RESUMO
In this work, it is presented a first approach of a mathematical and kinetic analysis for improving the decoloration and further degradation process of an azo dye named acid red 27 (AR27), by means of a novel microbial consortium formed by the fungus Trametes versicolor and the bacterium Pseudomonas putida. A multivariate analysis was carried out by simulating scenarios with different operating conditions and developing a specific mathematical model based on kinetic equations describing all stages of the biological process, from microbial growth and substrate consuming to decoloration and degradation of intermediate compounds. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed by using a factorial design and the Response Surface Method (RSM), for determining individual and interactive effects of variables like, initial glucose concentration, initial dye concentration and the moment in time for bacterial inoculation, on response variables assessed in terms of the minimum time for: full decoloration of AR27 (R1 = 2.375 days); maximum production of aromatic metabolites (R2 = 1.575 days); and full depletion of aromatic metabolites (R3 = 12.9 days). Using RSM the following conditions improved the biological process, being: an initial glucose concentration of 20 g l-1, an initial AR27 concentration of 0.2 g l-1 and an inoculation moment in time of P. putida at day 1. The mathematical model is a feasible tool for describing AR27 decoloration and its further degradation by the microbial consortium of T. versicolor and P. putida, this model will also work as a mathematical basis for designing novel bio-reaction systems than can operate with the same principle of the described consortium.
RESUMO
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter endogenously generated from the metabolism of L-cysteine by action of two main enzymes called cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). This gas has been involved in the pain processing and insulin resistance produced during diabetes development. However, there is no evidence about its participation in the peripheral neuropathy induced by this metabolic disorder. Experimental diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50mg/kg, i.p.) in female Wistar rats. Streptozotocin injection increased formalin-evoked flinching in diabetic rats as compared to non-diabetic rats after 2 weeks. Peripheral administration of NaHS (an exogenous donor of H2S) and L-cysteine (an endogenous donor of H2S) dose-dependently increased flinching behavior in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Contrariwise, hydroxylamine (HA, a CBS inhibitor) and DL-propargylglycine (PPG, a CSE inhibitor) decreased formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in both experimental groups. In addition, an ineffective dose of HA and PPG partially prevented the L-cysteine-induced hyperalgesia in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Interestingly, HA and PPG were three order of magnitude more potent in diabetic rats respect to non-diabetic rats, whereas NaHS was ten times more potent in the streptozotocin-diabetic group. Nine to 11 weeks after diabetes induction, tactile allodynia was observed in the streptozotocin-injected rats. On this condition, subcutaneous administration of PPG or HA reduced tactile allodynia in diabetic rats. Paradoxically, H2S levels were decreased in nerve sciatic, dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, but not paw nor blood plasma, during diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy development. Collectively, results suggest that H2S synthesized by CBS and CSE participate in formalin-induced nociception in diabetic and non-diabetic rats, as well as; in tactile allodynia in streptozotocin-injected rats. In addition, data seems to indicate that diabetic rats are more sensible to H2S-induced hyperalgesia than normoglycemic rats.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Nociceptividade/fisiologia , Algoritmos , Alcinos/farmacologia , Animais , Glicemia/metabolismo , Cistationina gama-Liase/metabolismo , Cisteína/antagonistas & inibidores , Cisteína/farmacologia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/farmacologia , Sulfeto de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Hidroxilamina/farmacologia , Hiperalgesia/induzido quimicamente , Hiperalgesia/psicologia , Vias Neurais/efeitos dos fármacos , Dor/psicologia , Medição da Dor , Estimulação Física , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The stem-barks of Hintonia latiflora and Hintonia standleyana, locally known as "copalchi", are used for treating several maladies such as diabetes and gastrointestinal complaints, including gastric ulcers. Although the antidiabetic properties have been demonstrated, the gastroprotective action remains unexplored. AIM OF THE STUDY: The main goals of this study were to establish the potential acute toxicity and the gastroprotective activity of aqueous extracts and compounds from Hintonia latiflora and Hintonia standleyana in order to demonstrate their preclinical efficacy for the treatment of gastric ulcers in Mexican folk medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The aqueous extracts from the stem-barks (HLSB and HSSB) and leaves (HLL and HSL) from Hintonia latiflora and Hintonia standleyana were prepared by infusion. Investigation of the acute toxicity was accomplished by the Lorke method. The gastroprotective effect was assessed by means of a conventional ethanol-induced gastric injury model in rats using carbenoxolone as positive control. 5-O-[ß-D-apiofuranosyl-(1â6)-ß-D-glucopyranosyl]-7-methoxy-3',4'-dihydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin (1) and chlorogenic acid (2) were also assayed. Preliminary mechanism of action of the tested compounds was analyzed using the same pharmacological models but pretreating the animals with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and indomethacin. RESULTS: Investigation of the acute toxicity revealed that infusions of the leaves and stem-barks of both Hintonia species were not toxic to mice (LD(50)>5000 mg/kg in all cases). HLSB, HSSB, HLL and HSL provoked a significant gastroprotective effect [80.5±3.35% (ED(50)=184.7 mg/kg), 80.26±3.96%, 75.1±7.26% (ED(50)=109.1 mg/kg), 76.85±3.17% (ED(50)=149.7 mg/kg) of gastroprotection respectively]. Compounds 1 and 2, present in all the extracts, were also active [68.85±8.4% (ED(50)=15 mg/kg), 74.04±4.4% (ED(50)=26 mg/kg) of gastroprotection respectively] and their mode of action involved non-protein sulfhydryl endogenous (NP-SH) compounds, since only pretreatment with NEM inhibited their gastroprotective action. CONCLUSIONS: The present investigation tends to support the ethnomedical use of HLSB, HSSB for treating gastric ulceration. Since HLL and HSL were also active, the leaves could be use alternatively, which in terms of natural resources conservation is an outstanding finding, considering that the plant populations of both Hintonia are scarce and in danger of extinction. Mainly two compounds (1 and 2) are important active principles of the plants.
Assuntos
Antiulcerosos/uso terapêutico , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Rubiaceae , Úlcera Gástrica/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Casca de Planta , Folhas de Planta , RatosRESUMO
Between April and June 2009, 1,075 feral rainbow trout from 10 different lakes involved with aquaculture activities in Los Lagos Region, Chile, were inspected for Diphyllobothrium species. All viscera and muscles of the fish were examined using stereomicroscopy; pyloric cecae and stomachs infected with plerocercoids were checked by histology and scanning electron microscopy. Plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum were confirmed by PCR and sequencing of COI and 18S rRNA + ITS1 + 5.8S rRNA + ITS2 genes for the first time in Chile. Overall prevalence of plerocercoids of D. dendriticum was 9.2% (99/1,075) in Los Lagos Region and 17.4% (99/570) for Chiloe Island. Plerocercoids were not detected in the continental lakes of the Los Lagos Region (Chapo, Rupanco, and Llanquihue). Tarahuín Lake exhibited a prevalence of 50.9% (81/159), Cucao Lake 5.1% (4/79), Natri Lake 4.7% (5/107), Huillinco Lake 3.6% (5/138), and San Antonio Lake 66.7% (4/6). Abundance was 1.1 plerocercoid larvae per fish (1,169 larvae/1,075 fish). All the plerocercoids were found encysted in the viscera of the fish. Plerocercoids were 10.9 ± 3 (7-16) mm long by 0.4 ± 0.2 (0.2-0.6) mm wide. The scolex was enlarged, with 2 bothria and a frontal pit. The body was covered with short capilliform filitriches, 4-6 mm long. The Chilean COI and 18SrRNA + ITS1 + 5.8SrRNA + ITS2 gene sequences indicated 96.34-96.52% and 99% similarity with D. dendriticum sequences, respectively. Diphyllobothrium dendriticum is reported for the first time in freshwater ecosystems as far as 43 ° S on Chiloe Island. These findings and previous reports of plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp. in farmed rainbow trout at Tarahuín Lake support the putative life cycle of this parasite in lakes of southern Chile where there are aquaculture activities.
