RESUMO
A ocratoxina é um dos maiores grupos de micotoxinas; são metabólitos secundários produzidos principalmente por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium. Possui propriedades tóxicas e nefrotóxicas, está relacionada à nefropatia endêmica dos Bálcãs, a tumores do trato urinário e foi classificada pela Agência Internacional de Pesquisa do Câncer (IARC) como pertencente ao grupo 2B, por ser possivelmente carcinogênica para humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ocratoxina A (OTA) no desempenho do camarão-branco-do-pacífico (Litopenaues vannamei). O experimento foi feito simulando o manejo produtivo de uma fazenda de camarão marinho do litoral localizada em Luís Correia, Piauí. Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos com diferentes níveis de micotoxinas: T1- 100µg/kg de OTA; T2- 500µg/kg de OTA; T3- 1000µg/kg de OTA; T4- 100µg/kg de OTA e 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 e T5 - 0,0µg/kg de OTA. A produção de OTA foi realizada por meio da fermentação do milho, utilizando-se a cepa de Aspergillus ochraceus. Rações comerciais foram contaminadas com os núcleos de milho. A detecção e a quantificação de OTA dos núcleos, das rações comerciais e dos tecidos do camarão (cefalotórax e abdome) foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para simular o sistema de criação da fazenda, os animais foram cultivados por um período de oito semanas, sendo 20 animais por caixa, recebendo alimentação duas vezes por dia. O menor ganho de peso observado foi no T2 e no T4 e os maiores ganhos de peso foram obtidos no T1 e no T5, que também apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar. Após 56 dias de experimento, foi detectada OTA residual nas amostras de abdome apenas nos camarões do T1. Logo, camarões alimentados com rações contaminadas com OTA têm seu desempenho produtivo comprometido, o que gera impactos econômicos negativos para a indústria carcinicultora, além de ser um risco à saúde do consumidor, devido aos resíduos em sua musculatura.(AU)
Ochratoxin A is the second largest group of mycotoxins. It is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, and has toxic and nephrotoxic properties that are associated with the Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the performance of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaues vannamei). The experiment simulated the productive management of a shrimp farm located on the marine coast of Luis Correia, Piauí State. Five treatments with different levels of mycotoxins were used: T1- 100µg/kg of OTA; T2- 500µg/kg of OTA; T3 - 1000µg/kg of OTA; T4- 100µg/kg of OTA and 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 and T5 - 0.0µg/kg of OTA. OTA was produced by fermenting corn, using the Aspergillus ochraceus strain. Commercial feeds were contaminated with the corn kernels. OTA in the kernels, commercial feeds and shrimp tissues (cephalothorax and abdomen) were detected and quantified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To simulate the farming system, totaling 20 animals per box. The animals were fed twice a day and raised under these conditions for eight weeks. The shrimp gained weight during the weeks of the test, when subjected to different OTA treatments. The lowest weight gain was observed in T2 and T4 and the highest weight gains were in T1 and T5, which also presented the best feed conversion ratio. After 56 days, residual OTA was detected in samples of shrimp abdomen only in T1. Therefore, the productive performance of shrimp that are fed with OTA-contaminated feed is compromised, which has a negative economic impact on the shrimp industry, and is a health risk to consumers due to residues in the muscles.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aumento de Peso , Penaeidae , Ração Animal/efeitos adversos , Ocratoxinas/administração & dosagem , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , MicotoxinasRESUMO
A ocratoxina é um dos maiores grupos de micotoxinas; são metabólitos secundários produzidos principalmente por fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium. Possui propriedades tóxicas e nefrotóxicas, está relacionada à nefropatia endêmica dos Bálcãs, a tumores do trato urinário e foi classificada pela Agência Internacional de Pesquisa do Câncer (IARC) como pertencente ao grupo 2B, por ser possivelmente carcinogênica para humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da ocratoxina A (OTA) no desempenho do camarão-branco-do-pacífico (Litopenaues vannamei). O experimento foi feito simulando o manejo produtivo de uma fazenda de camarão marinho do litoral localizada em Luís Correia, Piauí. Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos com diferentes níveis de micotoxinas: T1- 100µg/kg de OTA; T2- 500µg/kg de OTA; T3- 1000µg/kg de OTA; T4- 100µg/kg de OTA e 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 e T5 - 0,0µg/kg de OTA. A produção de OTA foi realizada por meio da fermentação do milho, utilizando-se a cepa de Aspergillus ochraceus. Rações comerciais foram contaminadas com os núcleos de milho. A detecção e a quantificação de OTA dos núcleos, das rações comerciais e dos tecidos do camarão (cefalotórax e abdome) foram realizadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Para simular o sistema de criação da fazenda, os animais foram cultivados por um período de oito semanas, sendo 20 animais por caixa, recebendo alimentação duas vezes por dia. O menor ganho de peso observado foi no T2 e no T4 e os maiores ganhos de peso foram obtidos no T1 e no T5, que também apresentaram a melhor conversão alimentar. Após 56 dias de experimento, foi detectada OTA residual nas amostras de abdome apenas nos camarões do T1. Logo, camarões alimentados com rações contaminadas com OTA têm seu desempenho produtivo comprometido, o que gera impactos econômicos negativos para a indústria carcinicultora, além de ser um risco à saúde do consumidor, devido aos resíduos em sua musculatura.(AU)
