RESUMO
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate longitudinal associations between physical activity levels and obesity in adults in Colombia, where participation in large amounts of light-intensity physical activity is a necessity for many people. METHODS: Participation in moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity was assessed from 2005 to 2009, and obesity was assessed from 2011 to 2019 in men and women from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Total physical activity level was categorized as low (<600 MET·min·wk -1 ), medium (600-3000 MET·min·wk -1 ), or high (>3000 MET·min·wk -1 ; 600 MET·min·wk -1 is equivalent to 150 min of moderate activity or 75 min of vigorous activity per week). Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg·m -2 . Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, socioeconomic status, diet, alcohol, sedentary time, and sleep. RESULTS: The main analysis included 3086 men and women aged 51 ± 9 yr at baseline (mean ± SD). Compared with the low physical activity group, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for obesity was 0.67 (0.53-0.85) in the medium physical activity group and 0.78 (0.62-0.98) in the high physical activity group after adjustment for potential confounders. Smoking is probably a major confounder, and it is noteworthy that similar associations were observed in participants who reported never smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The PURE study is the only prospective cohort study in Colombia. The present analysis is important because it suggests that even the busy people of Colombia could substantially reduce their risk of obesity by participating in moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity.
Assuntos
Exercício Físico , Obesidade , Humanos , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Massa Corporal , Comportamento Sedentário , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos LongitudinaisRESUMO
Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) through acoustic recorder units (ARUs) shows promise in detecting early landscape changes linked to functional and structural patterns, including species richness, acoustic diversity, community interactions, and human-induced threats. However, current approaches primarily rely on supervised methods, which require prior knowledge of collected datasets. This reliance poses challenges due to the large volumes of ARU data. In this work, we propose a non-supervised framework using autoencoders to extract soundscape features. We applied this framework to a dataset from Colombian landscapes captured by 31 audiomoth recorders. Our method generates clusters based on autoencoder features and represents cluster information with prototype spectrograms using centroid features and the decoder part of the neural network. Our analysis provides valuable insights into the distribution and temporal patterns of various sound compositions within the study area. By utilizing autoencoders, we identify significant soundscape patterns characterized by recurring and intense sound types across multiple frequency ranges. This comprehensive understanding of the study area's soundscape allows us to pinpoint crucial sound sources and gain deeper insights into its acoustic environment. Our results encourage further exploration of unsupervised algorithms in soundscape analysis as a promising alternative path for understanding and monitoring environmental changes.
RESUMO
Soundscape ecology is a promising area that studies landscape patterns based on their acoustic composition. It focuses on the distribution of biotic and abiotic sounds at different frequencies of the landscape acoustic attribute and the relationship of said sounds with ecosystem health metrics and indicators (e.g., species richness, acoustic biodiversity, vectors of structural change, gradients of vegetation cover, landscape connectivity, and temporal and spatial characteristics). To conduct such studies, researchers analyze recordings from Acoustic Recording Units (ARUs). The increasing use of ARUs and their capacity to record hours of audio for months at a time have created a need for automatic processing methods to reduce time consumption, correlate variables implicit in the recordings, extract features, and characterize sound patterns related to landscape attributes. Consequently, traditional machine learning methods have been commonly used to process data on different characteristics of soundscapes, mainly the presence-absence of species. In addition, it has been employed for call segmentation, species identification, and sound source clustering. However, some authors highlight the importance of the new approaches that use unsupervised deep learning methods to improve the results and diversify the assessed attributes. In this paper, we present a systematic review of machine learning methods used in the field of ecoacoustics for data processing. It includes recent trends, such as semi-supervised and unsupervised deep learning methods. Moreover, it maintains the format found in the reviewed papers. First, we describe the ARUs employed in the papers analyzed, their configuration, and the study sites where the datasets were collected. Then, we provide an ecological justification that relates acoustic monitoring to landscape features. Subsequently, we explain the machine learning methods followed to assess various landscape attributes. The results show a trend towards label-free methods that can process the large volumes of data gathered in recent years. Finally, we discuss the need to adopt methods with a machine learning approach in other biological dimensions of landscapes.