Assuntos
DNA de Helmintos/química , Difilobotríase/veterinária , Diphyllobothrium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Oncorhynchus mykiss/parasitologia , Animais , Chile/epidemiologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 1/genética , DNA de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Difilobotríase/epidemiologia , Difilobotríase/parasitologia , Diphyllobothrium/anatomia & histologia , Diphyllobothrium/classificação , Diphyllobothrium/genética , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Lagos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Músculos/parasitologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 5,8S/genética , Vísceras/parasitologiaRESUMO
Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd) growing in 28 gardens during 2009 showed 100% disease incidence and 3 to 7% disease severity. Bougainvilleas with white flowers were the most affected. Symptoms consisted of light brown spots with dark brown margins visible on adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaves. Spots were circular, 2 to 7 mm in diameter, often surrounded by a chlorotic halo, and delimited by major leaf veins. Single-spore cultures were incubated at 24°C under near UV light for 7 days to obtain conidia. Pathogenicity was confirmed by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 104 spores/ml) on leaves of potted bougainvillea plants (white, red, yellow, and purple flowers), incubating the plants in a dew chamber for 48 h and maintaining them in a greenhouse (20 to 24°C). Identical symptoms to those observed at the residential gardens appeared on inoculated plants after 45 to 60 days. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated plants that showed typical symptoms. No symptoms developed on control plants treated with sterile distilled water. The fungus produced distinct stromata that were dark brown, spherical to irregular, and 20 to 24 µm in diameter. Conidiophores were simple, born from the stromata, loose to dense fascicles, brown, straight to curved, not branched, zero to two septate, 14 × 2 µm, with two to four conspicuous and darkened scars. The conidia formed singly, were brown, broad, ellipsoid, obclavate, straight to curved with three to four septa, 40 × 4 µm, and finely verrucous with thick hilum at the end. Fungal DNA from the single-spore cultures was obtained using a commercial DNA Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA); ribosomal DNA was amplified with ITS5 and ITS4 primers and sequenced. The sequence was deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Database (GenBank Accession Nos. HQ231216 and HQ231217). The symptoms (4), morphological characteristics (1,2,4), and pathogenicity test confirm the identity of the fungus as Passalora bougainvilleae (Muntañola) Castañeda & Braun (= Cercosporidium bougainvilleae Muntañola). This pathogen has been reported from Argentina, Brazil, Brunei, China, Cuba, El Salvador, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan, Thailand, the United States, and Venezuela (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this disease on B. spectabilis Willd in Mexico. P. bougainvilleae may become an important disease of bougainvillea plants in tropical and subtropical areas of Mexico. References: (1) U. Braun and R. R. Castañeda. Cryptogam. Bot. 2/3:289, 1991. (2) M. B. Ellis. More Dematiaceous Hypomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1976. (3) C. Nakashima et al. Fungal Divers. 26:257, 2007. (4) K. L. Nechet and B. A. Halfeld-Vieira. Acta Amazonica 38:585, 2008.
