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Background: There is a vast body of literature covering the association between air pollution exposure and nonaccidental mortality. However, the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in this relationship is still not fully understood. Objectives: We investigated if individual and contextual SES modified the relationship between short-term exposure to ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 µm (PM10) on cardiovascular, respiratory, and all nonaccidental mortality. Methods: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study. Analyses were based on information on 280,685 deaths from 2011 to 2015 in the city of São Paulo. Education was used as an individual SES, and information on the district of residence was used to build a contextual SES. Exposure to PM10, NO2, and O3 was accessed from monitoring stations and linked to each case based on the date of death. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of air pollutants, and interaction terms were added to access the effect modification of SES. Results: Individuals with lower education had an increased chance of dying for all nonaccidental outcomes (1.54% [0.91%, 2.14%]) associated with exposure to PM10. Individuals living in lower SES areas had an increased chance of dying for nonaccidental (0.52% [0.16%, 0.88%]), cardiovascular (1.17% [0.88%, 1.46%]), and respiratory (1.70% [0.47%, 2.93%]) causes owing to NO2 exposure. Conclusion: Exposure to air pollutants increases the chance of dying by nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory causes. Lower educational levels and living on lower contextual SES increased the risk of mortality associated with air pollution exposure.

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OBJECTIVE: To build an integrated database of individual and service data from the cohort of people who started antiretroviral therapy (ART), from 2015 to 2018, in Brazil. METHODS: Open cohort study that includes people aged 15 years or older who started ART from 2015 to 2018, with follow-up in services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and who responded to the 2016/2017 Qualiaids national survey. The source of individual data was the related HIV database, derived from the probabilistic linkage between data from the SUS systems of diagnostic information, medication, tests, and deaths. The data source for the services was the services' response database to the Qualiaids survey. After analysis of consistency and exclusions, the database of individuals was deterministically related to the database of services. RESULTS: The cohort comprised 132,540 people monitored in 941 SUS services. Of these services, 59% are located in the Southeast region and 49% followed 51 to 500 cohort participants. The average performance of organization and management of patient care ranged from 29% to 75%. Most of the cohort participants are male, black and mixed, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and have between 4 and 11 years of schooling. Median baseline T-CD4 was 419 cells/mm3, 6% had an episode of tuberculosis, and 2% died of HIV disease. CONCLUSION: For the first time in Brazil, this cohort provides the opportunity for a joint analysis of individual factors and services in the production of positive and negative clinical outcomes of HIV treatment.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To build an integrated database of individual and service data from the cohort of people who started antiretroviral therapy (ART), from 2015 to 2018, in Brazil. METHODS Open cohort study that includes people aged 15 years or older who started ART from 2015 to 2018, with follow-up in services of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), and who responded to the 2016/2017 Qualiaids national survey. The source of individual data was the related HIV database, derived from the probabilistic linkage between data from the SUS systems of diagnostic information, medication, tests, and deaths. The data source for the services was the services' response database to the Qualiaids survey. After analysis of consistency and exclusions, the database of individuals was deterministically related to the database of services. RESULTS The cohort comprised 132,540 people monitored in 941 SUS services. Of these services, 59% are located in the Southeast region and 49% followed 51 to 500 cohort participants. The average performance of organization and management of patient care ranged from 29% to 75%. Most of the cohort participants are male, black and mixed, aged between 20 and 39 years old, and have between 4 and 11 years of schooling. Median baseline T-CD4 was 419 cells/mm3, 6% had an episode of tuberculosis, and 2% died of HIV disease. CONCLUSION For the first time in Brazil, this cohort provides the opportunity for a joint analysis of individual factors and services in the production of positive and negative clinical outcomes of HIV treatment.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Construir uma base integrada de dados individuais e dos serviços da coorte de pessoas que iniciaram terapia antirretroviral (TARV) entre 2015 e 2018 no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo de coorte aberta que incluiu pessoas de 15 anos ou mais que iniciaram TARV entre 2015 e 2018, com acompanhamento em serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), e que responderam ao inquérito nacional Qualiaids de 2016/2017. A fonte de dados individuais foi o banco relacionado do HIV, proveniente do relacionamento probabilístico entre dados dos sistemas de informação de diagnóstico, medicação, exames e óbitos do SUS. A fonte de dados dos serviços foi o banco de respostas dos serviços ao inquérito Qualiaids. Após análise de consistência e exclusões, o banco dos indivíduos foi relacionado deterministicamente com o banco de serviços. RESULTADOS A coorte reuniu 132.540 pessoas acompanhadas em 941 serviços do SUS. Desses serviços, 59% localizam-se na região Sudeste e 49% acompanharam 51 a 500 participantes da coorte. O desempenho médio de organização e gerência da assistência ao paciente variou de 29% a 75%. A maioria dos participantes da coorte é do sexo masculino, preto e pardo, com idade entre 20 e 39 anos e tem entre 4 e 11 anos de escolaridade. O T-CD4 mediano basal foi de 419 células/mm3, 6% tiveram episódio de tuberculose e 2% foram a óbito por doença do HIV. CONCLUSÃO A coorte oportuniza pela primeira vez no Brasil a análise conjunta de fatores individuais e dos serviços na produção dos desfechos clínicos positivos e negativos do tratamento do HIV.

