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This study aimed to assess the cortisol, body and reproductive development of prepubertal Holstein and Holstein-Gir ¾ heifers at 27 months of age maintained in an integrated livestock-forest (ILF) system for 60 summer days compared to the monoculture system in full sun (FS). The ILF system promoted changes (P=0.02) in the cortisol levels of Holstein-Gir ¾ heifers and did not affect weight gain in any of the breed groups studied. Animals in ILF system presented a lower (P=0.006) vulvar development for the rima height parameter and similar for the vulva width parameter. The ovarian follicular population of Holstein-Gir ¾ heifers in the ILF system was lower (P=0.004); however, for the Holstein heifers, no statistical difference was found, and numbers were higher (P=0.08) in the ILF system. None of the other ovarian parameters studied had any changes, and we also found important racial differences. Weight gain (P=0.003), vulvar development (P<0.001), and mean follicular size (P=0.008) were higher in the Holstein-Gir ¾ animals. Based on such results, the effect of the ILF system at 27 months of age on stress and reproductive parameters in the Holstein breed is considered positive, although negative effects have been detected on reproductive parameters in the Holstein-Gir ¾ breed.

RESUMO

Zinc (Zn) is an essential element for plants and mammals and its deficiency affects billions of people worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soil Zn fertilization and foliar Zn sprays in different phenological stages of the plant on the grain nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Field experiments were carried out in two consecutive harvest years under no-till system in an Oxisol. Two commercial common bean cultivars were used: BRS Esteio (black bean) and IPR Campos Gerais (Carioca bean). Total concentration of Zn, amino acids, sucrose, total sugars and storage proteins (albumin, globulin, glutelin and prolamin) in grains were evaluated. The cultivar BRS Esteio exhibited higher grain enrichment with Zn than the cultivar IPR Campos Gerais, showing genotypic variation. Single foliar Zn spray of 600 g ha-1 at the initial grain filling stage was shown to be the best way to improve the grain Zn concentration, without affecting grain yield. Foliar Zn spray at the final stage of grain filling favored the increase of Zn concentration in the pods over the Zn concentration in the grains. Agronomic biofortification of bean grains with Zn was more efficient with foliar Zn spraying than with the soil Zn fertilization, however, the soil Zn application favored the increase of concentrations of total amino acids and storage proteins (albumin, globulin and glutelin) in the grains. Agronomic biofortification proved to be efficient in increasing concentrations of Zn and storage proteins in common bean grains.

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Host factors that influence Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) outcome remain elusive. Interferons have been reported as the main antiviral factor in Zika and other flavivirus infections. Here, we accessed samples from 153 pregnant women (77 without and 76 with CZS) and 143 newborns (77 without and 66 with CZS) exposed to ZIKV conducted a case-control study to verify whether interferon alfa receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and interferon lambda 2 and 4 (IFNL2/4) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contribute to CZS outcome, and characterized placenta gene expression profile at term. Newborns carrying CG/CC genotypes of rs2257167 in IFNAR1 presented higher risk of developing CZS (OR=3.41; IC=1.35-8.60; Pcorrected=0.032). No association between IFNL SNPs and CZS was observed. Placenta from CZS cases displayed lower levels of IFNL2 and ISG15 along with higher IFIT5. The rs2257167 CG/CC placentas also demonstrated high levels of IFIT5 and inflammation-related genes. We found CZS to be related with exacerbated type I IFN and insufficient type III IFN in placenta at term, forming an unbalanced response modulated by the IFNAR1 rs2257167 genotype. Despite of the low sample size se findings shed light on the host-pathogen interaction focusing on the genetically regulated type I/type III IFN axis that could lead to better management of Zika and other TORCH (Toxoplasma, Others, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes) congenital infections.

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Sustained virologic response (SVR) in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treatment denotes that the host genetics controls the immune response and unequivocally contribute to viral clearance or disease severity. In this context, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the locus of interferon lambda 3 and 4 genes (IFNL3/4) have been important genetic markers of responsiveness to CHC as prognostic markers for the pegylated-Interferon-alpha/ribavirin (Peg-IFN-α/RBV). Here, we analyzed 12 SNPs at the IFNL3/4 region in 740 treatment-naïve patients with CHC infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1, 2, or 3 treated with Peg-IFN-α/RBV. Individually, rs12979860-CC, rs8109886-CC, or rs8099917-TT were predictive markers of SVR, while rs12979860-CC demonstrated the stronger effect. Besides, the genotypic combination of these three predictors' genotypes, CC/CC/TT, increased the rate of SVR. Serum levels of cytokines and gene expression analysis on the genes IFNL3, IFNL4, IFNA1, and some of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were measured in a subgroup of 24 treated patients and 24 healthy volunteers. An antagonist effect was highlighted between the expression of IFNL3/4 and IFNA1 mRNA among patients. Besides, a prominent production of the pro-inflammatory chemokines CCL4 and CXCL10 was observed at a 12-week treatment follow-up. Lower serum levels of these chemokines were detected in patients with an rs12979860-CC genotype associated with the better treatment outcome. Also, lower expression levels of the IFI6, IFI16, IRF9 genes were observed among rs12979860-CC individuals. In conclusion, a combination of the genotypes at the IFNL3/4 locus can act as a better marker for the prognosis for virological responses in an admixed Brazilian population presenting the modulating effect over innate immunity and inflammation that are controlling the outcome of the viral infection, but also other infectious diseases. This study is registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov platform (accession number NCT01889849 and NCT01623336).

