RESUMO

In an entomological study in 2002, the degree of domestic and peridomestic infestation with triatomine bugs and the geographical distribution of such infestations were investigated in north-central Guatemala. The survey team searched for triatomines in houses constructed with mud walls or thatched roofs, in villages suspected of being infested. The level of infestation observed was lower than that seen in the same area and in eastern Guatemala, in a preliminary survey, 3 years earlier. Most of the infestations detected were of Triatoma dimidiata but even this species was found in <7% of the houses investigated. Infestations with Rhodnius prolixus or other potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi were much rarer. The generally low levels of infestation make the elimination of R. prolixus and the reduction of the domestic population of Tri. dimidiata feasible in the study area. The southern part of the study area had higher levels of domestic infestation and colonization than the north, and peridomestic infestation was highest in the south-west. Given such geographical variation in the pattern of infestation, it would seem wise to stratify the study region into areas of high, moderate and low-risk of human-triatomine contact, so that appropriate vector-control strategies can be targeted at the worst-affected areas. Regular entomological surveillance, ideally with community participation, is recommended. Analysis of the relationship between the geographical patterns of infestation and factors such as vegetation, altitude and vector migration would be useful.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In 2000, a national control operation against the triatomine vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, based on house spraying with residual pyrethroid insecticides, was initiated in Guatemala. The impact of the operation against Triatoma dimidiata in the most heavily infested department, Jutiapa, was evaluated by pre- and post-spraying surveys of the vector populations. Of the houses checked for Tri. dimidiata in the baseline surveys, 18.3% were found to be infested with the bug, and in 12.1% of the villages investigated more than half of the houses were found to be infested. The later survey was conducted after 24,250 houses and their associated peridomestic structures (in the 336 villages in which >5% of the houses had been found infested in the pre-spraying survey) had been sprayed. As a result of just this one round of spraying, the mean percentage of houses found infested in each of the villages surveyed twice fell from 36.0% to 8.9%. After the spraying, the percentage of houses infested in each sprayed village was never >50%, and the houses in 35.2% of the sprayed villages that were re-surveyed appeared to have been completely cleared of triatomine bugs. Re-infestation and colonization were mainly observed inside the houses, probably indicating that some indoor bugs survived the spraying round. If the department of Jutiapa is to be freed and kept free from domestic infestation, the efficacy of the insecticide spraying needs to be improved, spraying techniques need to be reviewed, and insecticides need to be re-applied at regular intervals. An effective vector-surveillance system (preferably one in which community participation is encouraged) is also essential.

Assuntos

RESUMO

As a vector control program to control Chagas disease in Guatemala, residual spraying of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata was performed, and its impact was measured in the department of Zacapa. In order to identify infested villages and determine the degree of infestation, a baseline entomological survey to identify municipalities infested with vectors followed by an additional vector survey in areas known to be infested was conducted. Residual spraying using pyrethroid insecticides was performed at all the villages identified as being infested with the vectors. The residual spraying was shown to be highly effective against both vectors by the decrease in infestation indices after spraying. Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the spraying showed that the average cost of insecticides per house is high when compared with that in Southern Cone countries.

Assuntos

RESUMO

As a vector control program to control Chagas disease in Guatemala, residual spraying of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata was performed, and its impact was measured in the department of Zacapa. In order to identify infested villages and determine the degree of infestation, a baseline entomological survey to identify municipalities infested with vectors followed by an additional vector survey in areas known to be infested was conducted. Residual spraying using pyrethroid insecticides was performed at all the villages identified as being infested with the vectors. The residual spraying was shown to be highly effective against both vectors by the decrease in infestation indices after spraying. Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the spraying showed that the average cost of insecticides per house is high when compared with that in Southern Cone countries