RESUMO
The health of many women is affected in the climacteric period, either by symp-toms that deteriorate their life quality (QL) or by chronic diseases that affect their life expectancy. Therefore, it is mandatory to evaluate these two aspects, having as core objectives for any eventual therapeutic intervention, the improvement of QL and the reduction of cardiovascular risk and fractures. To evaluate QL it is mandatory to follow structured interviews that weigh systematically climacteric symptoms such as the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). The paradigm of the metabolic syndrome constitutes a suitable frame to evaluate cardiovascular risk. Age, a low body weight, a history of fractures and steroid use are risk factors for fractures. A proper evaluation will allow the detection of patients with a low QL or a high risk for chronic disease, therefore identifying those women who require therapy. The clinical management should include recommendations to improve lifestyles, increase physical activity, avoidance of smoking and to follow a low calorie diet rich in vegetables and fruits. Hormonal therapy is the most effcient treatment to improve the QL and its risk is minimized when it is used in low doses or by the transdermal route. Tibolone is an alternative, especially useful in patients with mood disorders and sexual dysfunction. Vaginal estrogens are also a good option, when urogenital symptoms are the main complaint. Some antidepressants can be an effective therapy in patients with vasomotor symptoms who are not willing or cannot use estrogens. The effectiveness of any alternative therapy for menopausal symptoms has not been demonstrated. Dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance should be managed ac-cording to guidelines. Calcium and vitamin D have positive effects on bone density and certain tendency to reduce vertebral fractures. Bisphosphonates decrease the risk of vertebral fractures.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Climatério/fisiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Doenças Cardiovasculares/induzido quimicamente , Chile , Climatério/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia de Reposição de Estrogênios/efeitos adversos , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/uso terapêutico , Estilo de Vida , Fatores de Risco , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
La mayoría de las mujeres ve afectada su salud en el período climatérico, ya sea por sintomatología que le deteriora su calidad de vida (CV) o por la aparición de enfermedades crónicas que le afectan sus expectativas de vida. Por lo tanto, es básico evaluar estos dos aspectos, teniendo como objetivos centrales de las eventuales intervenciones terapéuticas, mejorar la CV y reducir el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y/o fracturas...
Assuntos
Feminino , Climatério/metabolismo , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
El estudio del ganglio centinela es un procedimiento actualmente aceptado en el melanoma, cáncer de pene y de mama. Su indicación y utilidad en el cáncer gástrico es aún controvertida. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la técnica de la biopsia laparoscópica del ganglio centinela en el cáncer gástrico y la posibilidad de su realización en el Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Se incluyeron dos pacientes durante el período comprendido entre enero y noviembre del 2008 con diagnóstico de carcinoma gástrico en estadio inicial. Se utilizó la técnica combinada con azul patente y tecnecio (Tc99). Una vez identificado el ganglio centinela se procedio a la cirugía habitual. El ganglio se evaluo posteriormente por anatomía patológica en conjunto con el espécimen quirúrgico. El porcentaje de detección del ganglio centinela fue del 50 por ciento. El ganglio centinela detectado fue positivo para metástasis. No hubo morbilidad asociada. La identificación del ganglio centinela por laparoscopia es aplicable en pacientes con cáncer gástrico en estadios iniciales y representa una opción en el abordaje terapéutico minimamente invasivo de dicha patología.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal/métodos , Laparoscopia/métodos , Metástase Neoplásica/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Ultrassonografia , Biópsia de Linfonodo Sentinela/métodos , Carcinoma/patologiaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: In the first population-based study of vertebral fractures in Latin America, we found a 11.18 (95% CI 9.23-13.4) prevalence of radiographically ascertained vertebral fractures in a random sample of 1,922 women from cities within five different countries. These figures are similar to findings from studies in Beijing, China, some regions of Europe, and slightly lower than those found in the USA using the same standardized methodology. INTRODUCTION: We report the first study of radiographic vertebral fractures in Latin America. METHODS: An age-stratified random sample of 1,922 women aged 50 years and older from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Puerto Rico were included. In all cases a standardized questionnaire and lateral X-rays of the lumbar and thoracic spine were obtained after informed consent. RESULTS: A standardized prevalence of 11.18 (95% CI 9.23-13.4) was found. The prevalence was similar in all five countries, increasing from 6.9% (95% CI 4.6-9.1) in women aged 50-59 years to 27.8% (95% CI 23.1-32.4) in those 80 years and older (p for trend < 0.001). Among different risk factors, self-reported height loss OR = 1.63 (95% CI: 1.18-2.25), and previous history of fracture OR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.14-2.03) were significantly (p < 0.003 and p < 0.04 respectably) associated with the presence of radiographic vertebral fractures in the multivariate analysis. In the bivariate analyses HRT was associated with a 35% lower risk OR = 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46-0.93) and physical activity with a 27% lower risk of having a vertebral fracture OR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.55-0.98), but were not statistically significant in multivariate analyses CONCLUSION: We conclude that radiographically ascertained vertebral fractures are common in Latin America. Health authorities in the region should be aware and consider implementing measures to prevent vertebral fractures.
