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Introduction: Respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, mainly in children, immunocompromised people, and the elderly. Several respiratory viruses can induce intestinal inflammation and alterations in intestinal microbiota composition. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the major respiratory viruses contributing to infant mortality in children under 5 years of age worldwide, and the effect of this infection at the gut level has not been studied. Methods: Here, we evaluated the distal effects of HMPV infection on intestinal microbiota and inflammation in a murine model, analyzing several post-infection times (days 1, 3, and 5). Six to eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were infected intranasally with HMPV, and mice inoculated with a non-infectious supernatant (Mock) were used as a control group. Results: We did not detect HMPV viral load in the intestine, but we observed significant changes in the transcription of IFN-γ in the colon, analyzed by qPCR, at day 1 post-infection as compared to the control group. Furthermore, we analyzed the frequencies of different innate and adaptive immune cells in the colonic lamina propria, using flow cytometry. The frequency of monocyte populations was altered in the colon of HMPV -infected mice at days 1 and 3, with no significant difference from control mice at day 5 post-infection. Moreover, colonic CD8+ T cells and memory precursor effector CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in HMPV-infected mice at day 5, suggesting that HMPV may also alter intestinal adaptive immunity. Additionally, we did not find alterations in antimicrobial peptide expression, the frequency of colonic IgA+ plasma cells, and levels of fecal IgA. Some minor alterations in the fecal microbiota composition of HMPV -infected mice were detected using 16s rRNA sequencing. However, no significant differences were found in ß-diversity and relative abundance at the genus level. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the alterations in intestinal immunity following respiratory infection with HMPV infection. These effects do not seem to be mediated by direct viral infection in the intestinal tract. Our results indicate that HMPV can affect colonic innate and adaptive immunity but does not significantly alter the microbiota composition, and further research is required to understand the mechanisms inducing these distal effects in the intestine.

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Introducción: el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) es el patógeno causante del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia humana (SIDA). Su importancia radica en que durante el año 2020 en el mundo 37,6 millones de personas vivían con VIH, y 1,5 millones contrajeron la enfermedad, no existe una vacuna para prevenir su infección. Objetivo: estudiar las publicaciones sobre el desarrollo de las vacunas a nivel mundial usando estadística bibliométrica en el tema VIH y su progresión en los últimos 20 años, haciendo énfasis en el periodo de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: se realizó un análisis estadístico bibliométrico, usando la base de datos PubMed (Medline). Para el análisis cualitativo se utilizó la base SCImago. Resultados: se observó un aumento en las publicaciones desde el año 2001, alcanzando un máximo el año 2016. Se consideraron las publicaciones en revistas del primer cuartil, con autores(as) con elevado índice H, con importantes interacciones entre ellos. Desde el año 2017 a la fecha se observa una disminución en el número de artículos publicados. Con este método no es factible, por ahora, determinar que la instalación de la pandemia impacto negativamente en la publicación de artículos de dicho tema. Conclusión: el VIH debería instaurarse como un ítem prioritario en el área científica/médica, esta metodología ofrece amplias posibilidades para profundizar y comprender cómo se está abordando la ciencia y el desarrollo de esta, en particular en cuestión cruciales como es la investigación en vacunas y el VIH.

Introduction: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the pathogen that causes human immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Its importance lies in the fact that during the year 2020 in the world 37.6 million people lived with HIV, 1.5 million contracted the disease, and there is no vaccine to prevent their infection. Objective: To study the publications on the development of vaccines worldwide using bibliometric statistics on the subject of HIV and its progression in the last 20 years, emphasizing the period of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: A bibliometric statistical analysis was performed using the PubMed (Medline) database. For the qualitative analysis, the SCImago database was used. Results: An increase in publications was observed since 2001, reaching a maximum in 2016. Publications in first quartile journals were considered, with authors with a high H index, with important interactions between them. From 2017 to date, there has been a decrease in the number of articles published. With this method, it is not feasible, for now, to determine that the installation of the pandemic had a negative impact on the publication of articles on this topic. Conclusion: HIV should be established as a priority item in the scientific/medical area, this methodology offers ample possibilities to deepen and understand how science and its development are being approached, particularly in crucial issues such as vaccine research and the HIV.