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratio on nutrient uptake, development and bulb yield of vernalized garlic (Allium sativum L.) grown in 50 liter pots, under greenhouse conditions. Rates of potassium were applied to an allic dark red latosol (Oxisol) in order to obtain soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratios of approximately to 170; 50; 35; 20; 12.5; 7.5; 3.5 and 2.0. The increase of potassium rates influenced the soil solution, increasing directly the K, Ca and Mg concentrations. The contents of K and Mn in the leaves decreased with the increment of the soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratio, while the opposite occurred with the Ca and Mg content. Other nutrients uptake were not influenced by the treatments. The soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratio influenced bulb yield and plant height at the lowest ratios, and potassium excess decreased plant yield and weight. The best correlation with bulb yield was observed between potassium saturation (%K), followed by K/(Ca+Mg)1/2 ratio and exchangeable potassium in the soil.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos das relações (Ca+Mg)/K do solo sobre o desenvolvimento, absorção de nutrientes e produção de bulbos na cultura do alho cv. "Roxo Pérola de Caçador" conduzindo experimento no período de maio a outubro de 1990 em vasos de cimento amianto contendo 50 kg de terra, em casa de vegetação telada. Os tratamentos consistiram de aplicações de doses de potássio visando atingir relações (Ca+Mg)/K no complexo de troca do solo próximas a 170; 50; 35; 20; 12,5; 7,5; 5,0; 3,5 e 2,0. Verificaram-se aumentos na concentração de K, Ca e Mg na solução do solo proporcionais à elevação do teor de K trocável. As concentrações foliares de K e Mn diminuiram proporcionalmente às relações (Ca+Mg)/K do solo, ocorrendo o inverso com as concentrações de Ca e Mg. A absorção dos demais nutrientes não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. A relação (Ca+Mg)/K influenciou a produção de bulbos e a altura das plantas durante todo o ciclo, sendo que os menores valores desta relação, caracterizados por excesso de K, inibiram mais o desenvolvimento e a produção de bulbos. A porcentagem de K no complexo de troca, seguida da relação K/(Ca+Mg)1/2 e do K trocável do solo foram os índices que melhor correlacionaram com a produção de bulbos.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratio on nutrient uptake, development and bulb yield of vernalized garlic (Allium sativum L.) grown in 50 liter pots, under greenhouse conditions. Rates of potassium were applied to an allic dark red latosol (Oxisol) in order to obtain soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratios of approximately to 170; 50; 35; 20; 12.5; 7.5; 3.5 and 2.0. The increase of potassium rates influenced the soil solution, increasing directly the K, Ca and Mg concentrations. The contents of K and Mn in the leaves decreased with the increment of the soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratio, while the opposite occurred with the Ca and Mg content. Other nutrients uptake were not influenced by the treatments. The soil (Ca+Mg)/K ratio influenced bulb yield and plant height at the lowest ratios, and potassium excess decreased plant yield and weight. The best correlation with bulb yield was observed between potassium saturation (%K), followed by K/(Ca+Mg)1/2 ratio and exchangeable potassium in the soil.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos das relações (Ca+Mg)/K do solo sobre o desenvolvimento, absorção de nutrientes e produção de bulbos na cultura do alho cv. "Roxo Pérola de Caçador" conduzindo experimento no período de maio a outubro de 1990 em vasos de cimento amianto contendo 50 kg de terra, em casa de vegetação telada. Os tratamentos consistiram de aplicações de doses de potássio visando atingir relações (Ca+Mg)/K no complexo de troca do solo próximas a 170; 50; 35; 20; 12,5; 7,5; 5,0; 3,5 e 2,0. Verificaram-se aumentos na concentração de K, Ca e Mg na solução do solo proporcionais à elevação do teor de K trocável. As concentrações foliares de K e Mn diminuiram proporcionalmente às relações (Ca+Mg)/K do solo, ocorrendo o inverso com as concentrações de Ca e Mg. A absorção dos demais nutrientes não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. A relação (Ca+Mg)/K influenciou a produção de bulbos e a altura das plantas durante todo o ciclo, sendo que os menores valores desta relação, caracterizados por excesso de K, inibiram mais o desenvolvimento e a produção de bulbos. A porcentagem de K no complexo de troca, seguida da relação K/(Ca+Mg)1/2 e do K trocável do solo foram os índices que melhor correlacionaram com a produção de bulbos.