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BACKGROUND: Several studies have examined whether air pollution is associated with adverse births outcomes, but it is not clear if socioeconomic status (SES) modifies this relationship. OBJECTIVES: We investigated if maternal education and area-level socioeconomic status modified the relationship between ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 µm (PM10) on preterm births (PTB; gestational age <37 weeks) and term low birth weight (TLBW; weight < 2500 g on term deliveries). METHODS: Analyses were based on almost 1 million singleton live births in São Paulo municipality between 2011 and 2016. The final sample included 979,306 births for PTB analysis and 888,133 for TLBW analysis. Exposure to PM10, NO2 and O3 were based on date of birth and estimated for the entire gestation and for each trimester. Multilevel logistic regression models were conducted to examine the effect of air pollutants on both adverse birth outcomes and whether it was modified by individual and area-level SES. RESULTS: In fully adjusted models, over the entire pregnancy, a 10 µg/m3 increase in O3 and PM10 was associated with increased chance of PTB (odds ratio; OR = 1.14 CI 1.13, 1.16 and 1.08 CI = 1.02, 1.15 respectively) and PM10 with TLBW (OR = 1.08 CI 1.03, 1.14). Associations were modified by maternal educational and area-level SES for both outcomes. Mothers of lower education had an additional chance of PTB and TLBW due to PM10 exposure (OR = 1.04 CI 1.04, 1.05 and 1.10 CI 1.08, 1.14 respectively), while mothers living in low SES areas have an additional chance for TLBW (OR = 1.05 CI 1.03, 1.06). Similar modification effects were found for O3 exposure. Trimester specific associations were weaker but followed a similar pattern. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic status modifies the effect of air pollution on adverse birth outcomes. Results indicate that mothers with lower SES may be more susceptible to air pollution effects.