Ochratoxin A is the second largest group of mycotoxins. It is a secondary metabolite produced mainly by fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, and has toxic and nephrotoxic properties that are associated with the Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the performance of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaues vannamei). The experiment simulated the productive management of a shrimp farm located on the marine coast of Luis Correia, Piauí State. Five treatments with different levels of mycotoxins were used: T1- 100µg/kg of OTA; T2- 500µg/kg of OTA; T3 - 1000µg/kg of OTA; T4- 100µg/kg of OTA and 500µg/kg afatoxina B1 and T5 - 0.0µg/kg of OTA. OTA was produced by fermenting corn, using the Aspergillus ochraceus strain. Commercial feeds were contaminated with the corn kernels. OTA in the kernels, commercial feeds and shrimp tissues (cephalothorax and abdomen) were detected and quantified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To simulate the farming system, totaling 20 animals per box. The animals were fed twice a day and raised under these conditions for eight weeks. The shrimp gained weight during the weeks of the test, when subjected to different OTA treatments. The lowest weight gain was observed in T2 and T4 and the highest weight gains were in T1 and T5, which also presented the best feed conversion ratio. After 56 days, residual OTA was detected in samples of shrimp abdomen only in T1. Therefore, the productive performance of shrimp that are fed with OTA-contaminated feed is compromised, which has a negative economic impact on the shrimp industry, and is a health risk to consumers due to residues in the muscles.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Penaeidae , Ocratoxinas/administração & dosagem , Aumento de Peso , Ração Animal/efeitos adversos , Micotoxinas , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta PressãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cytology smears and guided biopsies are the most widely used diagnostic standards for cervical cancer (CC) screening in the developing countries. AIM: To evaluate the performance of conventional cytology in estimating the presence and grade of cervical disease against the reference standard of histopathology. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: After primary screening for CC, directed biopsies were performed and compared with histopathology results. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and biopsies from 3194 women in the age group of 14-98 years were included. Cytology results were provided by doctors who performed the cervical biopsies. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The accuracy of Pap smear was measured by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) calculated using the statistical analysis program PSPP 0.7.8. RESULTS: The sensitivity of conventional cytology (Pap smear) for women with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or less serious lesions (CIN1-) was 93% and specificity was 73%. The sensitivity and specificity of cytology for women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer (CIN2+) was 64% and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cytology is a sufficiently sensitive test for detection of cervical lesions and can be used as a primary testing tool to triage.
Assuntos
Lesões Intraepiteliais Escamosas Cervicais/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Teste de Papanicolaou/métodos , Lesões Intraepiteliais Escamosas Cervicais/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study is to characterize the Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 and 4 Hydrographic Unit, emphasizing its physical attributes and processes of use and occupation, responsible for the structure of the current landscape and the state of its water resources. The recognition of the landscape's spatial structure in the hydrographic unit and its drainage basins was obtained by integrated analysis of the main elements that compose it: geology, landforms (hypsometric and slope), soils, climate and land use. Analysis revealed that within each drainage basin several variations in the spatial structure of the landscape occur which produce an internal compartmentalization. Each compartment is defined by its own geo-ecological structure, physiognomic standards and dynamics, reflected in its potentialities and vulnerabilities and in the conditions of water resources in the wake of occupation and use over time.