Assuntos
Vértebras Lombares/lesões , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/epidemiologia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/epidemiologia , Vértebras Torácicas/lesões , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Estatura , Brasil/epidemiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Terapia de Reposição de Estrogênios , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/complicações , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/diagnóstico por imagem , Prevalência , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Radiografia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/complicações , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Torácicas/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
We present a clinical case of a patient who consulted for a cerebelous syndrome and diplopia associated to 10 kg weight loss in six months and multiple adenopathies. Cerebral imagenology study evidenced the presence of granulamatous masses at the cerebellum and midbrain level, there were no cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. Systemic tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis was done based in finding of acid-fast bacilli positive staining in urine and lymph node biopsy. HIV infection was documented by ELISA serology. CD4 cell count was 590 cell/mm3, classifying the case a AIDS Cl stage. TB was treated according to national guidelines leading to good clinical and imagenology evolution. The clinical case scenario of infratentorial tuberculomas without meningitis as a first manifestation of TB and AIDS is unusual, generating our interest in reporting this case.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cerebelares/microbiologia , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Doenças Cerebelares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cerebelares/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente que consultó por un síndrome cerebeloso y diplopía, asociados a pérdida de peso de 10 kilos en 6 meses y adenopatías múltiples. El estudio imagenológico cerebral demostró la presencia de lesiones de aspecto granulomatoso a nivel cerebeloso y mesencefálico, sin alteración citoquímica del líquido cefalorraquídeo. Las baciloscopias de orina y de la biopsia ganglionar fueron positivas y permitieron el diagnóstico de tuberculosis (TBC) sistémica. La serología para VIH resultó positiva en sangre con un recuento de linfocitos CD4 de 590 cel/mm3, clasificándose el caso como SIDA etapa Cl. El paciente fue tratado con el esquema antituberculoso según norma nacional, con buena respuesta clínica e imagenológica. La presentación de tuberculomas infratentoriales sin meningitis, como primera causa de pesquisa de TBC y SIDA no es habitual, de allí nuestro interés por comunicar el caso.
We present a clinical case of a patient who consulted for a cerebelous syndrome and diplopia associated to 10 kg weight loss in six months and multiple adenopathies. Cerebral imagenology study evidenced the presence of granulamatous masses at the cerebellum and midbrain level, there were no cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. Systemic tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis was done based in finding of acid-fast bacilli positive staining in urine and lymph node biopsy. HIV infection was documented by ELISA serology. CD4 cell count was 590 cell/mm3, classifying the case a AIDS Cl stage. TB was treated according to national guidelines leading to good clinical and imagenology evolution. The clinical case scenario of infratentorial tuberculomas without meningitis as a first manifestation of TB and AIDS is unusual, generating our interest in reporting this case.
Assuntos
Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cerebelares/microbiologia , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cerebelares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cerebelares/tratamento farmacológico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Tuberculoma Intracraniano/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
ABSTRACT This study the analyzed the cellular feasibility of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans in water suspension packed in glass flasks and in colorless (clear) and green bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate PET exposed to direct solar radiation, and with yeast cells added to the water obtained from the public supply system after neutralization of chlorine by sodium thiosulfate. The resulting cellular suspension was distributed in the different kinds of receptacles, which were placed on support trays covered with aluminum foil to increase the incidence of light. At the time intervals of 0; 8; 24; 28; 32; 48; 56; 72 and 76 hours (counting the night period) samples were taken and the cellular feasibility was calculated in a Neubauer chamber. Results showed that direct sun radiation was effective for the cellular elimination of S. cerevisiae and C. albicans present in the water suspension. Results also showed that exposure of water placed in flasks of glass and in colorless (clear) and green bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate for human consumption can be used to diminish water-transmitted disease risks.