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Resumo: Concentrações de cromo total entre 0,45 e 110µg/L têm sido detectadas, no Sistema Aquífero Bauru (SAB) no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, excedendo, algumas vezes, o padrão de qualidade adotado pela legislação brasileira, que é de 50μg/L. Segundo a Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), parte do cromo é composta pela forma hexavalente [Cr(VI)], que apresenta controversas evidências quanto à carcinogenicidade por via oral. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da exposição ao Cr(VI) em baixas doses na mortalidade por câncer gástrico da população entre 15 e 75 anos ou mais, que consumiu água do SAB, no período entre 2004 e 2015. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico em 326 municípios situados no Planalto Ocidental Paulista e que usam água do SAB. As associações foram estimadas pelo modelo de regressão linear, utilizando-se indicadores de exposição ao cromo (proxy) e razão de mortalidade padronizada (RMP) para as neoplasias gástricas como variável resposta. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) foi empregado para controlar possíveis diferenças socioeconômicas da população investigada. A RMP estimada para o câncer gástrico correspondeu a 79% dos óbitos esperados, sendo que o risco foi menor nos municípios que têm água tratada pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), com especial atenção para a população feminina (β = -0,146; IC95%: -0,270; -0,021; p = 0,022). Embora os dados da pesquisa sejam limitados, em 77 (23,6%) dos municípios avaliados, houve aumento do risco de câncer gástrico. Dentre esses, quase 70% se abastecem de manancial subterrâneo, associado às bacias hidrográficas com anomalias geoquímicas de Cr(VI).

Abstract: Total chromium concentrations from 0.45 to 110µg/L have been detected in the Bauru Water Table in the São Paulo State, Brazil, sometimes exceeding the quality threshold adopted by Brazilian legislation, which is 50μg/L. According to the São Paulo State Environmental Company (CETESB), part of the chromium consists of the hexavalent form [Cr(VI)], which presents controversial evidence as to carcinogenicity by the oral route. This article aims to evaluate the effect of exposure to low-dose Cr(VI) on gastric cancer mortality in the population 15 to 75 years and older who consumed water from the Bauru Water Table from 2004 to 2015. An ecological study was performed in 326 municipalities situated in the Western São Paulo High Plain and that used water from the Bauru Water Table. The associations were estimated via linear regression, using indicators of exposure to chromium (proxy) and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for gastric neoplasms as the response variable. The Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) was used to control for possible socioeconomic differences in the target population. The estimated SMR for gastric cancer corresponded to 79% of the expected deaths, and the risk was lower in municipalities that have water treated by the São Paulo State Basic Sanitation Company (SABESP), with special attention to the female population (β = -0.146; 95%CI: -0.270; -0.021; p = 0.022). Although the research data are limited, 77 (23.6%) of the municipalities evaluated reveal an increase in the risk of gastric cancer. Among these, nearly 70% are supplied by water tables associated with river basins with geochemical Cr(VI) anomalies.

Resumen: Concentraciones de cromo total entre 0,45 y 110µg/L han sido detectadas en el Sistema Acuífero Bauru (SAB) en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, excediendo algunas veces el patrón de calidad adoptado por la legislación brasileña, que es de 50μg/L. Según la Compañía Ambiental del Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), parte del cromo está compuesto por la forma hexavalente [Cr(VI)], que presenta controvertidas evidencias respecto a la carcinogenicidad por vía oral. Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la exposición al Cr(VI) en bajas dosis en la mortalidad por cáncer gástrico de la población entre 15 y 75 años o más, que consumió agua del SAB, en el período entre 2004 y 2015. Se realizó un estudio ecológico en 326 municipios situados en el Planalto Occidental Paulista y que usan agua del SAB. Las asociaciones fueron estimadas por el modelo de regresión lineal, utilizándose indicadores de exposición al cromo (proxy) y razón de mortalidad estandarizada (RMP) para las neoplasias gástricas como variable de respuesta. El Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal (IDHM) se empleó para controlar posibles diferencias socioeconómicas de la población investigada. La RMP estimada para el cáncer gástrico correspondió a un 79% de los óbitos esperados, siendo que el riesgo fue menor en los municipios que tienen agua tratada por la Compañía de Saneamiento Básico del Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), con especial atención para la población femenina (β = -0,146; IC95%: -0,270; -0,021; p = 0,022). A pesar de que los datos de la investigación sean limitados, en 77 (23,6%) de los municipios evaluados hubo un aumento del riesgo de cáncer gástrico. Entre estos, casi un 70% se abastecen de manantial subterráneo, asociado a las cuencas hidrográficas con anomalías geoquímicas de Cr(VI).