RESUMO

With the main purpose of studying the relations among water availability, moisture content, and seed physiological quality on the germination process, seeds from three soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] lots of the cv. IAC-15 with different levels of physiological quality, were used. Moistening of the seeds was accomplished to reach three moisture levels: 90, 110 and 130g of water.kg-1 fresh weight. The seeds of each lot, with 90, 110 e 130g of water.kg-1 were placed under different water potentials to germinate in soil and paper towel substrates. Moistening of paper towels was done with polyethylene glycol solutions, with water potencials of -0.04, -0.10, -0.20 e -0.40 MPa. Soil moistening was based on a water retention curve, adding a corresponding volume of water to reach the same water potencials as above. Speed and percentage of seedling emergence from soil were evaluated; radicel protrusion at three days after instalation, abnormal seedling and germination percentages at the seven days after seeding were determined from the paper towel sustrate. The data analysis and the results led to the following conclusions: There is a relationship between physiological quality and moisture level of seeds during the germination; the water potencials of -0,20 e -0,40 MPa considerably reduce the germination; the water potencial of -0,40 MPa decreases the seedling emergence of soybean.

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da disponibilidade hídrica do substrato, da qualidade fisiológica e do teor de água inicial das sementes de soja no processo de germinação, utilizaram-se sementes de um lote de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], do cultivar IAC-15, que foram submetidas ao envelhecimento artificial, a 41oC, durante 0, 36 e 42 horas, obtendo-se três diferentes níveis de vigor designados de lotes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. As sementes de cada lote, foram submetidas ao umedecimento artificial, a 20oC e 100% de umidade relativa do ar, visando a obtenção de três diferentes teores de água (90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg). Para cada lote, as sementes com 90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg foram colocadas para germinar sob os potenciais hídricos de -0,04; -0,10; -0,20 e -0,40 MPa, nos substratos papel Germitest e terra. O umedecimento do papel foi realizado com as soluções de polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000) e o da terra foi baseado na curva de retenção de água no solo, através da adição de volumes de água correspondentes aos potenciais hídricos desejados. Em terra, determinaram-se a porcentagem de emergência de plântulas e o índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas. Em papel, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de sementes que emitiram raiz primária aos 3 dias da instalação e as porcentagens de plântulas anormais e germinação total aos 7 dias da instalação. A análise dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: existe relação entre o teor de água inicial das sementes de soja e a qualidade fisiológica na emissão da raiz primária e na germinação; os potenciais hídricos do substrato de -0,20 e -0,40 MPa causam redução da emissão da raiz primária e da porcentagem de germinação de sementes de soja; a emergência de plântulas é reduzida em potencial hídrico de -0,40 MPa.

RESUMO

With the main purpose of studying the performance of soybean seeds during the early stage of the germination process, seeds from three soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] lots of cv. IAC-15 with different levels of physiological quality were used.Three moisture levels: 90, 110 and 130g of water.kg-1 fresh weight, were obtained artificially in air 20ºC and 100% relative humidity. The rate of water uptake for each lot was measured. The imbibition damage after different periods of time was also evaluated. Seeds were placed between layers of paper towels, moistened with different polyethylene glycol solutions (PEG 6000), simulating water potentials of -0.04, -0.10, -0.20 e -0.40 MPa. The analysis and the interpretation of the results led to the following conclusions: The low water availability decreases the water uptake rate, and the increase in the water content of the seeds resulted in a reduced imbibition damage, at lowest water availability of the substrate.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento das sementes de soja durante a fase inicial do processo de germinação, utilizaram-se sementes de um lote de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], do cultivar IAC-15, que foram submetidas ao envelhecimento artificial, a 41oC, durante 0, 36 e 42 horas, obtendo-se três diferentes níveis de vigor, designados de lotes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. As sementes de cada lote foram submetidas ao umedecimento artificial, a 20oC e 100% de umidade relativa do ar, visando a obtenção de três diferentes teores de água (90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg). Para cada lote, foram verificadas as marchas de absorção de água e efetuadas avaliações da ocorrência de danos por embebição. Assim, sementes com 90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg foram embebidas entre camadas de folhas de papel Germitest, umedecidas com soluções de diferentes concentrações de Polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000), que simulavam os potenciais hídricos de -0,04; -0,10; -0,20 e -0,40 MPa. A análise dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados permitiram concluir que a diminuição do potencial hídrico inicial do substrato promove a redução da velocidade de hidratação das sementes; o aumento do teor de água inicial das sementes contribue para a redução da liberação de exsudatos, sob menor disponibilidade hídrica do substrato.