RESUMO A fim de analisar a viabilidade celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Candida albicans mantidas em suspensão aquosa acondicionada em frascos de vidro e garrafas de politereftalato de etileno PET incolores e verdes expostas à radiação solar direta, utilizaram-se células das leveduras para contaminar água de abastecimento público após neutralização do cloro por ação do tiossulfato de sódio. A suspensão celular resultante da contaminação foi distribuída nos diferentes tipos de frascos, os quais foram colocados sobre folhas de alumínio que revestiam bandejas utilizadas como suporte de modo a receberem máxima incidência luminosa. Nos intervalos temporais de 0, 8, 24, 28, 32, 48, 56, 72 e 76 horas (computando o período noturno) foram retiradas alíquotas e a viabilidade celular quantificada em câmara de Neubauer. Os resultados indicaram a eficiência da solarização da água para a eliminação celular de S. cerevisiae e C. albicans presentes em suspensão aquosa e evidenciaram que a exposição à radiação solar da água de consumo humano, acondicionada em frascos de vidro e garrafas PET, pode ser utilizada para diminuir o risco de enfermidades de veiculação hídrica.
RESUMO
Se presenta una serie prospectiva de 150 pacientes sometidos a bypass gástrico por laparoscopia debido a obesidad mórbida. En 98 mujeres y 52 hombres con índice de masa corporal promedio de 43,3 kg/m² se realizó un bypass gástrico en "Y" de Roux antecólico, con dos técnicas de anastomosis gastroyeyunal. La morbilidad temprana (< 1 mes) fue de 5,3 por ciento representada principalmente por hemorragia intraabdominal, mientras que la tardía (> 1 mes) fue de 13,8 por ciento, debida en la mayoría de los casos a estenosis de la gastroyeyunoanastomosis. No hubo mortalidad en la serie. Con un seguimiento del 70 por ciento, encontramos pérdidas de exceso de peso del 84 por ciento al año de posoperatorio (valor promedio), con mejoría de comorbilidades de 92,5 por ciento en hipertensión arterial y 59,9 por ciento en diabetes. Se concluye que la técnica de bypass gástrico por laparoscopia, representa una alternativa factible, segura y efectiva para los pacientes con obesidad mórbida.
A prospective series of 150 patients submitted to laparoscopic gastric bypass for morbid obesity is presented. In 92 women and 58 men with a median body mass index of 43.3 kg/m² an antecolic Roux en Y gastric bypass was performed using two techniques of gastrojejunostomy. The early morbidity (< 1 month) was of 5.3 percent mainly represented by intraabdominal bleeding, while the late morbidity (> 1 month) was of 13.8 percent, and in most cases due to stenosis of the gastrojejunal anastomosis. No mortality occurred in the series. With a 70 percent follow up, we found an excess weight loss of 84 percent at first postoperative year (mean value), with co-morbidities improvement of 92.5 percent on hypertension and 59.9 percent on diabetes. We concluded that the technique of laparoscopic gastric bypass is a feasible, safe, and effective alternative for patients with morbid obesity.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Laparoscopia , Obesidade Mórbida , Resultado do Tratamento , Cirurgia Geral , Gastroenterologia , VenezuelaRESUMO
LC-UV and LC-MS methods have been developed which permit the analysis of parthenolide in different Mexican/US feverfew samples and commercial products. The study was undertaken to confirm the presence of parthenolide in Mexican plant samples and its comparison with US feverfew samples. The best results were obtained with a Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) column using gradient mobile phase of water and acetonitrile:methanol (9 : 1). Elution was run at a flow rate of 1.0 mL per min and ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. The results obtained using LC-UV were comparable to those obtained using LC-MS. Parthenolide was detected in all the samples analyzed and is the major chemical constituent of feverfew. The samples collected in Oaxaca, Mexico (0.28%) and Puebla, Mexico (0.25%) showed the highest content of parthenolide. All Parthenium samples were also examined under light and fluorescent microscopy.