recommended that the State stimulate the growth of this market and improve the corresponding regulatory framework. Originality: This study confirms the hypothesis that the reverse mortgages are a good complement to the pension system with city-level data. Specifically, it uses housing prices and mortality records from the main cities of the country (Bogotá, Cali, and Medellín) to capture their idiosyncrasies.

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A man in his 30s presents with a 14-year history of purulent penile discharge that has not responded to antibiotics or corticosteroids. A pinpoint orifice is found on the glans penis. What is your diagnosis?

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The role of circumcision in partially protecting against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other dermatoses has been documented. Neonatal circumcision is not routinely practiced in South America. Although it is logical to assume that male genital dermatoses are more prevalent in Hispanic men, they are underrepresented in the existing literature. Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics from our male genital dermatology unit in Montevideo (Uruguay), the diagnoses, and correlate them with circumcision status and comorbidities. Methods: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted. A dermatologist and urologist evaluated all patients using standard questionnaires. In 3 years and 8 months, 269 patients were seen. Median age was 41, prevalence of neonatal circumcision was 0.7%, HIV was 4.2%, STIs were 24.9%, non-STIs were 63.9%, and both (STI + non-STI) were 11.2%. Most frequent entities: eczema/balanoposthitis (27.1%), condyloma (24.9%), and lichen sclerosus (15.6%). Data correlating circumcision and other diagnoses did not reach statistical significance. HIV was positively associated with other STIs (p < 0.05), and an association with balanoposthitis was seen; however, it did not reach statistical significance (p < 0.1). Main limitation was small sample size. This is the first study of its kind based on Hispanic patients. Collaboration between specialties proved to be fundamental. Further studies are needed in this demographic to find an association between circumcision, comorbidities, and genital dermatoses.

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Penile sclerosing granuloma is a foreign body reaction to the injection of material, usually for genital augmentation purposes. Patients commonly deny having had or performed these procedures on themselves, and diagnosis can be challenging. We describe the case of a 62-year-old man with a 10-year history of a growth on the penile shaft. Dermoscopic examination showed an orange background with shiny white structures, suggesting a granulomatous pathology. Guided biopsies confirmed a sclerosing lipogranuloma. The patient admitted to having self-injected motor oil. For the first time, we report the dermoscopic description of sclerosing granuloma, which will improve clinical diagnostic precision and guide biopsies. We also contribute the first description of a dermoscopic rainbow pattern in a granulomatous disorder; this could be due to a physical phenomenon called 'dichroism'.

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Existe la posibilidad que el SARS-CoV-2 se transmita tanto verticalmente en el útero, como durante y después del parto. La mayoría de bebés infectados presentan sintomatología leve o son asintomáticos. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes son la taquipnea y la disnea. En los exámenes de laboratorio, los hallazgos más frecuentes son la leucopenia y la linfopenia. Las lesiones pulmonares se muestran más claramente mediante la tomografía axial computarizada que mediante los rayos X. Las imágenes más comunes en ambas pruebas son las opacidades en vidrio esmerilado. No hay tratamiento antiviral y/o inmunomodulador aprobado para COVID-19 en recién nacidos. Aún no hay disponibilidad de guías específicas para el manejo respiratorio de neumonía por COVID-19 en recién nacidos. Los partos de madres positivas a COVID-19 deben efectuarse en una sala dedicada exclusivamente para ello. La vía de evacuación de elección es el parto vaginal. La evidencia actual no es suficiente para concluir que existe transmisión vertical de SARS-CoV-2 a través de la lactancia materna. Se deben tener precauciones para evitar el contagio posnatal a los recién nacidos y al personal de salud

There is a possibility that SARS-CoV-2 is vertically transmitted in the uterus, as well as during and after delivery. Most infected babies present mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. The most frequent clinical manifestations are tachypnea and dyspnea. In laboratory tests, the most common findings are leukopenia and lymphopenia. Pulmonary lesions are more clearly shown by computed tomography than by X-ray. The most common images in both tests are ground glass opacities. There is no approved antiviral and / or immunomodulatory treatment for COVID-19 in newborns. Specific guidelines for the respiratory management of COVID-19 pneumonia, in newborns, are not yet available. Deliveries of COVID-19 positive mothers must be carried out in rooms dedicated exclusively to these patients. The evacuation route of choice is vaginal delivery. Current evidence is not sufficient to confirm SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission through breastfeeding. Precautions must be taken to avoid postnatal transmission to newborns and health personnel

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BACKGROUND: Postmenopausal women have higher severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) than premenopausal women and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor. AIM: To assess the severity of CHD in pre and postmenopausal patients undergoing coronary angiography and the impact of T2DM in both groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A coronary angiography was performed to 707 women due to suspected CHD during 2013 and 2014. Of these, 579 were older than 55 years and were considered as postmenopausal. Factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, creatinine and T2DM were registered. The severity of CHD in coronary angiography was evaluated according to the number of vessels with more than 50% stenosis. RESULTS: Compared to their postmenopausal counterparts, premenopausal women had less frequency of T2DM (31% and 42% p < 0.033), hypertension (52 and 78%, p < 0.001) and alteration of renal function (11 vs. 39%, p < 0.001). Absence of coronary lesions was found in 44 and 32% of premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively (p < 0.01). Premenopausal women with T2DM had a higher frequency of multi-vessel disease than those without the disease (25 and 4.5%, p < 0.001). The frequency of multi-vessel disease was higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal women (24 and 11%, p < 0.01). Hypertension, T2DM and renal involvement were associated with a higher frequency multiple vessel disease. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of CHD is higher in postmenopausal women and T2DM is associated with the disease.