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Objective to analyze the prevalence of respiratory diseases and diarrhea among recyclable material cooperative workers in São Paulo City, Brazil, and associated factors. Methods this was a cross-sectional study conducted in three cooperatives, with data collected through structured interviews and measurement of environmental fungal concentration; Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR). Results 156 individuals were interviewed; the highest asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diarrhea prevalence rates occurred in cooperatives with higher total fungal concentration; highest adjusted prevalence of asthma was found in Cooperative A (PR=8.44 - 95%CI 1.09;65.37), and highest adjusted prevalence of diarrhea was found in Cooperative C (PR=2.09 - 95%CI 1.11;3.94), compared to Cooperative B; the highest COPD prevalence was found in smokers and former smokers (PR=8.66 - 95% CI 2.84;26.35). Conclusion fungal control measures must be adopted for disease prevention in recyclable material cooperatives.

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Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de doenças respiratórias e diarreia em trabalhadores de cooperativas de materiais recicláveis do município de São Paulo, Brasil, e fatores associados. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado em três cooperativas, com dados coletados por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e medição da concentração fúngica ambiental; utilizou-se regressão de Poisson para estimar razões de prevalência (RP). Resultados: foram entrevistados 156 indivíduos; as maiores prevalências de asma, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e diarreia ocorreram nas cooperativas de maior concentração fúngica total; observou-se maior prevalência ajustada de asma na cooperativa A (RP=8,44 - IC95% 1,09;65,37) e de diarreia na C (RP=2,09 - IC95% 1,11;3,94), em relação à cooperativa B; a maior prevalência de DPOC foi observada em fumantes e ex-fumantes (RP=8,66 - IC95% 2,84;26,35). Conclusão: medidas de controle fúngico devem ser adotadas como prevenção de doenças em cooperativas de materiais recicláveis.

Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de enfermedades respiratorias y diarrea en trabajadores de cooperativas de materiales reciclables en São Paulo, Brasil, y factores asociados. Métodos: estudio transversal en tres cooperativas, con datos recopilados por entrevistas estructuradas y medición de la concentración fungica ambiental; se usó la regresión de Poisson para estimar las razones de prevalencia (RP). Resultados: 156 personas fueron entrevistadas; la mayor prevalencia de asma, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y diarrea se produjo en cooperativas con la mayor concentración fúngica total; se observó una mayor prevalencia ajustada de asma en la cooperativa A (RP=8,44 - IC95% 1,09;65,37) y diarrea en C (RP=2,09 - IC95% 1,11;3,94), en comparación con la cooperativa B; la mayor prevalencia de EPOC se observó en los fumadores y ex fumadores (RP=8,66 - IC95% 2,84;26,35). Conclusión: se deben adoptar medidas de control fúngica como prevención de enfermedades en cooperativas de materiales reciclables.

Objective: to analyze the prevalence of respiratory diseases and diarrhea among recyclable material cooperative workers in São Paulo City, Brazil, and associated factors. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study conducted in three cooperatives, with data collected through structured interviews and measurement of environmental fungal concentration; Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR). Results: 156 individuals were interviewed; the highest asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diarrhea prevalence rates occurred in cooperatives with higher total fungal concentration; highest adjusted prevalence of asthma was found in Cooperative A (PR=8.44 - 95%CI 1.09;65.37), and highest adjusted prevalence of diarrhea was found in Cooperative C (PR=2.09 - 95%CI 1.11;3.94), compared to Cooperative B; the highest COPD prevalence was found in smokers and former smokers (PR=8.66 - 95% CI 2.84;26.35). Conclusion: fungal control measures must be adopted for disease prevention in recyclable material cooperatives.