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/análise , Sesquiterpenos/análise , Tanacetum parthenium/química , Tanacetum/química , Calibragem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectrometria de Massas , México , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Padrões de Referência , Espectrofotometria Ultravioleta , Tanacetum/anatomia & histologia , Tanacetum parthenium/anatomia & histologia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The effects of an ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Ruta chalepensis on the central nervous system (CNS) and LD(50) determination were studied in mice. A crude extract was given systemically and its effects were tested on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, exploratory activity, anxiety and nociception. Results from the experimental models tested showed: (1) a delay in the onset of seizures and a dose-dependent suppression in the tonic phase and mortality induced by PTZ; (2) a prolongation of the time of sodium pentobarbital-induced hypnosis; (3) a significant attenuation in the anxiety-response and (4) a reduction in the licking time and shaking behavior in the formalin-induced nociception test. The sedative-hypnotic potentiation, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant and antinociceptive effects suggest that Ruta chalepensis induces a depressant activity on the CNS.
Assuntos
Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Ruta/química , Animais , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Ansiedade/tratamento farmacológico , Etanol/farmacologia , Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Medição da Dor , Pentobarbital/toxicidade , Pentilenotetrazol/toxicidade , Fitoterapia , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Convulsões/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
El diagnóstico precoz de la infección por Aspergillus del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) es un gran desafío, donde la sospecha clínica fundamentada es clave por la alta letalidad de la entidad aún con tratamiento oportuno. La importante dificultad diagnostica es favorecida por algunas características de la entidad: baja incidencia, compromiso de individuos inmunocomprometidos que presentan múltiples infecciones, manifestaciones neurológicas clínicas e imagenológicas inespecíficas y métodos diagnósticos etiológicos de resultados tardíos. Presentamos el caso de un paciente diabético y alcohólico, con aspergilosis meningovascular precedida en 8 meses por un foco fúngico pulmonar. La presentación clínica fue a la manera de una meningoencefalitis subaguda con: cefalea, vértigo, compromiso de lenguaje, hemiparesia, alteración de conciencia y crisis convulsiva. Se trato con Anfotericina B con recuperación clínica completa. En este artículo revisamos algunos aspectos del compromiso por Aspergillus del SNC: mecanismos patogénicos, formas clínicas, factores de riesgo, principales métodos diagnósticos y alternativas de tratamiento.
Assuntos
Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Aspergilose/diagnóstico , Aspergilose/patologia , Aspergilose/terapia , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Aspergillus/isolamento & purificação , Aspergilose/etiologia , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/microbiologia , Mananas , Meningoencefalite/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/complicações , Vasculite do Sistema Nervoso Central/complicaçõesRESUMO
The crude ethanol extract from the leaves of Zanthoxylum liebmannianum exhibited inhibitory effect on the reproduction of trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica (IC(50)=3.48 microg/ml) and Giardia lamblia (IC(50)=58.00 microg/ml). From this extract, asarinin, hyperin, beta-sitosterol, and beta-sitosterol glucoside were isolated. Among them, asarinin was the most active with IC(50) values of 19.86 microg/ml for E. histolytica and 35.45 microg/ml for G. lamblia. The remaining compounds showed moderate activity against both parasites.
