RESUMO
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or increased albumin excretion leading to renal injury. However, exercise training is an important non-pharmacological intervention that ameliorates and protects against Diabetes Mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and CKD. AIM: Our aim was to evaluate the capability of resistance exercise training (RET) to improve CKD outcomes and the contribution of the renal and muscular Akt/mTOR signaling pathway for RET beneficial effects on a CKD model. MAIN METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to RET, followed for 10 weeks, and randomly divided into 5 groups: Sham: Sham-operated; sedentary and nephrectomy (5/6Nx) (SNS); exercising post-5/6Nx (SNE); exercising pre-5/6Nx (ENS); exercising pre- and post-5/6Nx (ENE). The systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured. Creatinine, proteinuria, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated. After euthanasia Renal and muscular Akt/mTOR signaling pathways were analyzed. KEY FINDING: Our study showed that the SNS presented renal injury, hypertension, weight and muscular mass loss and a higher mortality rate. SNS group also decreased renal IL-10 and increased TNF-alfa and TGF-Beta. Renal AKT, mTOR, and rpS6 pathway were increased, PTEN was decreased on SNS. And muscular Akt and mTOR were decreased on SNS. SIGNIFICANCE: The RET before and after the 5/6Nx ameliorates all these parameters mentioned above, suggesting that RET is a good non-pharmacological approach to diminish complications frequently found in CKD. We also suggest that the AKT-m-TOR pathway can play an important role in these beneficial outcomes of RET on the CKD animal model.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Treinamento Resistido , Animais , Creatina/análogos & derivados , Creatina/sangue , Creatina/urina , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Nefrectomia , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
AIM: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of aerobic exercise training (AET) to prevent kidney lipid accumulation and the contribution of renal metabolism to mediate this response. MAIN METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were assigned into groups CHOW-SED (chow diet, sedentary; nâ¯=â¯13), CHOW-TR (chow diet, trained; nâ¯=â¯13), CAF-SED (cafeteria diet, sedentary; nâ¯=â¯13) and CAF-TR (cafeteria diet, trained; nâ¯=â¯13). AET consisted in running sessions of 60â¯min at 60% of maximal speed conducted five days per week for eight weeks. KEY FINDINGS: AET prevented weight gain in both trained groups. Food intake was not different among groups, however water intake, urine output, urine potassium and osmolarity were reduced in CAF-SED and CAF-TR groups. Kidney lipid deposition increased in CAF-SED (4.12⯱â¯0.5%/area) compared with CHOW-SED (1.7⯱â¯0.54%/area), and the AET prevented this increase in the CAF-TR group (2.1⯱â¯0.5%/area). The Bowman's capsule area decreased in CAF-SED and CAF-TR groups while the Bowman' space reduced in CAF-SED compared to CHOW-SED group, which was prevented by AET in the CAF-TF group. We observed a 27% increase in the p-AMPK expression in CAF-TR compared to CHOW-SED group without differences in the SIRT-1, PGC1-α, ACC and p-ACC. ß-HAD activity increased in CAF-SED (43.9⯱â¯4.57â¯nmol·min-1·ug-1) and CAF-TR (44.7⯱â¯2.6â¯nmol·min-1·ug-1) groups compared to CHOW-SED (35.1⯱â¯2.9â¯nmol·min-1·ug-1) e CHOW-TR (36.6⯱â¯2.7â¯nmol·min-1·ug-1). SIGNIFICANCE: AET prevented kidney lipid accumulation induced by cafeteria diet and this response was not associated with changes in the renal metabolic activity that favors lipid oxidation.
Assuntos
Dieta , Hiperlipidemias/terapia , Rim/metabolismo , Rim/patologia , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Lipídeos/análise , Condicionamento Físico Animal , Animais , Peso Corporal , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
The aims of the present study were to prepare spray-dried polymeric nanocapsules (NC) and nanospheres (NS) from poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (P epsilon C) suspensions containing diclofenac (DIC) and to determine the physicochemical properties of the formulations. NC or NS suspensions were prepared by interfacial deposition of the polymer. DSC-thermograms of raw materials and NC or NS suspensions (evaporated or spray-dried) were obtained using a PL-DSC. Spray-dried powders were prepared by addition of 3% (w/v) Aerosil 200 into suspensions of NC or NS. These mixtures were fed into a spray-dryer. DIC was assayed by HPLC. NC and NS spray-dried powders were examined under SEM (Jeol Scanning Microscope, JSM-5800). NC and NS suspensions had acceptable diameter, 340 and 247 nm respectively. The yields of NC and NS spray-dried powders were 80% and 75% and the recovery of the DIC was 99% and 93%, respectively. The melting peak of P epsilon C in NC and NS was observed at a temperature about 10 degrees C lower than in the raw material. In the NC thermograms the maximum of the oil (Miglyol 810) melting peak (+1.6 degrees C) was lowered about 7 degrees C. For spray-dried NC formulations, the SEM analyses of powders showed spherical microparticles of silicon dioxide, covered by nanoparticles (300 nm), while for spray-dried NS formulations the microparticles presented a rugged surface at the same magnification.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Diclofenaco/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Caproatos , Cápsulas , Fenômenos Químicos , Físico-Química , Coloides , Diclofenaco/administração & dosagem , Eletroquímica , Excipientes , Lactonas , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microesferas , Tamanho da Partícula , Pós , SuspensõesRESUMO
Recently, much interest has been generated by colloidal drug delivery systems such as nanocapsules because of the possibilities for controlled release, increased drug efficacy, and reduced toxicity after parenteral administration. Nanocapsules of poly-epsilon-caprolactone and Eudragit S90 were prepared. However, these systems present physicochemical instability. To dry these nanocapsule suspensions with the view of obtaining a solid form, the spray-drying process was used. Spray-dried powders of nanocapsules of poly-sigma-caprolactone and Eudragit S90 were prepared by atomization in a Büchi 190 Mini-spray dryer using colloidal silicon dioxide as a technological carrier. The morphological analysis of the surface at the powders showed that nanocapsules remain intact, and no change in particle size was detected after the spray-drying process. These results suggest that this method can be an interesting alternative to dry nanocapsule suspensions.