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The use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is a worldwide public health concern given that high levels of these compounds in humans and animals can lead to serious health problems. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of 15 organochlorine pesticides in the serum of 547 blood donors in the São Paulo metropolitan region (SPMR) in 2009 and to investigate factors associated with higher levels of these compounds. The OCPs were determined by gas chromatography with micro electron capture detection. Multiple ordinal logistic regression models were employed to determine the factors associated with higher levels. Only ß-HCH and p,p'-DDE had a significant number of samples above the limit of quantification. Factors associated with higher levels of ß-HCH were age within 26 to 35 years (OR = 3.1 [1.05-9.09]), age within 36 to 45 years (OR = 18.27 [6.89-48.91]), and female gender (OR = 0.44 [0.24-0.82] for men). p,p'-DDE levels were associated with age within 26 to 35 years (OR = 2.65 [1.20-3.45]), age within 36 to 45 years (OR = 4.59 [2.64-7.92]), female gender (OR = 0.86 [0.43-0.94] for men), and previous work with pesticides (OR = 2.88 [1.22-6.84]). Lower levels of p,p'-DDE were associated with an income of 3 to 5 minimum wages (OR = 0.38 [0.19-0.75]) and with intake of foods from animal origin up to twice a week (OR = 0.15 [0.03-0.72]) and more than twice a week (OR = 0.10 [0.02-0.47]). The results of this study indicate that the study group was not exposed to high levels of OCPs.

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Various fractions of particulate matter have been associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The purpose of our study is to analyze the associations between concentrations of PM2.5, PM2.5-10, PM10 and their chemical constituents (soluble ions) with hospital admissions due to circulatory and respiratory diseases among the elderly in a medium-sized city in Brazil. A time series study was conducted using Poisson regression with generalized additive models adjusted for confounders. Statistically significant associations were identified between PM10 and PM2.5-10 and respiratory diseases. Risks of hospitalization increased by 23.5% (95% CI: 13.5; 34.3) and 12.8% (95% CI: 6.0; 20.0) per 10 µg/m³ of PM2.5-10 and PM10, respectively. PM2.5 exhibited a significant association with circulatory system diseases, with the risk of hospitalization increasing by 19.6% (95% CI: 6.4; 34.6) per 10 µg/m³. Regarding the chemical species; SO4(2-), NO3(-), NH4⁺ and K⁺ exhibited specific patterns of risk, relative to the investigated outcomes. Overall, SO4(2-) in PM2.5-10 and K⁺ in PM2.5 were associated with increased risk of hospital admissions due to both types of diseases. The results agree with evidence indicating that the risks for different health outcomes vary in relation to the fractions and chemical composition of PM10. Thus, PM10 speciation studies may contribute to the establishment of more selective pollution control policies.

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BACKGROUND: There is a global growing trend of preterm births and a decline trend of fetal deaths. Is there an impact of the decline of fetal mortality on the increase of preterm live births in State of Sao Paulo, Brazil? METHODS: The time trends were evaluated by gestational age through exponential regression analysis. Data analyzed included the fetal mortality ratio, proportion of preterm live births, fertility rate of women 35 years and over, prenatal care, mother's education, multiple births and cesarean section deliveries. A survival analysis was carried out for 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: Preterm births showed the highest annual increase (3.2%) in the less than 28 weeks of gestation group and fetal mortality ratio decreased (7.4%) in the same gestational age group. There was an increase of cesarean section births and it was higher in the < 28 weeks group (6.1%). There was a decreased annual trend of mothers with inadequate prenatal care (6.1%) and low education (8.8%) and an increased trend in multiple births and fertility rates of women of 35 years and over. The variables were highly correlated to which other over time. In 2000, 8.2% of all pregnancies resulted in preterm births (0.9% in fetal deaths and 7.3% in live births). In 2010, the preterm birth increased to 9.4% (0.8% were preterm fetal deaths and 8.6% preterm live births). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that 45.2% could be the maximum contribution of successful interventions to prevent a fetal death on the increase in preterm live births. This increasing trend is also related to changes of the women reproductive profile with the change of the women reproductive profile and access to prenatal care.

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