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Ultrapotent topical corticosteroids and circumcision are usually effective for male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc); however, refractory cases are often referred to our Male Genital Dermatology Unit. Treatment with autologous platelet-rich plasma (TPRP) has recently been advocated as a safe and effective treatment option, but there have been no prospective studies in men to date. The objective of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of TPRP for MGLSc resistant to conventional therapy. A prospective, open-label, single-arm, therapeutic study was carried out in this study. Inclusion criteria: resistant to conventional therapy for at least 6 months. Procedure: infiltration of 0.1 mL/cm2 PRP every 8 weeks. Monthly data recording: visual appearance with photographs and external scoring by an expert using Investigator's Global Assessment Scale (IGA scale 0-5), symptoms (scale 0-5), quality of life (QoL; Dermatology Life Quality Index [DLQI]), and complications. No. of patients included was n = 5. No. of patients excluded during treatment was n = 1. Mean initial IGA: 3.6. Mean initial DLQI: 6. TPRP n = 34 (range: 2-9; average: 6.8 per patient). Mean IGA at 18 months: 3.25. Mean DLQI at 18 months: 1.25. All patients reported being completely asymptomatic at 10 months. No. of patients with complications is n = 1 (balanitis). TPRP seems to be safe and effective, regarding symptom control and improvement in QoL; however, visual changes were minimal.

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Background: Postmenopausal women have higher severity of coronary heart disease (CHD) than premenopausal women and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an independent risk factor. Aim: To assess the severity of CHD in pre and postmenopausal patients undergoing coronary angiography and the impact of T2DM in both groups. Material and Methods: A coronary angiography was performed to 707 women due to suspected CHD during 2013 and 2014. Of these, 579 were older than 55 years and were considered as postmenopausal. Factors such as hypertension, obesity, smoking, creatinine and T2DM were registered. The severity of CHD in coronary angiography was evaluated according to the number of vessels with more than 50% stenosis. Results: Compared to their postmenopausal counterparts, premenopausal women had less frequency of T2DM (31% and 42% p < 0.033), hypertension (52 and 78%, p < 0.001) and alteration of renal function (11 vs. 39%, p < 0.001). Absence of coronary lesions was found in 44 and 32% of premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively (p < 0.01). Premenopausal women with T2DM had a higher frequency of multi-vessel disease than those without the disease (25 and 4.5%, p < 0.001). The frequency of multi-vessel disease was higher in postmenopausal than premenopausal women (24 and 11%, p < 0.01). Hypertension, T2DM and renal involvement were associated with a higher frequency multiple vessel disease. Conclusions: The severity of CHD is higher in postmenopausal women and T2DM is associated with the disease.

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INTRODUCTION: OHVIRA syndrome is a rare entity characterized by renal and Mullerian anomalies. The objective of the video is, through a clinical case, to discuss the importance of diagnosis, management and treatment, to avoid the complications that this syndrome entails, and to improve the long-term prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report the case of a 10-year-old girl who consulted for abdominal pain, being diagnosed with OHVIRA syndrome. We describe the diagnosis and the surgical technique. In addition, we perform a systematic review in PubMed to report the published literature of this topic and we show the optimal management of this pathology.

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Orofacial granulomatosis is a nonspecific term that contains a wide variety of granulomatous entities, which share a clinical and histopathological presentation. It manifests as persistent or recurrent orofacial swelling, amongst other findings. Idiopathic orofacial granulomatosis, characterized by an absence of systemic granulomatous disease, is a diagnosis of exclusion. The main differential diagnosis is Crohn's disease. Its pathogenesis is unknown, however, it seems to be immune-mediated. Patch-test sensitivity to multiple allergens is well documented. Currently, therapeutic options consider restrictive diets, topical, intralesional, and systemic agents. First-line therapy is currently a matter of debate. We present a review of the value of diet therapy in this syndrome, along with two illustrative cases.