RESUMO

With the main purpose of studying the performance of soybean seeds during the early stage of the germination process, seeds from three soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] lots of cv. IAC-15 with different levels of physiological quality were used.Three moisture levels: 90, 110 and 130g of water.kg-1 fresh weight, were obtained artificially in air 20ºC and 100% relative humidity. The rate of water uptake for each lot was measured. The imbibition damage after different periods of time was also evaluated. Seeds were placed between layers of paper towels, moistened with different polyethylene glycol solutions (PEG 6000), simulating water potentials of -0.04, -0.10, -0.20 e -0.40 MPa. The analysis and the interpretation of the results led to the following conclusions: The low water availability decreases the water uptake rate, and the increase in the water content of the seeds resulted in a reduced imbibition damage, at lowest water availability of the substrate.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento das sementes de soja durante a fase inicial do processo de germinação, utilizaram-se sementes de um lote de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], do cultivar IAC-15, que foram submetidas ao envelhecimento artificial, a 41oC, durante 0, 36 e 42 horas, obtendo-se três diferentes níveis de vigor, designados de lotes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. As sementes de cada lote foram submetidas ao umedecimento artificial, a 20oC e 100% de umidade relativa do ar, visando a obtenção de três diferentes teores de água (90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg). Para cada lote, foram verificadas as marchas de absorção de água e efetuadas avaliações da ocorrência de danos por embebição. Assim, sementes com 90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg foram embebidas entre camadas de folhas de papel Germitest, umedecidas com soluções de diferentes concentrações de Polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000), que simulavam os potenciais hídricos de -0,04; -0,10; -0,20 e -0,40 MPa. A análise dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados permitiram concluir que a diminuição do potencial hídrico inicial do substrato promove a redução da velocidade de hidratação das sementes; o aumento do teor de água inicial das sementes contribue para a redução da liberação de exsudatos, sob menor disponibilidade hídrica do substrato.

RESUMO

With the main purpose of studying the relations among water availability, moisture content, and seed physiological quality on the germination process, seeds from three soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] lots of the cv. IAC-15 with different levels of physiological quality, were used. Moistening of the seeds was accomplished to reach three moisture levels: 90, 110 and 130g of water.kg-1 fresh weight. The seeds of each lot, with 90, 110 e 130g of water.kg-1 were placed under different water potentials to germinate in soil and paper towel substrates. Moistening of paper towels was done with polyethylene glycol solutions, with water potencials of -0.04, -0.10, -0.20 e -0.40 MPa. Soil moistening was based on a water retention curve, adding a corresponding volume of water to reach the same water potencials as above. Speed and percentage of seedling emergence from soil were evaluated; radicel protrusion at three days after instalation, abnormal seedling and germination percentages at the seven days after seeding were determined from the paper towel sustrate. The data analysis and the results led to the following conclusions: There is a relationship between physiological quality and moisture level of seeds during the germination; the water potencials of -0,20 e -0,40 MPa considerably reduce the germination; the water potencial of -0,40 MPa decreases the seedling emergence of soybean.