Assuntos
Clima , Ecossistema , Fenômenos Geológicos , Rios , Brasil , HidrologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study is to characterize the Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 and 4 Hydrographic Unit, emphasizing its physical attributes and processes of use and occupation, responsible for the structure of the current landscape and the state of its water resources. The recognition of the landscape’s spatial structure in the hydrographic unit and its drainage basins was obtained by integrated analysis of the main elements that compose it: geology, landforms (hypsometric and slope), soils, climate and land use. Analysis revealed that within each drainage basin several variations in the spatial structure of the landscape occur which produce an internal compartmentalization. Each compartment is defined by its own geo-ecological structure, physiognomic standards and dynamics, reflected in its potentialities and vulnerabilities and in the conditions of water resources in the wake of occupation and use over time.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a Unidade Hidrográfica do Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 e 4, ressaltando os seus atributos físicos e os processos de uso e ocupação, responsáveis pela estrutura da paisagem atual e pelo estado dos seus recursos hídricos. O reconhecimento da estrutura espacial da paisagem na unidade hidrográfica e nas suas bacias foi obtido por meio da análise integrada dos principais elementos que a compõe: geologia, relevo, solos, clima e uso da terra. A análise mostrou que no interior de cada bacia hidrográfica ocorrem variações na estrutura espacial da paisagem que produzem uma compartimentação interna. Cada compartimento se define por uma estrutura geoecológica, padrões fisionômicos e dinâmicos próprios o que se reflete nas suas potencialidades e vulnerabilidades e nas condições dos seus recursos hídricos, em face das formas de ocupação e uso ao longo do tempo.
Assuntos
Clima , Ecossistema , Fenômenos Geológicos , Rios , Brasil , HidrologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study is to characterize the Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 and 4 Hydrographic Unit, emphasizing its physical attributes and processes of use and occupation, responsible for the structure of the current landscape and the state of its water resources. The recognition of the landscapes spatial structure in the hydrographic unit and its drainage basins was obtained by integrated analysis of the main elements that compose it: geology, landforms (hypsometric and slope), soils, climate and land use. Analysis revealed that within each drainage basin several variations in the spatial structure of the landscape occur which produce an internal compartmentalization. Each compartment is defined by its own geo-ecological structure, physiognomic standards and dynamics, reflected in its potentialities and vulnerabilities and in the conditions of water resources in the wake of occupation and use over time.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a Unidade Hidrográfica do Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 e 4, ressaltando os seus atributos físicos e os processos de uso e ocupação, responsáveis pela estrutura da paisagem atual e pelo estado dos seus recursos hídricos. O reconhecimento da estrutura espacial da paisagem na unidade hidrográfica e nas suas bacias foi obtido por meio da análise integrada dos principais elementos que a compõe: geologia, relevo, solos, clima e uso da terra. A análise mostrou que no interior de cada bacia hidrográfica ocorrem variações na estrutura espacial da paisagem que produzem uma compartimentação interna. Cada compartimento se define por uma estrutura geoecológica, padrões fisionômicos e dinâmicos próprios o que se reflete nas suas potencialidades e vulnerabilidades e nas condições dos seus recursos hídricos, em face das formas de ocupação e uso ao longo do tempo.(AU)
Assuntos
Bacias Hidrográficas/análise , Recursos Hídricos , Geologia/históriaRESUMO
The aim of this study is to characterize the Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 and 4 Hydrographic Unit, emphasizing its physical attributes and processes of use and occupation, responsible for the structure of the current landscape and the state of its water resources. The recognition of the landscapes spatial structure in the hydrographic unit and its drainage basins was obtained by integrated analysis of the main elements that compose it: geology, landforms (hypsometric and slope), soils, climate and land use. Analysis revealed that within each drainage basin several variations in the spatial structure of the landscape occur which produce an internal compartmentalization. Each compartment is defined by its own geo-ecological structure, physiognomic standards and dynamics, reflected in its potentialities and vulnerabilities and in the conditions of water resources in the wake of occupation and use over time.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a Unidade Hidrográfica do Pirapó, Paranapanema 3 e 4, ressaltando os seus atributos físicos e os processos de uso e ocupação, responsáveis pela estrutura da paisagem atual e pelo estado dos seus recursos hídricos. O reconhecimento da estrutura espacial da paisagem na unidade hidrográfica e nas suas bacias foi obtido por meio da análise integrada dos principais elementos que a compõe: geologia, relevo, solos, clima e uso da terra. A análise mostrou que no interior de cada bacia hidrográfica ocorrem variações na estrutura espacial da paisagem que produzem uma compartimentação interna. Cada compartimento se define por uma estrutura geoecológica, padrões fisionômicos e dinâmicos próprios o que se reflete nas suas potencialidades e vulnerabilidades e nas condições dos seus recursos hídricos, em face das formas de ocupação e uso ao longo do tempo.
