RESUMO

The Galapagos sea lion ( Zalophus wollebaeki ), an endangered species, experiences high pup mortality (up to 100%) in years when El Niño events reduce food supply in the Galapagos Islands. Mortality of pups in non-El Niño years is estimated to be 5% in undisturbed colonies. From 2009 to 2012 we observed high pup mortality (up to 67%) in colonies close to the Galapagos capital, Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, where contact with humans, domestic animals, and rats is frequent. Gross postmortem findings from 54 pups included hemorrhagic lesions in liver and congestion in lungs; histopathology suggested a possible association with infectious diseases. Evidence of Leptospira infection was found in five out of seven samples collected in 2010. Canine distemper viral (CDV) RNA was detected in tissues from six sea lions (in 2011-12), four of which were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. The absence of CDV antibodies in 109 juvenile animals tested in 2014 at urban and remote colonies could indicate that the CDV infection observed in 2011 was likely confined to a few animals. Our results indicated that Galapagos sea lions have been exposed at least to two pathogens, Leptospira and CDV; however, the impact of these infections on the sea lions is unclear.

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RESUMO

Após os trágicos acontecimentos do 11 de setembro de 2001, observa-se um forte interesse por parte dos Estados por questões relativas à segurança nacional. Mesmo que todo o Estado tenha o direito de garantir sua segurança e de monitorar suas fronteiras, é também necessário garantir que os interesses legítimos do Estado em segurança sejam compatíveis com suas obrigações internacionais em direitos humanos e que o controle migratório não afete indiscriminadamente os refugiados que necessitam de proteção internacional, respeitado, assim, o regime internacional de proteção dos refugiados. Este artigo explora a ligação entre segurança estatal e proteção internacional de refugiados, expondo a compatibilidade entre os dois temas. Segurança é tanto um direito dos refugiados quanto um interesse legítimo do Estado. Consequentemente, é importante ressaltar que a segurança do Estado e a proteção dos refugiados são temas que se complementam e reforçam mutuamente. Nesse sentido, uma legislação concernente a refugiados e medidas justas e efetivas que determinem o status de refugiado podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas a favor do Estado para solidificar e fortalecer sua segurança.

After the tragic events of September 11, 2001, there has been a strong interest amongst States in matters relating to national security. While every State has a right to ensure security and control borders, it is also necessary to ensure that the legitimate security interests of States are consistent with their international human rights obligations and that immigration controls do not indiscriminately affect those refugees in need of international protection, so as not to undermine the international regime for protection of refugees. This article explores the links between the security of States and the international protection of refugees, focusing on the compatibility of both themes. Security is both a right of refugees and a legitimate interest of States. It is therefore important to understand that the security of States and the protection of refugees are complementary and mutually reinforcing. In this sense, legislation regarding refugees and fair and effective operational procedures for the determination of refugee status can be utilized by States as useful tools to solidify and strengthen their security.

Tras los trágicos acontecimientos del 11 de septiembre de 2001, se ha generado un gran interés entre los países en materia de seguridad nacional. Mientras que todo Estado tiene derecho a promover su seguridad y el control de sus fronteras, también es necesario asegurarse de que los intereses de seguridad legítimos de los Estados sean consistentes con sus obligaciones de derechos humanos y que los controles de inmigración no afecten indiscriminadamente a los refugiados necesitados de protección internacional, para no perjudicar el régimen internacional de protección de refugiados. Este artículo explora las relaciones entre la seguridad de los Estados y la protección internacional de los refugiados, centrándose en la compatibilidad de ambos temas. La seguridad es tanto un derecho de los refugiados como un interés legítimo de los Estados. Es por lo tanto importante que entendamos que la seguridad de los Estados y laprotección de los refugiados son complementarias y se refuerzan mutuamente. En este sentido, la legislación en lo concerniente a los refugiados y unos procedimientos operacionales justos y eficientes para la determinación de estatus de refugiado pueden ser utilizados por los Estados como herramientas útiles para consolidar y reforzar su seguridad.

RESUMO

In contrast to local perceptions, the impact on the local Galápagos artisanal fishery of the 16 January 2001 grounding of the Jessica and subsequent oil spill was relatively minor. No significant changes in fishing effort, total fishing catches or catch-per-unit effort were detected after the spill based on analyses of fisheries monitoring data. Nevertheless, large boats tended to move away from sites near the path of the spill following the grounding in 2001, with no fishing recorded from the oil-affected regions of Floreana and southern Isabela in February 2001. The total fishing effort of small boats operating from the Jessica-grounding island of San Cristóbal also declined immediately after the spill, probably in part because such boats were used in clean up operations. During 2001, prices paid to fishers remained stable at levels higher than in 2000, with the notable anomaly that prices fell precipitously to 30% of previous levels during a 1-2 week period in early February 2001. Fish exports remained at similar levels for the years 2000 and 2001; however, as in the previous year, little fish product was exported from Galápagos in the month following the spill, with most fish product dried and stored for up to two months prior to transport to the continent.

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