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BACKGROUND: Biologically active peptides produced from fish wastes are gaining attention because their health benefits. Proteases produced by halophilic microorganisms are considered as a source of active enzymes in high salt systems like fish residues. Hence, the aim of this study was the bioprospection of halophilic microorganisms for the production of proteases to prove their application for peptide production. RESULTS: Halophilic microorganisms were isolated from saline soils of Mexico and Bolivia. An enzymatic screening was carried out for the detection of lipases, esterases, pHB depolymerases, chitinases, and proteases. Most of the strains were able to produce lipases, esterases, and proteases, and larger hydrolysis halos were detected for protease activity. Halobacillus andaensis was selected to be studied for proteolytic activity production; the microorganism was able to grow on gelatin, yeast extract, skim milk, casein, peptone, fish muscle (Cyprinus carpio), and soy flour as protein sources, and among these sources, fish muscle protein was the best inducer of proteolytic activity, achieving a protease production of 571 U/mL. The extracellular protease was active at 50°C, pH 8, and 1.4 M NaCl and was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The proteolytic activity of H. andaensis was used to hydrolyze fish muscle protein for peptide production. The peptides obtained showed a MW of 5.3 kDa and a radical scavenging ability of 10 to 30% on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and a ferric reducing ability of plasma. Conclusion: The use of noncommercial extracellular protease produced by H. andaensis for biologically active peptide production using fish muscle as the protein source presents a great opportunity for high-value peptide production.

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Maize harvesting for silage promotes intense use of soil nutrients. The increase in forage harvesting time can ease nutrient use and benefit the nutritional quality of the silage. However, this practice may be economically unviable due to the reduction in the volume of harvested forage. The objective of our experiment was to evaluate several agronomic parameters, such as production, plant composition, nutritional value of silage and nutrient balance in the soil by harvesting the maize plant at different silage heights: 0.20; 0.40; 0.60; 0.80 and 1.00 m above the ground. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments with five repetitions. Representative plants in each plot were cut and fragmented in a forage machine. This material was homogenized and ensiled in experimental polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos. Each 0.10 m increase at harvest provided an increase of 0.65% in the dry matter content of the forage and reduced harvest to 339 kg ha-1 of dry matter. The presence of grains in the forage increased linearly 1.24% for every 0.10 m at the time of harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and silage lignin had a linear decrease of 4.5, 2.8 and 9.6%, respectively, per each 0.10 m lift crop height. Regarding the total digestible nutrients, dry matter intake and the relative forage, these values had a linear increase of 0.5, 7.2 and 8.2%, respectively. For each 0.10 m increase in cutting height, there was a decrease in soil nutrients, namely 3.6 kg ha-1 N, 1.3 kg ha-1 P2O5, 9.5 kg ha-1 K2O, 0.9 kg ha-1 CaO and 1.2 kg ha-1 MgO. Even with the harvest at 1.00 m above the ground, nutrient recycling nutrients by necromass is not sufficient to balance the potassium balance in the soil, causing a decline of 37.69 kg ha-1 K2O. (AU)