RESUMO
Hypertension awareness and control is poor in low- and middle-income countries. Thus, implementing strategies to increase hypertension detection is needed. Colombia participated as one of the 92 countries involved in the third campaign of the May Measurement Month in 2019. Blood pressure (BP) was measured in 48 324 volunteers from 13 departments in Colombia. In total, 27.9% individuals were identified with hypertension. Of those with hypertension, 63.7% were aware of their condition, 60.0% were on antihypertensive medication, and 38.4% had controlled BP. These results showed low levels of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in this sample of subjects volunteered to participate, suggest the urgent necessity of implementing programmes to improve the diagnosis and management of hypertension in Colombia.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adiposity is a major component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), low muscle strength has also been identified as a risk factor for MetS and for cardiovascular disease. We describe the prevalence of MetS and evaluate the relationship between muscle strength, anthropometric measures of adiposity, and associations with the cluster of the components of MetS, in a middle-income country. METHODS: MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria. To assess the association between anthropometric variables (waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (W/H), body mass index (BMI)), strength (handgrip/kg bodyweight (HGS/BW)) and the cluster of MetS, we created a MetS score. For each alteration (high triglycerides, low HDLc, dysglycemia, or high blood pressure) one point was conferred. To evaluate the association an index of fat:muscle and MetS score, participants were divided into 9 groups based on combinations of sex-specific tertiles of WC and HGS/BW. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MetS in the 5,026 participants (64% women; mean age 51.2 years) was 42%. Lower HGS/BW, and higher WC, BMI, and W/H were associated with a higher MetS score. Amongst the 9 HGS/BW:WC groups, participants in the lowest tertile of HGS/BW and the highest tertile of WC had a higher MetS score (OR = 4.69 in women and OR = 8.25 in men;p < 0.01) compared to those in the highest tertile of HGS/BW and in the lowest tertile of WC. CONCLUSION: WC was the principal risk factor for a high MetS score and an inverse association between HGS/BW and MetS score was found. Combining these anthropometric measures improved the prediction of metabolic alterations over either alone.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Força da Mão , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Obesidade Abdominal/diagnóstico , Circunferência da Cintura , Adulto , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Background: Chronic non-communicable diseases are prevalent conditions in developing countries, such as Colombia. Several socioeconomic and educational factors have been associated with these pathologies. However, there is little country-specific information regarding the self-reported prevalence of chronic diseases and their association with the aforementioned factors in Colombia. Objectives: To evaluate the current situation of chronic non-transmissible diseases in Colombia by self-report and to analyze its potential relationship with sociodemographic, economic and educational factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional baseline sub-analysis from the prospective, standardized collaborative PURE study in Colombia. Participants were recruited between 2005 to 2009, in 11 departments of the country, and included 7,485 subjects of 35 to 70 years old. Questionnaires of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases, and demographic, socioeconomic and educational variables were applied. Results: Hypertension was the most prevalent chronic condition reported with a prevalence of 22.2% (21.2%-23.1%, 95% CI), followed by diabetes with a prevalence of 5.7% (5.1%-6.2%, 95% CI), asthma 2.7% (2.2%-3.0%, 95% CI), coronary heart disease 2.4% (2.0%-2.7%, 95% CI), stroke and heart failure 1.5% (1.2%-1.8%, 95% CI) each, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1.2% (0.6%-1.5%, 95% CI), and cancer 1.2% (1.0%-1.5%, 95% CI). Among the study sample, 23.3% (22.4%-24.3%, 95% CI) reported having one chronic NCDs, and 6.4% (5.9%-7.0%, 95% CI) reported having multiple chronic NCDs. The prevalence of multiple NCDs increased significantly with age, was more common in those from households with higher income, whereas it was significantly lower in persons with high education.The central and central-east regions of the country are those with the higher prevalence of self-reported NCDs. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate the presence of socioeconomic and educational inequalities in the distribution of chronic NCDs in the Colombian population.