RESUMO
The sampling of fish from the artisanal fleet operating with surface lines off north-eastern Brazil was carried out between 1998 and 2000. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to standardize mean abundance indices using catch and fishing effort data on dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus and to identify abundance trends in time and space, using 1215 surface line deployments. A standard relative abundance index (catch per unit effort, CPUE) was estimated for the most frequent vessels used in the sets, employing factors and coefficients generated in the GLMs. According to the models, C. hippurus catches are affected by the operating characteristics and power of different fishing vessels. These differences highlight the need for standardization of catch and effort data for artisanal fisheries. The highest mean abundance values for C. hippurus were off the state of Rio Grande do Norte, with an increasing tendency in areas with greater depths and more distant from the coast, reaching maximal values in areas whose depths range from 200 to 500 m. The highest mean abundance values occurred between April and June. The higher estimated abundance of C. hippurus in this period off the state of Rio Grande do Norte and within the 200-500 m depth range may be related to a migration pattern of food sources, as its main prey, the flying fish Hirundichthys affinis, uses floating algae as refuge and to deposit its pelagic eggs.
Assuntos
Pesqueiros , Perciformes , Animais , Brasil , Modelos Lineares , Análise Espaço-TemporalRESUMO
Tartaric acid (TA), a dicarboxylic acid, can act as a compatibiliser in starch/polyester blends. A mixture design was proposed to evaluate the effect of TA on the properties of starch/poly (butylene adipate co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blown films plasticised with glycerol. The interaction between the starch/PBAT and the TA has a positive effect on the tensile strength and puncture force. Additionally, greater proportions of TA increased Young's modulus. The starch+PBAT/TA and Gly/TA interactions contributed to a reduction in the water vapour permeability of the films. The inclusion of TA did not change the crystallinity of the samples. Formulations with intermediate proportions of TA (0.8 g/100 g) were shown to produce the best compatibilising effect. This was observed by DMA analysis as a consequence of the perfect equilibrium between the contributions of TA as a compatibiliser and in the acidolysis of starch, resulting in films with a tensile strength of 5.93 MPa, a possible alternative to non-biodegradable packaging.
Assuntos
Poliésteres/química , Amido/química , Tartaratos/química , Glicerol/química , Fenômenos Mecânicos , Permeabilidade , Temperatura , Volatilização , Água/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The development and progression of cancer depend on its genetic characteristics as well as on the interactions with its microenvironment. Understanding these interactions may contribute to diagnostic and prognostic evaluations and to the development of new cancer therapies. Aiming to investigate potential mechanisms by which the tumor microenvironment might contribute to a cancer phenotype, we evaluated soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells which may influence proliferation and gene and protein expression. METHODS: The study was carried out on the epithelial cancer cell line (Hep-2) and fibroblasts isolated from a primary oral cancer. We combined a conditioned-medium technique with subtraction hybridization approach, quantitative PCR and proteomics, in order to evaluate gene and protein expression influenced by soluble paracrine factors produced by stromal and neoplastic cells. RESULTS: We observed that conditioned medium from fibroblast cultures (FCM) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in Hep-2 cells. In neoplastic cells, 41 genes and 5 proteins exhibited changes in expression levels in response to FCM and, in fibroblasts, 17 genes and 2 proteins showed down-regulation in response to conditioned medium from Hep-2 cells (HCM). Nine genes were selected and the expression results of 6 down-regulated genes (ARID4A, CALR, GNB2L1, RNF10, SQSTM1, USP9X) were validated by real time PCR. CONCLUSIONS: A significant and common denominator in the results was the potential induction of signaling changes associated with immune or inflammatory response in the absence of a specific protein.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Bucais/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Anexina A5/metabolismo , Apoptose , Proliferação de Células , Regulação para Baixo , Eletroforese em Gel Bidimensional , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Genômica , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Queratinas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Bucais/genética , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Vimentina/metabolismoRESUMO
Open reading frame expressed sequences tags (ORESTES) differ from conventional ESTs by providing sequence data from the central protein coding portion of transcripts. We generated a total of 696,745 ORESTES sequences from 24 human tissues and used a subset of the data that correspond to a set of 15,095 full-length mRNAs as a means of assessing the efficiency of the strategy and its potential contribution to the definition of the human transcriptome. We estimate that ORESTES sampled over 80% of all highly and moderately expressed, and between 40% and 50% of rarely expressed, human genes. In our most thoroughly sequenced tissue, the breast, the 130,000 ORESTES generated are derived from transcripts from an estimated 70% of all genes expressed in that tissue, with an equally efficient representation of both highly and poorly expressed genes. In this respect, we find that the capacity of the ORESTES strategy both for gene discovery and shotgun transcript sequence generation significantly exceeds that of conventional ESTs. The distribution of ORESTES is such that many human transcripts are now represented by a scaffold of partial sequences distributed along the length of each gene product. The experimental joining of the scaffold components, by reverse transcription-PCR, represents a direct route to transcript finishing that may represent a useful alternative to full-length cDNA cloning.