A colheita de milho para ensilagem promove intensa exportação de nutrientes do solo. A elevação da altura de colheita da forragem pode amenizar a exportação de nutrientes e beneficiar a qualidade nutricional da silagem. No entanto, essa prática pode ser inviável economicamente devido à redução no volume de forragem colhida. Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar os parâmetros agronômicos de produção, composição vegetal, valor nutricional da silagem e balanço de nutrientes no solo pela colheita da planta de milho em diferentes alturas: 0,20; 0,40; 0,60; 0,80 e 1,00 m do solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 tratamentos com 5 repetições. Plantas representativas de cada parcela foram colhidas nas respectivas alturas e fragmentadas em uma ensiladeira. Este material foi homogeneizado e ensilado em silos experimentais de policloreto de vinila (PVC). Cada 0,10 m de elevação na altura de colheita proporcionou aumento de 0,65 pontos percentuais no teor de matéria seca da forragem e redução da colheita de 339 kg ha-1 de fitomassa seca. A participação de grãos na forragem acresceu linearmente na ordem de 1,24 pontos percentuais a cada 0,10 m de elevação na altura de colheita. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina da silagem apresentaram decréscimo linear de 4,5; 2,8 e 9,6 %, respectivamente, a cada 0,10 m de elevação da altura de colheita; enquanto que os nutrientes digestíveis totais, o consumo de matéria seca e o valor relativo da forragem tiveram acréscimo linear de 0,5; 7,2 e 8,2 %, respectivamente. A cada 0,10 m de elevação da altura de colheita, houve redução da exportação de nutrientes do solo na ordem de: 3,6 kg ha-1 de N; 1,3 kg ha-1 de P2O5; 9,5 kg ha-1 de K2O; 0,9 kg ha-1 de CaO e 1,2 kg ha-1 de MgO.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Maize harvesting for silage promotes intense use of soil nutrients. The increase in forage harvesting time can ease nutrient use and benefit the nutritional quality of the silage. However, this practice may be economically unviable due to the reduction in the volume of harvested forage. The objective of our experiment was to evaluate several agronomic parameters, such as production, plant composition, nutritional value of silage and nutrient balance in the soil by harvesting the maize plant at different silage heights: 0.20; 0.40; 0.60; 0.80 and 1.00 m above the ground. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments with five repetitions. Representative plants in each plot were cut and fragmented in a forage machine. This material was homogenized and ensiled in experimental polyvinyl chloride (PVC) silos. Each 0.10 m increase at harvest provided an increase of 0.65% in the dry matter content of the forage and reduced harvest to 339 kg ha-1 of dry matter. The presence of grains in the forage increased linearly 1.24% for every 0.10 m at the time of harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and silage lignin had a linear decrease of 4.5, 2.8 and 9.6%, respectively, per each 0.10 m lift crop height. Regarding the total digestible nutrients, dry matter intake and the relative forage, these values had a linear increase of 0.5, 7.2 and 8.2%, respectively. For each 0.10 m increase in cutting height, there was a decrease in soil nutrients, namely 3.6 kg ha-1 N, 1.3 kg ha-1 P2O5, 9.5 kg ha-1 K2O, 0.9 kg ha-1 CaO and 1.2 kg ha-1 MgO. Even with the harvest at 1.00 m above the ground, nutrient recycling nutrients by necromass is not sufficient to balance the potassium balance in the soil, causing a decline of 37.69 kg ha-1 K2O.

A colheita de milho para ensilagem promove intensa exportação de nutrientes do solo. A elevação da altura de colheita da forragem pode amenizar a exportação de nutrientes e beneficiar a qualidade nutricional da silagem. No entanto, essa prática pode ser inviável economicamente devido à redução no volume de forragem colhida. Objetivou-se com este experimento avaliar os parâmetros agronômicos de produção, composição vegetal, valor nutricional da silagem e balanço de nutrientes no solo pela colheita da planta de milho em diferentes alturas: 0,20; 0,40; 0,60; 0,80 e 1,00 m do solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 tratamentos com 5 repetições. Plantas representativas de cada parcela foram colhidas nas respectivas alturas e fragmentadas em uma ensiladeira. Este material foi homogeneizado e ensilado em silos experimentais de policloreto de vinila (PVC). Cada 0,10 m de elevação na altura de colheita proporcionou aumento de 0,65 pontos percentuais no teor de matéria seca da forragem e redução da colheita de 339 kg ha-1 de fitomassa seca. A participação de grãos na forragem acresceu linearmente na ordem de 1,24 pontos percentuais a cada 0,10 m de elevação na altura de colheita. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina da silagem apresentaram decréscimo linear de 4,5; 2,8 e 9,6 %, respectivamente, a cada 0,10 m de elevação da altura de colheita; enquanto que os nutrientes digestíveis totais, o consumo de matéria seca e o valor relativo da forragem tiveram acréscimo linear de 0,5; 7,2 e 8,2 %, respectivamente. A cada 0,10 m de elevação da altura de colheita, houve redução da exportação de nutrientes do solo na ordem de: 3,6 kg ha-1 de N; 1,3 kg ha-1 de P2O5; 9,5 kg ha-1 de K2O; 0,9 kg ha-1 de CaO e 1,2 kg ha-1 de MgO.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes arranjos de plantio próprios para o consórcio com a atividade agrícola e pecuária, bem como tipos de consórcio na produção de plantas de pinhão manso em duas safras. O experimento foi realizado no município de Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela representada por 5 espaçamentos: 6x3m (555 pl ha-1); 12x(2x2)m (714 pl ha-1); 10x(2x2)m (833 pl ha-1); 8x(2x2)m (1.000 pl ha-1); 6x1,5m (1.111 pl ha-1) e a subparcela representada por dois tipos de consórcio (integração lavoura-pecuária-pinhão manso - iLPF, e integração pecuária pinhão manso - SSP). As avalições contemplaram as safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. Os resultados demonstraram que o maior espaçamento de plantio (6x3m) apresentou efeito positivo na produção por planta, superando os demais tratamentos. Não foram observados efeitos significativos no número de sementes por fruto, bem como no peso da semente. A produção por hectare, foi maior no espaçamento 6x1,5m (maior densidade populacional), entretanto não seguiu uma tendência linear. O sistema iLPF apresentou efeito significativo na produção, superando o sistema SSP.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different spacing plantings and intercropping models on physic nut trees yield in two harvest seasons. The experimental trial was carried out in Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais, in a randomized complete bocks design, in a split-plotted scheme. The experimental unit was represented by 5 different spacing plantings 6x3m (555 pl ha-1); 12x(2x2)m (714 pl ha-1); 10x(2x2)m (833 pl ha-1); 8x(2x2)m (1,000 pl ha-1); 6x1,5m (1.111 pl ha-1) and the sub-unit by two intercropping models (crop-livestock-forestry - iLPF, and livestock-forestry - SSP). The evaluation period contemplated 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 harvest seasons. The results showed that the higher spacing planting (6x3m) had a positive effect on individual tree yield, overcoming the others. No effect was observed for number of seeds per fruit and seed weight. The yield per hectare was higher in the closest spacing planting (6x1.5m), however it did not follow a linear trend. The iLPF system affected yield positively, overcoming the SSP system.