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Introducción: la cirugía micrográfica de Mohs es una técnica para la exéresis de cánceres de piel con el examen histológico del 100% de los márgenes quirúrgicos, logrando la tasa de curación más alta con máxima preservación de tejido sano. Objetivo: realizar una descripción clínico-epidemiológica de nuestras primeras 130 cirugías en el Hospital de Clínicas. Método: análisis descriptivo de todos los pacientes operados por un único cirujano de Mohs en nuestra Unidad de Cirugía Dermatológica desde noviembre de 2013 hasta junio de 2016. Se registraron datos clínicos, tumorales y quirúrgicos. Resultados: se estudiaron 130 cirugías en 90 pacientes; 62,3% fueron realizadas en hombres y 37,7% en mujeres. La edad media fue de 68 años (rango: 33-90 años). El 67,7% provenía de Montevideo y el 32,3% del interior del país. El 68% correspondía a carcinoma basocelular y 32% a carcinoma espinocelular. El 91,5% eran tumores primarios y el 8,5% recurrentes. El 75,3% se encontraba en cabeza y cuello. El tipo más frecuente de cierre fueron los colgajos en 43% (56). Hasta el momento, 70 pacientes han completado seguimiento de al menos un año, donde se vio recidiva tumoral en un solo caso (1/70; 1,43%). Conclusiones: la cirugía de Mohs es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz, y nuestros resultados coinciden con lo descrito en centros de referencia internacional. Este es el primer centro de Uruguay que cuenta con un cirujano de Mohs y presentamos el primer estudio en pacientes uruguayos.

Introduction: Mohs micrographic surgery is a technique for the excision of skin cancer with histologic analysis of 100% of the surgical margins, achieving the highest cure rate, while allowing maximum preservation of surrounding healthy tissue. Objective: to perform a clinical-epidemiologic description of our first 130 surgeries at the Hospital de Clínicas. Method: descriptive analysis of all patients operated by a single Mohs surgeon in our Dermatologic Surgery Unit between November 2013 and June 2016. Clinical, tumoral and surgical data was registered. Results: 130 surgeries performed in 90 patients were studied. 62.3% were male patients and 37.7% female. Mean age was 68 years (range: 33 ­ 90 years). 67.7% resided in Montevideo and 32.3% from other parts of the country. 68% corresponded to basal cell carcinoma, and 32% to squamous cell carcinoma. 91.5% were primary tumors, and 8.5% were recurrent. 75.3% were located on the head and neck region. The most frequently used method of closure were flaps in 43% (56). Up to this moment, 70 patients have undergone follow-up for at least twelve months, and so far, only one case showed recurrence (1/70; 1.43%). Conclusions: Mohs surgery is safe and effective, and our results agree with reports of international reference centers. This is the first center in Uruguay with a Mohs Surgeon, and we present the first study in Uruguayan patients.

Introdução: a cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs é uma técnica para a exéreses de cânceres de pele com o exame histológico de 100% das margens cirúrgicas, conseguindo a taxa de cura mais alta com máxima preservação de tecido saudável. Objetivo: realizar uma descrição clínico-epidemiológica das primeiras 130 cirurgias realizadas no Hospital de Clínicas de Uruguai. Método: análise descritiva de todos os pacientes operados por um único cirurgião de Mohs na Unidade de Cirurgia Dermatológica no período novembro 2013 - junho 2016. Foram registrados dados clínicos, tumorais e cirúrgicos. Resultados: foram analisadas 130 cirurgias realizadas em 90 pacientes sendo. 62.3% em homens e 37.7% em mulheres. A média de idade média foi 68 anos (intervalo: 33 - 90 anos). 67.7% eram originários de Montevidéu e os restantes 32.3% do interior. 68% correspondiam a carcinoma basocelular e 32% a carcinoma de células escamosas. 91.5% eram tumores primários e 8.5% recorrentes. 75.3% estavam localizados em cabeça e pescoço. O tipo mais frequente de fechamento foi por retalhos em 43% (56). Até o momento, 70 pacientes completaram um seguimento mínimo de 1 ano, no qual se observou recidiva tumoral em somente 1 caso (1/70; 1.43%). Conclusões: a cirurgia de Mohs é um procedimento seguro e eficaz, e nossos resultados coincidem com os descritos por centros de referência internacional. Este é o primeiro centro no Uruguai que conta com um cirurgião de Mohs e que apresenta o primeiro estudo em pacientes uruguaios.

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Abstract: Orofacial granulomatosis is a nonspecific term that contains a wide variety of granulomatous entities, which share a clinical and histopathological presentation. It manifests as persistent or recurrent orofacial swelling, amongst other findings. Idiopathic orofacial granulomatosis, characterized by an absence of systemic granulomatous disease, is a diagnosis of exclusion. The main differential diagnosis is Crohn's disease. Its pathogenesis is unknown, however, it seems to be immune-mediated. Patch-test sensitivity to multiple allergens is well documented. Currently, therapeutic options consider restrictive diets, topical, intralesional, and systemic agents. First-line therapy is currently a matter of debate. We present a review of the value of diet therapy in this syndrome, along with two illustrative cases.

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Laugier-Hunziker syndrome is a rare benign idiopathic condition characterized by acquired macular pigmentation of lips and buccal mucosa, often accompanied with melanonychia. The main concern with this condition is to rule out other differential diagnosis with systemic repercussions and similar hyperpigmentation patterns, such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, adrenal insufficiency and melanoma. We report a 58-year-old female with a 20-year history of Sjögren’s syndrome, presenting with melanonychia and hyperpigmentation in the buccal mucosa. She had no relevant medication history and is a non-smoker. The patient denied any other symptoms. The histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome.

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