Assuntos
Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Autorrelato , Adulto , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças não Transmissíveis/economia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Orthohantaviruses are still a significant public health threat in endemic countries, with high case fatality rates (CFR). In Bolivia, the reporting of small outbreaks occurred until 2012. The findings of 40 laboratory-confirmed cases diagnosed in two departments are reported herein. METHODS: This was an observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study. Data on laboratory-confirmed cases in 2018 were collected from the hospitals and departmental health services (SEDES) of Santa Cruz and Tarija. An ELISA was used for the detection of IgM antibody to hantavirus in the patient blood samples. RESULTS: Forty patients were IgM-positive. The median age of the patients was 24 years (interquartile range 19-41 years) and 72.5% were male. All patients were hospitalized; 57.5% were admitted to the intensive care unit and had cardiopulmonary compromise, with 83% of these presenting acute respiratory distress syndrome and 89.5% of these requiring mechanical ventilation. Six patients died (CFR 15%). Patients <15 or >60 years old were more prone to die (odds ratio 10.33, 95% confidence interval 1.411-75.694), as were those with comorbidities (odds ratio 16.5, 95% confidence interval 1.207-225.540). CONCLUSIONS: Orthohantavirus infections were associated with a high CFR. These cases occurred in areas with eco-epidemiological conditions facilitating viral transmission, including the presence of rodents, as well as the risk of spillover to humans due to social, environmental, and occupational factors.
Assuntos
Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/virologia , Orthohepadnavirus/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Bolívia/epidemiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/mortalidade , Humanos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Orthohepadnavirus/classificação , Orthohepadnavirus/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Despite the availability of efficient methods to evaluate blood pressure (BP) and of safe and efficient medication to treat and control hypertension, the levels of awareness, treatment and control are very low globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To highlight the importance of improving these rates, the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) endorsed by the World Hypertension League have implemented the May Measurement Month initiative. We present here the results obtained in Colombia. The Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL) led the implementation of this strategy in Colombia and 11 departments participated. The data collection followed the guidelines of the ISH. The information collected was compiled for the report generation and the submission to the Technical Secretariat of the ISH. Data cleaning was performed locally by FOSCAL. Data were collated and analysed centrally. A total of 22 258 participants (58.8% female) were included in the analysis. Mean age was 40.9 ± 17.7 years. Age and sex-standardized BP excluding participants receiving BP medications was 118/74.3 mmHg, and in those on treatment 125/78 mmHg. High BP was present in 5036 (22.8%) individuals, 1637 of 18 644 (8.8%) who were not receiving anti-hypertensive medications were hypertensive, and 961 of 3359 (28.6%) receiving treatment were not controlled. These results highlight the need to develop innovative promotion strategies at individual and population levels to increase the awareness of the importance of BP, and the consequences of not having well-controlled hypertension. This initiative is an effective and easy to implement strategy that should be maintained in the coming years.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Worldwide, a third of ischemic heart disease is due to abnormal cholesterol levels and it is the most common cause of cardiovascular deaths in Colombia. In Colombia, no representative, large-scale study has assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia. The aim of the present analysis was to identify the magnitude of the problem in Colombia, a middle-income-country with large regional, geographic, and socio-economical differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised 6628 individuals aged 35 to 70â¯years (mean age 50.7â¯years, 64.1% women) residing in the four Colombian regions. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 87.7% and was substantially higher among participants older than 50â¯years, male, rural residents, and those with a lower level of education (66.8%), and with a lower income (66.4%). High non HDL-c was the most common abnormality (75.3%). The values of total cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol were higher in areas with the lowest health needs index than in the areas with intermediate and highest health need index, the isolated HDL-c value was much lower. CONCLUSION: Colombia has a high prevalence of abnormalities of the lipid profile. The causes of the high rates of dyslipidemia were not well define in this study, but were more common in rural and poorer regions and among those with lower socio-economical status. Strategies to tackle the adverse lipid profile to reduce CVD are needed in Colombia, particularly in rural areas and among the areas with the higher health need index.