RESUMO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes arranjos de plantio próprios para o consórcio com a atividade agrícola e pecuária, bem como tipos de consórcio na produção de plantas de pinhão manso em duas safras. O experimento foi realizado no município de Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo a parcela representada por 5 espaçamentos: 6x3m (555 pl ha-1); 12x(2x2)m (714 pl ha-1); 10x(2x2)m (833 pl ha-1); 8x(2x2)m (1.000 pl ha-1); 6x1,5m (1.111 pl ha-1) e a subparcela representada por dois tipos de consórcio (integração lavoura-pecuária-pinhão manso - iLPF, e integração pecuária pinhão manso - SSP). As avalições contemplaram as safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. Os resultados demonstraram que o maior espaçamento de plantio (6x3m) apresentou efeito positivo na produção por planta, superando os demais tratamentos. Não foram observados efeitos significativos no número de sementes por fruto, bem como no peso da semente. A produção por hectare, foi maior no espaçamento 6x1,5m (maior densidade populacional), entretanto não seguiu uma tendência linear. O sistema iLPF apresentou efeito significativo na produção, superando o sistema SSP.(AU)

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different spacing plantings and intercropping models on physic nut trees yield in two harvest seasons. The experimental trial was carried out in Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais, in a randomized complete bocks design, in a split-plotted scheme. The experimental unit was represented by 5 different spacing plantings 6x3m (555 pl ha-1); 12x(2x2)m (714 pl ha-1); 10x(2x2)m (833 pl ha-1); 8x(2x2)m (1,000 pl ha-1); 6x1,5m (1.111 pl ha-1) and the sub-unit by two intercropping models (crop-livestock-forestry - iLPF, and livestock-forestry - SSP). The evaluation period contemplated 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 harvest seasons. The results showed that the higher spacing planting (6x3m) had a positive effect on individual tree yield, overcoming the others. No effect was observed for number of seeds per fruit and seed weight. The yield per hectare was higher in the closest spacing planting (6x1.5m), however it did not follow a linear trend. The iLPF system affected yield positively, overcoming the SSP system.(AU)

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A degradação das áreas se iniciou após a eliminação gradativa davegetação original de floresta para aimplantação de cultivos agrícolas e/ou atividades pecuárias, e se acentuoucom o uso inadequado das pastagens.

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A degradação das áreas se iniciou após a eliminação gradativa davegetação original de floresta para aimplantação de cultivos agrícolas e/ou atividades pecuárias, e se acentuoucom o uso inadequado das pastagens.

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Os laboratórios da Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico de Bio-Manguinhos realizam testes clínicos de fase 1, 2 e 3 de biofármacos e vacinas em desenvolvimento, e ainda, análises de pós-marketing. Bio-Manguinhos, atualmente, não dispõe de um laboratório para recebimento e processamento das amostras biológicas de estudos clínicos, terceirizando este serviço e/ou utilizando outras Unidades da FIOCRUZ . O modelo de laboratório proposto neste trabalho foi a partir dos elementos contidos na legislação vigente, incluindo documentos normativos, que estabelecem critérios para a implantação do mesmo. As atividades relacionadas ao processamento das amostras foi classificado como risco biológico do tipo 2, utilizando instalações físicas de nível de biossegurança 2, o qual é recomendado para o trabalho com sangue segundo os padrões da OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Administração de Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional dos Estados Unidos), o que requer a utilização de precauções específicas com todas as amostras biológicas de sangue, hemoderivados ou materiais potencialmente infecciosos. Foram discutidos, através deste trabalho, requisitos e especificações, segundo a legislação vigente, de um laboratório que vise suprir as necessidades de Bio-Manguinhos...

