RESUMO
Paratuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), a chronic disease of a negative economic impact on sheep production. In the state of Sonora, Mexico, there are no reports on the prevalence of MAP in sheep and risk factors associated with it. The objective of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of MAP and risk factors associated by testing antibody-positive in sheep flocks located in the arid and hot region of Sonora, Mexico. A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2012 to December 2014, in 43 flocks. Serum samples from 1178 individual sheep were obtained to detect antibodies against MAP by immunodiffusion in agar-gel. During blood sampling, information about animal and flock management risk factors were obtained by applying a questionnaire to the owners. Risk factors associated with seroprevalence of MAP were estimated using binary logistic regression. The true prevalence of MAP was 7.48% (95% CI 5.98, 8.98) and 53.5% of flocks had at least one seropositive animal. An animal was more likely to be seropositive if it was from a large flock (> 300 animals; OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.24, 9.99) and was born outside the farm (OR 6.24; 95% CI 2.9-1, 3.52). This is the first report of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis seroprevalence in sheep, in Sonora, Mexico. Large flocks and the entry of new animals to the flock were critical risk factors associated with MAP seropositivity.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Paratuberculose/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Animais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , OvinosRESUMO
Compound alpha (Ca) is a benzimidazolic derívate which has shown a high fasciolicidal efficacy when it is given by oral via. Solubilization of Ca would be a suitable alternative to obtain an injectable formulation. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the solubility of Ca in order to determine the in vitro fasciolicidal efficacy and experimentally on infected ovines. The assays of solubility quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), showed that beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and hydroxi-propylbeta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) solubilized in 0.015% and 1.018% respectively. The solubilization for HP-β-CD was calculated as 3.95% for 5.8 mg; 10.76% for HP-β-CD with methanol, 39.048% for proylene-glycol (PG), 100% for glycerol formal (GF), and 100% for combined PG and GF and water in proportions of 3:2:5 and 3:2:4. In vitro evaluation using immature F. hepatica showed that Ca induced 100% efficacy 24 hours after solubilization with either GF or GF combined with PG and water. The efficacy in sheep was 56.4 and 68.4% at 1 and 2 mg/kg respectively; whereas 1 mg/kg of sulphoxide metabolite induced an efficacy of 73.9%. The HPLC assays performed showed no evidence of the sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites. It is concluded that besides solubility and high in vitro fasciolicidal efficacy, the in vivo results in sheep showed only a moderate efficacy.
El compuesto alfa es un derivado bencimidazólico de gran eficacia fasciolicida, que se ingiere vía oral, su solubilización constituye una alternativa para obtener una formulación inyectable. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: evaluar la solubilidad del compuesto alfa, determinar la eficacia fasciolicida in vitro y en ovinos experimentalmente infectados. Los ensayos de solubilidad que fueron cuantificados mediante cromatografía de líquidos de alta resolución, mostraron que la betaciclodextrina e hidroxipropil-betaciclodextrina solubilizaron en 0.051% y 1.018%. Esta última se evaluó con cinco concentraciones, mostró que a 5.8 mg la solubilidad fue 3.95%; hidroxipropil-betaciclodextrina y metanol, 10.76%; propilén-glicol, 39.048%; glicerol formal, 100%; y glicerol formal con propilén-glicol y agua en proporciones 3:2:5 y 3:2:4, 100%. La evaluación in vitro con fasciolas inmaduras mostró que el compuesto con glicerol formal y la combinación de vehículos a las 24 horas fueron eficaces en 100%. La eficacia in vivo en ovinos mostró que el compuesto alfa a dosis de 1 mg/kg fue de 56.46%, a 2 mg/kg de 68.4% y con sulfóxido del compuesto alfa a 1 mg/kg de 73.9%. No se encontró el compuesto alfa ni sus metabolitos sulfóxido y sulfona en el suero determinado por medio del cromatógrafo de líquidos de alta resolución. Se concluye que a pesar de obtener solubilidad del compuesto alfa y alta eficacia fasciolicida in vitro, los resultados in vivo en ovinos revelaron eficacia moderada.