Assuntos
Amebicidas/farmacologia , Antiprotozoários/farmacologia , Entamoeba histolytica/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais , Rosales , Animais , Medicina Tradicional , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
The growth rate of queen conch cultured in pens was studied from October 1993 to March 1994. Sixteen pens (50 m2 each, four pens per environment), were set in four environments: Thalassia, Thalassia-sand, Sand and Coral within a reef lagoon on Punta Gavilan and Banco Chinchorro. Twenty conchs were introduced in each pen (sizes: 100-120, 120-140, 140-160 and 160-180 mm shell length) and measured monthly to the nearest mm. Growth rate was assessed by two methods: a) shell marginal mean increase and b) the Gulland-Holt method considering all conch within pens. In the first method, the environment Sand had the highest growth (3.21 +/- 0.26 mm/month) at Punta Gavilan, whereas at Banco Chinchorro, highest growth was recorded in Coral (2.31 +/- 0.44 mm/month). Considering the second method, highest asymptotic length conch in Punta Gavilan occurred in Thalassia-sand (287.5 mm), whereas in Banco Chinchorro the highest asymptotic length was measured in Sand (318.1 mm). There were significant differences in growth between sites; juvenile growth is related with habitat quality mainly food availability.
Assuntos
Caramujos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Água Doce , México , Densidade Demográfica , Água do MarRESUMO
Para conocer la composición, abundancia y distribución de larvas de gastrópodos, se realizaron muestreos mensuales de abril a diciembre de 1996 en el sur de Quintana Roo, México y norte de Belice. Las recolectas se hicieron en seis sitios de Banco Chinchorro, cuatro de la costa sur y seis en Hol-Chan, Belice. Las recolectas fueron hechas entre las 10 y 20 hrs, se bombearon 2.5 m3 de agua de mar por recolecta en un tiempo de diez minutos, filtrando a los organismos en una malla de 202 µm. Se identificaron un total de 27 especies de moluscos, las especies de mayor abundancia y de más amplia distribución en cada zona fueron: en la costa sur Rissoina sp. 1, Limacina sp. 1 y Natica sp., en Banco Chinchorro, Limacina sp. 1, Creseis acicula, Cerithiopsis hero y Rissoina sp. 1 y en Hol-Chan, Limacina sp. 2, Alaba incerta y Rissoina sp. 1. En general la mayor abundancia de moluscos se presentó en la época de lluvias. Aparentemente la presencia de corrientes y vientos fuertes y otros factores biológicos como el alimento, controlan la distribución y abundancia de las larvas.
Assuntos
Animais , Moluscos , Água do Mar , Oceano Atlântico , Belize , Larva , México , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
1. The effects of chronic pharmacological modulation of L-type Ca2+ channel activity on the cell surface expression of Na+ channels were examined in GH3 cells. 2. Prolonged inhibition (4-5 days) of L-channels with nimodipine caused a 50-60 % decrease in the peak amplitude of whole-cell Na+ currents recorded with the patch-clamp technique. On the contrary, prolonged exposure to the L-channel agonist Bay K 8644 induced an approximately 2.5-fold increase in peak Na+ current. In both cases, there were only minor changes in cell capacitance and no significant changes in Na+ channel gating properties. 3. Measurements of the specific binding of radiolabelled saxitoxin to intact cells showed that nimodipine treatment reduced the number of cell surface Na+ channels, whereas treatment with Bay K 8664 produced the opposite effect. The dual regulation of Na+ channel abundance explained the mentioned changes in Na+ current amplitude. 4. Plasma membrane Na+ channels had a half-life of approximately 17 h both in control cells and in cells treated with Bay K 8644, as estimated from the rate of decay of peak Na+ current after inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide. Actinomycin D, an inhibitor of gene transcription, and also cycloheximide, occluded the stimulatory effect of Bay K 8644 on Na+ current density when measured over a 24 h period. 5. These findings indicate that the entry of Ca2+ through L-type channels influences in a positive way the number of functional Na+ channels in GH3 cells, and suggest that Ca2+ influx stimulates either Na+ channel gene expression or the expression of a regulatory protein that promotes translocation of pre-assembled Na+ channels into the plasma membrane.