The laboratories of the Vice Director of Technological Development of Bio-Manguinhosperforma clinical trial phase 1, 2 and 3 of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines in development andfurther analysis of post marketing. Bio - Manguinhos currently does not have a laboratory forreceipt and processing of biological samples from clinical studies, outsourcing this service and /or using other units of FIOCRUZ . The laboratory model proposed here was developed with theelements contained in the current legislation, including regulatory documents, which establishcriteria for the implementation of the laboratory. The activities related to the processing of thesamples was classified as biological risk of type 2 using physical facilities biosafety level 2,which is recommended for working with blood by the standards of OSHA (U.S. OccupationalSafety and Health Administration of United States), which requires specific precautions to usewith all biological samples of blood, blood products or potentially infectious materials. I wasdiscussed through this work requirements and specifications, under the current legislation, alaboratory which aims to meet the needs of Bio-Manguinhos: including a lay-out modelcontemplating facilities for biosafety level 2; establishment of procedures that will ensure thatproducts and services comply with the attendance to the issues of biosafety and the environment;creating a program of registration of biological samples that allows traceability of the process,developing a system of inspection focused on biosecurity services offered through checklist;discussing measures aiming at the prevention, control, elimination or minimization of risksinherent to the activities, given current legislation , thereby aiding the prevention, minimizationand, when possible, eliminating exposure to occupational hazards present in the laboratory,avoiding accidents and preserving the health of employees, the community and the environment...

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Substrates and fertilization are fundamental for seedling production, which well nourished can produce earlier and are more resistant to stresses. Animal manures are often used in non-industrialized substrates with good results, but their costs are increasing. Other residues may be used for plant nutrition, in substrates or in leaf fertilization. The aim of this work was to evaluate substrates prepared with green manure composts and the leaf application of biofertilizer on the formation of yellow passion fruit seedlings. A greenhouse experiment was conducted between December 2009 and February 2010, with a split-plot random block design. Plots received or not leaf application of supermagro biofertilizer. Subplots consisted of different substrates: soil; soil + cattle manure; soil + cattle manure composted with black oats straw; soil + cattle manure composted with ryegrass straw; soil + cattle manure composted with turnip straw; and soil + cattle manure composted with vetch straw. There were three dates of leaf fertilization: 10, 25 and 40 days after emergence (DAE). At 50 DAE plants were collected for evaluation of growth and accumulation of biomass and nutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn and Zn. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test. The substrate soil + cattle manure promoted higher stem diameter, plant height, leaf area, root length and v

Substratos e adubações são fundamentais para a produção de mudas, que bem nutridas produzem precocemente e resistem melhor a estresses. Estercos são muito utilizados em substratos não industrializados, com bons resultados para as mudas, mas seu custo tem se elevado. Outros resíduos podem ser utilizados para nutrir as plantas, tanto via substrato quanto via adubação foliar. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar substratos elaborados com compostos orgânicos de adubos verdes e o uso de adubação foliar com biofertilizante na formação de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa entre dezembro de 2009 e fevereiro de 2010. Com delineamento de blocos casualizados e parcelas subdivididas, estudou-se adubação foliar com biofertilizante supermagro nas Parcelas e os seguintes substratos nas subparcelas: solo; solo + esterco bovino; solo + composto de esterco com palha de aveia preta; solo + composto de esterco com palha de azevém; solo + composto de esterco com palha de nabo forrageiro; solo + composto de esterco com palha de ervilhaca. Foram realizadas três adubações foliares: aos 10, 25 e 40 dias após a emergência (DAE). Aos 50 DAE, as plantas foram coletadas para avaliar o crescimento e acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn e Zn. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey. O substrato solo + esterco bovino promoveu mai

RESUMO

The increasing production of biodiesel in Brazil also increases glycerin production, a co-product of this industry. The main component of glycerin, glycerol, is highly energetic and because of that, glycerin is already used as animal feed in many countries. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the chemical composition of glycerin produced by biodiesel plants in Brazil and discuss its potential utilization as animal feed. Forty one samples of glycerin from sixteen biodiesel plants, that together yield 85.1% of Brazilian biodiesel, were analyzed. Chromium, cadmium and lead were not detected in any studied sample. Only four plants, that together yield 36.8% of Brazilian glycerin, comply the glycerol and moisture content levels established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. Only one, responsible for 14.1% of Brazilian glycerin, delivers glycerin with the potential to be used as ruminant feed once it doesn't use animal fat to produce biodiesel.