Assuntos
Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Medição de Risco/métodos , População Rural , População Urbana , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Dislipidemias/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Hypertension is the principal risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The global Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study showed that the levels of awareness, treatment and control of this condition are very low worldwide and show large regional variations related to a country's income index. The aim of the present analysis was to identify associations between sociodemographic, geographic, anthropometric, behavioral and clinical factors and the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension within Colombia - a high-middle income country which participated in the global Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The sample comprised 7485 individuals aged 35-70 years (mean age 50.8 years, 64% women). Mean SBP and DBP were 129.12â±â21.23 and 80.39â±â11.81âmmHg, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 37.5% and was substantially higher amongst participants with the lowest educational level, who had a 25% higher prevalence (<0.001). Hypertension awareness, treatment amongst those aware, and control amongst those treated were 51.9, 77.5 and 37.1%, respectively. The prevalence of hypertension was higher amongst those with a higher BMI (<0.001) or larger waist-hip ratio (<0.001). Being male, younger, a rural resident and having a low level of education was associated with significantly lower hypertension awareness, treatment and control. The use of combination therapy was very low (27.5%) and was significantly lower in rural areas and amongst those with a low income. CONCLUSION: Overall Colombia has a high prevalence of hypertension in combination with very low levels of awareness, treatment and control; however, we found large variations within the country that appear to be associated with sociodemographic disparities.
Assuntos
Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Quimioterapia Combinada/estatística & dados numéricos , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Renda , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sexuais , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Relação Cintura-QuadrilRESUMO
El síndrome de hipertensión pulmonar persistente del recién nacido es una entidad clínica que se presenta ante algunos factores de riesgo, condicionada por una alta presión en la arteria pulmonar de forma persistente que altera la transición de la circulación fetal a la posnatal. Objetivo: Realizar una guía de práctica clínica para la atención de estos pacientes. Metodología: Se siguieron las pautas definidas por el Ministerio de Protección Social de Colombia en su guía metodológica para la elaboración de guías de práctica clínica basadas en la evidencia. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda de la literatura en las bases Lilacs, Embase, Pubmed, Mdconsult, Cochrane, Scopus, clinicaltrials.gov y buscadores de internet, en inglés y en español Discusión: En el recién nacido ocurre en 1,9 por 1.000 nacidos vivos y su incidencia está estimada en el 0,2% de todos los recién nacidos vivos. Se considera un problema clínico importante en nuestra unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal, ya que contribuye a la morbimortalidad de los a término y pretérmino. No corresponde a una patología única, y puede ser tanto primaria como secundaria. Se analizan condiciones como asfixia in útero y perinatal, infección, aspiración de meconio, síndrome de distrés respiratorio e hipoplasia pulmonar, responsables de los principales motivos de ingreso a la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Conclusión: Es fundamental el diagnóstico temprano de la causa subyacente para iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.
Persistent pulmonary hypertension syndrome of the newborn is a clinical condition that occurs in the presence of some risk factors, conditioned by persistent high pressure in the pulmonary artery that alters the transition from foetal to neonatal circulation. Objective: To create a clinical practice guideline for managing these patients. Methodology: The principles defined by the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection in its instructions to develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines were followed. Materials and methods: A search was made in the literature using Lilacs, Embase, PubMed, Mdconsult, Cochrane, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov databases and internet browsers, in English and Spanish. Discussion: This syndrome occurs in 1.9 per 1000 of live births, and its incidence is estimated at 0.2% of all live-born infants. It is considered an important problem in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) as it contributes to morbidity and mortality in preterm or term infants. It is not a singular disease, and may be primary or secondary. An analysis is also presented of the conditions that account for the main reasons for admission to the NICU such as in-utero and perinatal asphyxia, infection, meconium aspiration syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, and hypoplastic lungs. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of the underlying cause is critical in order to initiate adequate treatment.