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Los maestros en formación que acuden al Prácticum vinculan los conocimientos adquiridos en la Universidad para llevarlos a la práctica en las escuelas, siendo relevante esta etapa para conocer la aplicación que hacen de la competencia digital en el Prácticum de Educación Primaria. La investigación se centró en analizar, mediante un estudio de caso, cómo estudiantes universitarios aplican la formación recibida en tecnologías ubicuas en la asignatura Educación Física en el Medio Natural a la escuela durante su Prácticum. Entre otros resultados, las evidencias mostraron aspectos que hicieron que la integración tecnológica durante el Prácticum fuera distinta entre los estudiantes (p.ej. background tecnológico del centro). Al incluir las TIC emergieron potencialidades (p.ej. la ubicuidad del aprendizaje) y dificultades (p.ej. problemas tecnológicos), las cuales iluminaron los aspectos a tener en cuenta en la aplicabilidad de los aprendizajes tecnológicos en el campo de las actividades físicas en el medio natural

Os professores em formação que frequentam o Practicum vinculam os conhecimentos adquiridos na Universidade para colocá-los em prática nas escolas, sendo este estágio relevante para conhecer a aplicação que eles fazem da competência digital no Practicum realizado na Educação Primária. A pesquisa centrou-se na análise, através de um estudo de caso, de como os estudantes universitários aplicam o treinamento recebido em tecnologias ubíquas na disciplina de Educação Física no Meio Ambiente Natural na escola durante suas práticas. Entre outros resultados, as evidências mostraram aspectos que tornaram a integração tecnológica durante o Practicum diferente entre os alunos (p.ex., o background tecnológico do centro). Ao incluir as TIC, surgiram potencialidades (p.ex., a ubiquidade da aprendizagem) e as dificuldades (p.ex., problemas tecnológicos) que iluminaram os aspectos a serem considerados na aplicabilidade da aprendizagem tecnológica no campo das atividades físicas no ambiente natural

Student teachers doing Practicum connect knowledge acquired at the University and apply it in schools. The activity is important for knowing their use of digital competence during Practicum in Elementary Education. This study focused on analyzing, my means of a case study, how student teachers apply their training in ubiquitous technologies they received during the course Physical Education in the Natural Environment to their practicum in the schools. Among other findings, the evidence showed aspects which made technological integration distinct between students during Practicum (e.g. the school's technological background). By including ICTs, there emerged potentialities (e.g., ubiquity of learning) and difficulties (e.g. technological problems) that shed light on the aspects to be considered in the applicability of technological learning to the field of physical activities in the natural environment

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Background:Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ngo) is the etiological agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection that initially infects the female lower genital tract. In untreated women, the bacteria can ascend to the upper genital reproductive tract and infect the fallopian tube (FTs), which is associated with salpingitis and can lead to impaired FT function and infertility. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in cell migration and differentiation in the female genital tract, and some pathogens modify the ECM to establish successful infections. The ECM is regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), their endogenous inhibitors; MMP deregulation causes pathological conditions in a variety of tissues. Results: The aim of this work was to analyze the expression and localization of MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in FT explants during Ngo infection using real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, zymography and ELISA. No significant variations in MMP-3, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 transcript levels were observed. In contrast, a significant increase (p < 0.05) was observed for MMP-8 expression and was accompanied by stromal immunoreactivity in infected explants. ELISA results supported these findings and showed that MMP-8 release increased upon gonococcal infection. Conclusions: Our results indicate that gonococcal infection induces increased MMP-8 expression, which might contribute to FT damage during infection.

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Nuevos estudios emergen en el área de Educación Física, evidenciando que la tecnología puede potenciar el proceso educativo. Este artículo muestra un proceso formativo de los contenidos de orientación como actividad física en el medio natural con apoyo tecnológico. La investigación permitió analizar, siguiendo una metodología de estudio de caso con 65 estudiantes universitarios y un docente, cómo el aprendizaje ubicuo a través del uso de herramientas tecnológicas (Realidad Aumentada, geolocalización, etc.), apoyó el aprendizaje de la orientación en el medio natural. Entre otros resultados, el aprendizaje ubicuo estimuló el proceso de aprendizaje en distintos espacios físicos y virtuales, mejoró la adquisición de contenidos de orientación, la competencia digital, un aprendizaje en distintos momentos, etc. Aparte de estas potencialidades, también se identificaron problemáticas durante el proceso, como la tensión de que la tecnología no eclipsara el contacto con el medio natural, la ausencia de red, y otras(AU)

Novos estudos surgem na área de Educação Física evidenciando que a tecnologia pode melhorar o processo educativo. Este artigo mostra um processo dos conteúdos de orientação como atividade física no ambiente natural com apoio tecnológico. A pesquisa permitiu analisar, seguindo uma metodologia de estudo de caso com 65 estudantes universitários e um docente, como a aprendizagem ubíqua através do uso de ferramentas tecnológicas (realidade aumentada, geolocalização, etc.) ajudou a aprendizagem no ambiente natural. Entre outros resultados, a aprendizagem ubíqua estimulou o processo de aprendizagem em diferentes espaços físicos e virtuais, melhorou a aquisição de conteúdos de orientação, a competência digital, a aprendizagem em diferentes momentos, etc. Para além dessas potencialidades, também identificaram-se problemáticas durante o processo, tais como: a tensão de que a tecnologia não fosse contra o contato com o meio ambiente natural, a ausência de rede e outras(AU)