Com a crescente produção de biodiesel no Brasil, aumenta também a produção de glicerina, co-produto dessa indústria. O principal componente da glicerina é o glicerol, altamente energético e, por isso, ela já vem sendo usada como alimento animal em vários países. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química da glicerina produzida por indústrias de biodiesel no Brasil e discutir seu potencial de utilização na alimentação animal. Dezesseis usinas, responsáveis por 85,1% do biodiesel produzido no país, forneceram 41 amostras para análise. Cromo, cádmio e chumbo não foram detectados em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. Apenas quatro usinas, responsáveis por 36,8% da produção, produzem glicerina que atendem os parâmetros estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento para os teores de umidade e glicerol. Apenas uma usina, responsável por 14,1% da produção, produz glicerina apta para uso na alimentação de ruminantes, por não utilizar sebo bovino como matéria prima para o biodiesel.

RESUMO

Substrates and fertilization are fundamental for seedling production, which well nourished can produce earlier and are more resistant to stresses. Animal manures are often used in non-industrialized substrates with good results, but their costs are increasing. Other residues may be used for plant nutrition, in substrates or in leaf fertilization. The aim of this work was to evaluate substrates prepared with green manure composts and the leaf application of biofertilizer on the formation of yellow passion fruit seedlings. A greenhouse experiment was conducted between December 2009 and February 2010, with a split-plot random block design. Plots received or not leaf application of supermagro biofertilizer. Subplots consisted of different substrates: soil; soil + cattle manure; soil + cattle manure composted with black oats straw; soil + cattle manure composted with ryegrass straw; soil + cattle manure composted with turnip straw; and soil + cattle manure composted with vetch straw. There were three dates of leaf fertilization: 10, 25 and 40 days after emergence (DAE). At 50 DAE plants were collected for evaluation of growth and accumulation of biomass and nutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn and Zn. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test. The substrate soil + cattle manure promoted higher stem diameter, plant height, leaf area, root length and v

Substratos e adubações são fundamentais para a produção de mudas, que bem nutridas produzem precocemente e resistem melhor a estresses. Estercos são muito utilizados em substratos não industrializados, com bons resultados para as mudas, mas seu custo tem se elevado. Outros resíduos podem ser utilizados para nutrir as plantas, tanto via substrato quanto via adubação foliar. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar substratos elaborados com compostos orgânicos de adubos verdes e o uso de adubação foliar com biofertilizante na formação de mudas de maracujazeiro-amarelo. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa entre dezembro de 2009 e fevereiro de 2010. Com delineamento de blocos casualizados e parcelas subdivididas, estudou-se adubação foliar com biofertilizante supermagro nas Parcelas e os seguintes substratos nas subparcelas: solo; solo + esterco bovino; solo + composto de esterco com palha de aveia preta; solo + composto de esterco com palha de azevém; solo + composto de esterco com palha de nabo forrageiro; solo + composto de esterco com palha de ervilhaca. Foram realizadas três adubações foliares: aos 10, 25 e 40 dias após a emergência (DAE). Aos 50 DAE, as plantas foram coletadas para avaliar o crescimento e acúmulo de biomassa e nutrientes: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn e Zn. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey. O substrato solo + esterco bovino promoveu mai

RESUMO

The increasing production of biodiesel in Brazil also increases glycerin production, a co-product of this industry. The main component of glycerin, glycerol, is highly energetic and because of that, glycerin is already used as animal feed in many countries. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the chemical composition of glycerin produced by biodiesel plants in Brazil and discuss its potential utilization as animal feed. Forty one samples of glycerin from sixteen biodiesel plants, that together yield 85.1% of Brazilian biodiesel, were analyzed. Chromium, cadmium and lead were not detected in any studied sample. Only four plants, that together yield 36.8% of Brazilian glycerin, comply the glycerol and moisture content levels established by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. Only one, responsible for 14.1% of Brazilian glycerin, delivers glycerin with the potential to be used as ruminant feed once it doesn't use animal fat to produce biodiesel.

Com a crescente produção de biodiesel no Brasil, aumenta também a produção de glicerina, co-produto dessa indústria. O principal componente da glicerina é o glicerol, altamente energético e, por isso, ela já vem sendo usada como alimento animal em vários países. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química da glicerina produzida por indústrias de biodiesel no Brasil e discutir seu potencial de utilização na alimentação animal. Dezesseis usinas, responsáveis por 85,1% do biodiesel produzido no país, forneceram 41 amostras para análise. Cromo, cádmio e chumbo não foram detectados em nenhuma das amostras estudadas. Apenas quatro usinas, responsáveis por 36,8% da produção, produzem glicerina que atendem os parâmetros estabelecidos pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento para os teores de umidade e glicerol. Apenas uma usina, responsável por 14,1% da produção, produz glicerina apta para uso na alimentação de ruminantes, por não utilizar sebo bovino como matéria prima para o biodiesel.