Assuntos
Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Genoma Humano , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Transcrição Gênica , HumanosRESUMO
This study had the purpose of analysing the utilization of terms attributed to nursing phenomena in the practice of nurses from the state of Paraiba, Brazil. The results showed that all terms are used by nurses in some frequency. In respect to the utilization of the terms, according to a stratified sample, the results showed that nurses from other municipal districts use a higher number of terms, statistically significant, when compared with data from the cities of João Pessoa and Campina Grande. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that terms attributed to phenomena contained in the CIPE--Alpha Version represent problems or situations in the nursing practice of nurses from Paraiba, corroborating the affirmation of the International Council of Nurses that these terms are common to nurses all over the world.
Assuntos
Enfermagem , Terminologia como Assunto , Brasil , Humanos , Cuidados de EnfermagemRESUMO
The focus of this study is the development and the choice of nursing models. It doesn't intend to discuss all the aspects involved in the development of models, but to emphasize the importance of choosing one to use in nursing clinical practice.
Assuntos
Modelos de Enfermagem , Educação em Enfermagem , Humanos , Cuidados de Enfermagem , Teoria de EnfermagemRESUMO
Transcribed sequences in the human genome can be identified with confidence only by alignment with sequences derived from cDNAs synthesized from naturally occurring mRNAs. We constructed a set of 250,000 cDNAs that represent partial expressed gene sequences and that are biased toward the central coding regions of the resulting transcripts. They are termed ORF expressed sequence tags (ORESTES). The 250,000 ORESTES were assembled into 81,429 contigs. Of these, 1, 181 (1.45%) were found to match sequences in chromosome 22 with at least one ORESTES contig for 162 (65.6%) of the 247 known genes, for 67 (44.6%) of the 150 related genes, and for 45 of the 148 (30.4%) EST-predicted genes on this chromosome. Using a set of stringent criteria to validate our sequences, we identified a further 219 previously unannotated transcribed sequences on chromosome 22. Of these, 171 were in fact also defined by EST or full length cDNA sequences available in GenBank but not utilized in the initial annotation of the first human chromosome sequence. Thus despite representing less than 15% of all expressed human sequences in the public databases at the time of the present analysis, ORESTES sequences defined 48 transcribed sequences on chromosome 22 not defined by other sequences. All of the transcribed sequences defined by ORESTES coincided with DNA regions predicted as encoding exons by genscan. (http://genes.mit.edu/GENSCAN.html).
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 22 , Transcrição Gênica , Etiquetas de Sequências Expressas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Fases de Leitura AbertaRESUMO
This study presents the results obtained in the first phase of research carried out to adapt the Nursing Phenomena Classification of ICNP Alpha to the Brazilian context. This phase intended to attain semantic equivalence of the terms of this classification through the use of the back-translation technique, with some modifications. From the results obtained, it may be stated that the semantic adaptation of the classification attained a rate of agreement of 98% for the titles and the definitions of nursing phenomena. The 2% of terms that did not reach an acceptable rate of agreement are related to coping, in the following phenomena: coping; defensive coping; coping: disabling; ineffective coping specific: rapetrauma, death, divorce; compromised health coping; and inadequate family coping. From this result, it may be concluded that the Nursing Phenomena Classification was translated in a semantically correct form.
Assuntos
Pesquisa em Avaliação de Enfermagem/classificação , Adaptação Psicológica , Brasil , Humanos , Semântica , Enfermagem Transcultural , TraduçõesRESUMO
This work concerns a descriptive research with a qualitative approach which aimed to identify nursing diagnoses in high-risk pregnant women based on Orem's self-care theory. The following nursing diagnoses were identified: deficit of liquid volume, anxiety, altered family process, handicapped communication, handicapped physical mobility, among others. The results showed the importance of the nursing process execution supported on an assistance pattern, for the identification of nursing diagnoses as well as the feasibility of the patient's engagement in self-care.