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Speckle-based methods have been developed to characterize tissue blood flow and perfusion. One such method, called modified laser speckle imaging (mLSI), enables computation of blood flow maps with relatively high spatial resolution. Although it is known that the sensitivity and noise in LSI measurements depend on image exposure time, a fundamental disadvantage of mLSI is that it does not take into account this parameter. In this work, we integrate the exposure time into the mLSI method and provide experimental support of our approach with measurements from an in vitro flow phantom.

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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most frequent type of skin cancer in humans, with cumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation as an important risk factor for development of illness such as severe solar burns during childhood or adolescence. BCC is mainly located on sun-exposed sites, head and neck being the areas of more incidences; although nose, eyelids and periorbitary tissue are unfavorable due to cosmetic results that BCC involves. Tumors can be classified as nodular, superficial, micronodular, morphea variety, infiltrating, pigmented, metatypic and fibroepithelioma of Pinkus. Several treatment options such as surgical and nonsurgical are available. The goal of treatment is complete excision of the tumor with preservation of surrounding structures in a way aesthetically acceptable. Mohs' micrographic surgery is the standard treatment for all nonmelanoma skin cancers. Orbital exenteration is also used for treatment of malignancies of ocular tissues, mainly squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous cell carcinoma and BCC. The tissue beneath the surgical site can be left for second-intention granulation or covered with a cutaneous implant of partial thickness. The case of a 77-year-old patient is presented with BCC of inferior eyelid of 14 years' duration, formerly managed with radiotherapy; however, due to recurrent illness and invasion to the maxillary antrum, he needed supraestructure maxillectomy with left orbital exenteration.

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We describe the focusing region associated with transmittances, analyzing its associated phase function. We show that generic features can be studied from the differential equation for focusing geometry, which is obtained through angular representation for diffraction fields. With the treatment, we recover the results for circular zone plates, and by introducing a linear transformation into the transmittance function we generate structures that keep the ability to generate focusing. According to the choice of the parameters involved, the diffraction field presents new focusing regions, whose three-dimensional geometry and spatial evolution can be described in a selective fashion with analysis of only the phase singularities associated with the diffraction field and avoidance of the integral representation. The treatment is also applied to a simple lens. We recover the theoretical predictions obtained by Berry and Upstill [M. V. Berry and C. Upstill, in Progress in Optics, E. Wolf, ed. (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980), Vol. XVIII, p. 259], and these predictions are corroborated experimentally. The results obtained are shown.

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PIP: In July 1993, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Nicaragua expanded their community development work on domestic violence to include a "Group of Men Against Violence" (GMAV). GMAV began by focusing on self-education and expanded to include a movement of male farmers, the Network of Rural Promoters, that encourages men to engage in recreational activities with their children and to help develop family vegetable gardens. GMAV has spread through Nicaragua, and the men support seven youth groups. One NGO, CANTERA, offers a systematic course involving three workshops on masculine identities; gender, power, and violence; and unlearning machismo as well as follow-up workshops on masculinity, sexuality, and communication skills. Another NGO, CISAS, expands the CANTERA courses to include more specific topics and offers a training-of-trainers course to the Army Health Department staff. CISAS supports men's groups that meet weekly to discuss various topics both within and among various communities. CISAS also sponsors national-level meetings, including one with women's groups. The GMAV is currently seeking outside funding to respond to requests for support and training, including a request from the police department for gender sensitivity training. During an evaluation of CANTERA's courses conducted in 1997, many men reported that the workshops resulted in positive transformations in their own lives. CANTERA is now developing a training manual for NGOs interested in working with men.^ieng

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