RESUMO

A trial was carried out aiming to evaluate the development and yield of red wine grapevines under plastic cover in an organic production system in Guarapuava, the Central-Southern region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was in a randomized blocks, in a 5x2 factorial arrangement (cultivars x rootstocks), with five red wine vine cultivars (Merlot, Malbec, Carbenet Sauvignon, Ives and Early Isabella) and two rootstocks (Paulsen 1103 e VR 043-43). The grafted grapevines were planted in September of 2005 and the evaluations carried out for the three first productive cycles (2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2008/2009). The following variables were evaluated: phenological growth stages, number of clusters, average cluster weight, total yield, total soluble solids content and fresh weight of pruning material. The cultivation of wine grapevines in an organic system under plastic cover demonstrated viability, inhibiting the incidence of diseases and reducing the needs of control. The most limiting factor was the damage caused by wasps and bees that decreased cluster harvest. Despite this problem, between tested grapevine cultivars, the Early Isabella was the most productive in all years, while Malbec was also outstanding in the first cycle. VR 043-43 hybrid could be a suitable rootstock for red wine production in areas infested by 'Perola da Terra' scale insects (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis).

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento e produtividade de uvas para vinho tinto sob cobertura plástica, em sistema orgânico, em Guarapuava, região centro-sul do estado do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5x2 (cultivares x porta-enxertos), com cinco cultivares de vinho tinto (Merlot, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Bordô e Isabel Precoce) e dois porta-enxertos (Paulsen 1103e VR 043-43). As videiras enxertadas foram plantadas em setembro de 2005 e as avaliações foram conduzidas nos três primeiros ciclos produtivos (2006/2007, 2007/2008, 2009/2009). Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: estádios fenológicos, número de cachos, massa média dos cachos, produtividade, teor de sólidos solúveis totais e massa fresca do material de poda. O cultivo de videiras para vinificação em sistema orgânico sob cobertura plástica demonstrou ser viável, inibindo a incidência de doenças e reduzindo a necessidade de controle. O fator mais limitante foi o ataque de vespas e abelhas que severamente reduziram a colheita de cachos. Apesar desse problema, entre as cultivares de videira testadas, a Isabel Precoce foi a mais produtiva em todos os anos, enquanto a 'Malbec' foi também superior no primeiro ciclo. O híbrido 'VR 043-43' poderia ser um porta-enxerto adequado para a produção de uvas para vinho tinto em áreas infestadas com pérola-da-terra (Eurhizococcus brasiliensis).

RESUMO

Shade in silvopastoral systems improves the thermal comfort of animals, but it may also affect the pasture productivity and can contribute to soil compaction in the shaded areas due to the increase in the number of animals looking for comfort. The effect of grazing at various distances from tree rows (under the tree canopy, at 6 and at 12 m away from the trees) on the soil bulk density and on the aerial and root biomass of Brachiaria decumbens was evaluated in both the dry and the rainy seasons. The study was carried out on an Orthic Ferralsol in a randomized block design with two replications. Tree rows were composed of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium species, and the paddocks were submitted to a rotational stocking management, using Holstein (Bos taurus) × Zebu (Bos indicus) heifers. The shade intensity in the pasture decreased with an increasing distance from the tree row. Soil bulk density did not vary with the distance from the tree row, but varied seasonally, being greater in the rainy season (1.47 g cm-3) than in the dry season (1.28 g cm-3). Green forage and root mass, expressed as dry matter, were lower under the tree canopy and were greater in the rainy season. There were decreases of 22.3 and 41.4% in the aerial and root biomasses, respectively, in the tree rows. The greatest shoot/root ratio for B. decumbens under moderate and intensive shading indicates a modification in the forage biomass allocation pattern that favours the aerial development in detriment of the root system.

O sombreamento em sistemas silvipastoris concorre para o conforto térmico dos animais; no entanto pode afetar a produção do pasto e contribuir para a compactação do solo, pelo aumento da concentração de animais nas áreas sombreadas. Avaliou-se o efeito da distância do renque de árvores (sob a copa das árvores, 6 e 12 m de distancia das árvores) na densidade do solo e na biomassa aérea e de raízes de Brachiaria decumbens, nas épocas seca e chuvosa. O estudo foi conduzido num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com duas repetições. A faixa de árvores foi composta pelas espécies Eucalyptus grandis e Acacia mangium, e os piquetes foram manejados com novilhas Holandês (Bos taurus) × Zebu (Bos indicus) , sob lotação rotativa. A intensidade de sombreamento foi decrescente com o distanciamento do renque de árvores. A densidade do solo não variou com a distância do renque de árvores, mas sim com a época do ano, tendo sido maior na época chuvosa (1,47 g dm-3) do que na seca (1,28 g dm-3). As massas secas de forragem verde e de raízes foram menores sob a copa das árvores e maiores na época chuvosa do que na seca. Na faixa arborizada houve reduções de 22,3 e 41,4% na biomassa aérea e de raízes, respectivamente. A maior relação parte aérea/raiz da B. decumbens à sombra expressa uma modificação no padrão de alocação de biomassa na forrageira, que prioriza a formação da parte aérea, em detrimento do sistema radicular.