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da disponibilidade hídrica do substrato, da qualidade fisiológica e do teor de água inicial das sementes de soja no processo de germinação, utilizaram-se sementes de um lote de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], do cultivar IAC-15, que foram submetidas ao envelhecimento artificial, a 41oC, durante 0, 36 e 42 horas, obtendo-se três diferentes níveis de vigor designados de lotes 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. As sementes de cada lote, foram submetidas ao umedecimento artificial, a 20oC e 100% de umidade relativa do ar, visando a obtenção de três diferentes teores de água (90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg). Para cada lote, as sementes com 90, 110 e 130 g de água/kg foram colocadas para germinar sob os potenciais hídricos de -0,04; -0,10; -0,20 e -0,40 MPa, nos substratos papel Germitest e terra. O umedecimento do papel foi realizado com as soluções de polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000) e o da terra foi baseado na curva de retenção de água no solo, através da adição de volumes de água correspondentes aos potenciais hídricos desejados. Em terra, determinaram-se a porcentagem de emergência de plântulas e o índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas. Em papel, avaliaram-se a porcentagem de sementes que emitiram raiz primária aos 3 dias da instalação e as porcentagens de plântulas anormais e germinação total aos 7 dias da instalação. A análise dos dados e a interpretação dos resultados permitiram as seguintes conclusões: existe relação entre o teor de água inicial das sementes de soja e a qualidade fisiológica na emissão da raiz primária e na germinação; os potenciais hídricos do substrato de -0,20 e -0,40 MPa causam redução da emissão da raiz primária e da porcentagem de germinação de sementes de soja; a emergência de plântulas é reduzida em potencial hídrico de -0,40 MPa.

RESUMO

The occurrency of hard seeds was studied in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) as a function of single fruit harvesting after plant senescence or periodical fruit harvesting in the morphological ripening stage. The cultivars "Amarelinho", "Santa Cruz-47" and "Campinas IAC 4076" were utilized, considering fruits beared on the main stem and those beread on lateral branches. The percentage of hard seeds was evaluated by the standard germination test and it was observed that single fruit harvest after plant senescence increased the occurrence of hard seeds independently of the utilized harvesting method. The possibility of taking advantage of single fruit harvesting during plant senescence is suggested, which will reduce seed production costs without interfering on seed quality.

A ocorrência de sementes duras em quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) foi estudada em função da colheita única dos frutos na senescência das plantas ou da colheita periódica dos frutos no estádio de maturação morfológica. As cultivares utilizadas foram "Amarelinho", "Santa Cruz-47" e "Campinas-2 IAC 4076" e os frutos foram separados em aqueles provenientes da haste principal e os oriundos dos ramos laterais. A porcentagem de sementes duras foi avaliada por meio do teste padrão de germinação e os dados obtidos permitiram verificar que o método de colheita única aumentou a ocorrência de sementes duras e, pelo fato de "Amarelinho" não apresentar essa característica, esse método pode ser utilizado para a mesma, com redução nos custos de produção de sementes sem afetar sua qualidade.

RESUMO

The occurrency of hard seeds was studied in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) as a function of single fruit harvesting after plant senescence or periodical fruit harvesting in the morphological ripening stage. The cultivars "Amarelinho", "Santa Cruz-47" and "Campinas IAC 4076" were utilized, considering fruits beared on the main stem and those beread on lateral branches. The percentage of hard seeds was evaluated by the standard germination test and it was observed that single fruit harvest after plant senescence increased the occurrence of hard seeds independently of the utilized harvesting method. The possibility of taking advantage of single fruit harvesting during plant senescence is suggested, which will reduce seed production costs without interfering on seed quality.

A ocorrência de sementes duras em quiabeiro (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) foi estudada em função da colheita única dos frutos na senescência das plantas ou da colheita periódica dos frutos no estádio de maturação morfológica. As cultivares utilizadas foram "Amarelinho", "Santa Cruz-47" e "Campinas-2 IAC 4076" e os frutos foram separados em aqueles provenientes da haste principal e os oriundos dos ramos laterais. A porcentagem de sementes duras foi avaliada por meio do teste padrão de germinação e os dados obtidos permitiram verificar que o método de colheita única aumentou a ocorrência de sementes duras e, pelo fato de "Amarelinho" não apresentar essa característica, esse método pode ser utilizado para a mesma, com redução nos custos de produção de sementes sem afetar sua qualidade.

Assuntos