New studies on Physical Education are appearing, showing that technology can enhance the educational process. This article describes a technology-supported learning process on orienteering as a physical activity in the natural environment. By using a case study with 65 university students and one teacher, the research allowed us to analyze how ubiquitous learning, through the use of technological tools (Augmented Reality, geolocation, etc.) supported learning of orienteering in the natural environment. Among other findings, ubiquitous learning stimulated the learning process in different physical and virtual spaces, better acquisition of orienteering contents, digital competence, and learning at different times. Apart from these potentialities, some difficulties also emerged during the process, such as concerns about the dangers of technology overshadowing students' connections with the natural environment, lack of internet coverage, and others(AU)

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Objetivo. Caracterizar los modelos teóricos que han fundamentado las investigaciones empíricas sobre salud mental positiva desde el momento en que aparece el concepto en el campo de la salud hasta la actualidad. Métodos. Se realizó un proceso sistemático de búsqueda de literatura, publicada en las bases de datos PubMed, Ebsco (Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Fuente Académica, MasterFILE premier, MedicLatina, Medline y Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection), Science Direct, Psicodoc, Springer Link, Taylor and Francys, Wiley Online Library, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), Redalyc, Scielo, Ovid, Embase y Proquest (Psychology Journals, Nursing and Allied Health Source, Health and Medical Complete y Social Science Journals). Se utilizó como criterio de búsqueda el descriptor “salud mental positiva”. Resultados. De los 51 estudios consultados, 84% presentan un enfoque cuantitativo y también 84% están publicados en inglés y fueron realizados entre los años 2000 y 2014. Se identificaron cinco categorías en la utilización del concepto salud mental positiva: la ausencia de enfermedad como indicador de salud mental positiva, el modelo de Jahoda, el desarrollo de la escala de Lluch, la utilización del concepto de bienestar como sinónimo de salud mental positiva y un reciente interés por diseñar escalas de medición. Conclusiones. La salud mental positiva no debe ser entendida como la antinomia del trastorno mental, la ausencia de enfermedad o la simple suma de atributos personales. Es importante avanzar en el desarrollo de modelos conceptuales que servirán como fundamento para el abordaje de la salud mental desde un enfoque centrado en la promoción de la salud.

Objective. Characterize the theoretical models that have underpinned empirical research on the concept of positive mental health from the time it first emerged in the field of health up to the present. Methods. A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EBSCO (including Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Academic Source, MasterFILE Premier, MedicLatina, MEDLINE, and the Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection), Science Direct, Psicodoc, Springer Link, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online Library, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Redalyc, SciELO, Ovid, Embase, and ProQuest (including Health and Medical Complete, the Nursing and Allied Health Source, Psychology Journals, and Social Science Journals). The search criterion was the descriptor “positive mental health.” Results. Of 51 studies consulted, 84% used a quantitative approach; 84% were published in English; and the same percentage were conducted between 2000 and 2014. The concept of positive mental health has been applied in essentially five different ways: as the absence of disease; as the subject of the Jahoda model; as a combination of factors on the Lluch scale; as a synonym of well-being; and as part of more complex scales of measurement. Conclusions. Positive mental health should not be viewed as the opposite of a mental disorder, the absence of disease, or the sum of a given set of personal conditions. It is important to move forward in the development of conceptual models that will serve as a basis for approaching mental health from the perspective of health promotion.