RESUMO

Shade in silvopastoral systems improves the thermal comfort of animals, but it may also affect the pasture productivity and can contribute to soil compaction in the shaded areas due to the increase in the number of animals looking for comfort. The effect of grazing at various distances from tree rows (under the tree canopy, at 6 and at 12 m away from the trees) on the soil bulk density and on the aerial and root biomass of Brachiaria decumbens was evaluated in both the dry and the rainy seasons. The study was carried out on an Orthic Ferralsol in a randomized block design with two replications. Tree rows were composed of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium species, and the paddocks were submitted to a rotational stocking management, using Holstein (Bos taurus) × Zebu (Bos indicus) heifers. The shade intensity in the pasture decreased with an increasing distance from the tree row. Soil bulk density did not vary with the distance from the tree row, but varied seasonally, being greater in the rainy season (1.47 g cm-3) than in the dry season (1.28 g cm-3). Green forage and root mass, expressed as dry matter, were lower under the tree canopy and were greater in the rainy season. There were decreases of 22.3 and 41.4% in the aerial and root biomasses, respectively, in the tree rows. The greatest shoot/root ratio for B. decumbens under moderate and intensive shading indicates a modification in the forage biomass allocation pattern that favours the aerial development in detriment of the root system.

O sombreamento em sistemas silvipastoris concorre para o conforto térmico dos animais; no entanto pode afetar a produção do pasto e contribuir para a compactação do solo, pelo aumento da concentração de animais nas áreas sombreadas. Avaliou-se o efeito da distância do renque de árvores (sob a copa das árvores, 6 e 12 m de distancia das árvores) na densidade do solo e na biomassa aérea e de raízes de Brachiaria decumbens, nas épocas seca e chuvosa. O estudo foi conduzido num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com duas repetições. A faixa de árvores foi composta pelas espécies Eucalyptus grandis e Acacia mangium, e os piquetes foram manejados com novilhas Holandês (Bos taurus) × Zebu (Bos indicus) , sob lotação rotativa. A intensidade de sombreamento foi decrescente com o distanciamento do renque de árvores. A densidade do solo não variou com a distância do renque de árvores, mas sim com a época do ano, tendo sido maior na época chuvosa (1,47 g dm-3) do que na seca (1,28 g dm-3). As massas secas de forragem verde e de raízes foram menores sob a copa das árvores e maiores na época chuvosa do que na seca. Na faixa arborizada houve reduções de 22,3 e 41,4% na biomassa aérea e de raízes, respectivamente. A maior relação parte aérea/raiz da B. decumbens à sombra expressa uma modificação no padrão de alocação de biomassa na forrageira, que prioriza a formação da parte aérea, em detrimento do sistema radicular.

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The relatively small size and the ability to load mini-implants without delay are important changes in the simplification of bone rigid anchorage. The purpose of this study was to analyze interfacial healing 1, 4, and 12 weeks after the placment of titanium mini-implants in New Zealand rabbits by removal torque test (RTT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Eighteen animals were used in the experiment, in which 72 titanium grade 5 mini-implants 2.0 mm in diameter and 6.0 mm long, were placed. Each animal received 4 mini-implants; 2 were immediately loaded with 1 N. RESULTS: The RTT means for the unloaded mini-implants at 1, 4, and 12 weeks were 15.2 +/- 4.2 N mm (n = 5), 13.1 +/- 5.7 N mm (n = 5), and 54.4 +/- 12.8 N mm (n = 4), respectively. The loaded groups had means of 12.7 +/- 5.1 N mm (n = 4), 11.1 +/- 5.4 N mm (n = 4), and 32.9 +/- 12.8 N mm (n = 5) for the same healing periods, respectively. The statistical evaluation indicated significance in the comparison between loaded and unloaded 12-week groups (P <0.05). SEM analysis in the loaded group showed the formation of less fibrous interfacial tissue after 4 weeks and more lamellar appearance after 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The immediate 1-N load did not cause significant changes in the fixation of the mini-implants after 1 and 4 weeks of bone healing. Nevertheless, after 12 weeks, the loaded group had significantly lower RTT values than the unloaded group without compromising the stability of the mini-implants (P <0.05).

Assuntos