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RESUMEN Objetivo Caracterizar los modelos teóricos que han fundamentado las investigaciones empíricas sobre salud mental positiva desde el momento en que aparece el concepto en el campo de la salud hasta la actualidad. Métodos Se realizó un proceso sistemático de búsqueda de literatura, publicada en las bases de datos PubMed, Ebsco (Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Fuente Académica, MasterFILE premier, MedicLatina, Medline y Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection), Science Direct, Psicodoc, Springer Link, Taylor and Francys, Wiley Online Library, DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), Redalyc, Scielo, Ovid, Embase y Proquest (Psychology Journals, Nursing and Allied Health Source, Health and Medical Complete y Social Science Journals). Se utilizó como criterio de búsqueda el descriptor “salud mental positiva”. Resultados De los 51 estudios consultados, 84% presentan un enfoque cuantitativo y también 84% están publicados en inglés y fueron realizados entre los años 2000 y 2014. Se identificaron cinco categorías en la utilización del concepto salud mental positiva: la ausencia de enfermedad como indicador de salud mental positiva, el modelo de Jahoda, el desarrollo de la escala de Lluch, la utilización del concepto de bienestar como sinónimo de salud mental positiva y un reciente interés por diseñar escalas de medición. Conclusiones La salud mental positiva no debe ser entendida como la antinomia del trastorno mental, la ausencia de enfermedad o la simple suma de atributos personales. Es importante avanzar en el desarrollo de modelos conceptuales que servirán como fundamento para el abordaje de la salud mental desde un enfoque centrado en la promoción de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective Characterize the theoretical models that have underpinned empirical research on the concept of positive mental health from the time it first emerged in the field of health up to the present. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EBSCO (including Academic Search Complete, ERIC, Academic Source, MasterFILE Premier, MedicLatina, MEDLINE, and the Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection), Science Direct, Psicodoc, Springer Link, Taylor & Francis, Wiley Online Library, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Redalyc, SciELO, Ovid, Embase, and ProQuest (including Health and Medical Complete, the Nursing and Allied Health Source, Psychology Journals, and Social Science Journals). The search criterion was the descriptor “positive mental health.” Results Of 51 studies consulted, 84% used a quantitative approach; 84% were published in English; and the same percentage were conducted between 2000 and 2014. The concept of positive mental health has been applied in essentially five different ways: as the absence of disease; as the subject of the Jahoda model; as a combination of factors on the Lluch scale; as a synonym of well-being; and as part of more complex scales of measurement. Conclusions Positive mental health should not be viewed as the opposite of a mental disorder, the absence of disease, or the sum of a given set of personal conditions. It is important to move forward in the development of conceptual models that will serve as a basis for approaching mental health from the perspective of health promotion.

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El dolor es una característica subjetiva que presentan muchos pacientes durante su estancia hospitalaria. La población pediátrica presenta unas características fisiológicas y psicológicas diferentes a la de los adultos, si a esto se le suma un proceso oncológico en el cuál son sometidos a numerosas experiencias dolorosas durante su diagnóstico y tratamiento, se hace de vital importancia un adecuado manejo del dolor. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar los principales factores que influyen en la percepción del dolor oncológico en el paciente pediátrico y las medidas, tanto farmacológicas no, que son necesarias tener en cuenta para un correcto manejo del dolor. Para ello se realizó una revisión de publicaciones científicas en la base de datos MEDLINE durante los últimos 25 años. Se concluye que la percepción del dolor oncológico en pediatría tiene una componente multifactorial, por otro lado, además de un uso adecuado de las medidas farmacológicas, las medidas no farmacológicas son muy importantes para el abordaje integral del dolor(AU)

Pain is a subjective characteristic found in many patients during their hospital stay. Pediatric population presents physiological and psychological characteristics different from those of the adults. Added to this, if a cancer process is present, for which they are subjected to numerous painful experiences during their diagnosis and treatment, adequate pain management is vital. The objective of this paper was to review the main factors that influence the perception of cancer pain in the pediatric patient and both non-pharmacological and pharmacological measures that are necessary to take into account for proper pain management. To this end, a literature review was made in MEDLINE database, which covered the scientific publications of the last 25 years. It can be concluded that oncological pain perception has a multifactoral component. Furthermore, in addition to appropriate use of pharmacologic measures, non-pharmacological actions are very important for a comprehensive approach to pain(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Obesity and overweight have been included as a pandemic by the WHO; children are the group where intervention is recommended, given that they can enter physical activity (PA) and psychomotor development (PD) programs at education centres. Chile accounts for high rates of overweight, obesity and sedentary life, together with an absence of preschool PA programs. OBJECTIVE: To relate the nutritional status, the psychomotor development and the quantity and intensity of PA in school routine for 5 year-old preschoolers. METHODS: Pilot, non-experimental, transversal correlational study, including 23 preschoolers aged 5. We assessed three values: nutritional status with score z-IMC, PA with Actigraphy and PD with Da Fonseca Battery. RESULTS: 26% of the children presented with overweight and 52% with obesity. All of them had at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) during their school-day. 82.6% of the children were in the Normal category for PD and the rest were in the Dispraxia category. A significant inverse relationship was found (p=0,032) between z-IMC and PD. CONCLUSION: The percentage of obese children is notably above international average values and national surveys. 17.4% of children show dispraxia at the psychomotor assessment. Children with higher z-IMC have a lower score in Da Fonseca battery, which could be due to a higher weight in relation to size, and generating a lower PD in the long term. No relationships were detected within the other variables.

Introducción: La OMS ha señalado la obesidad y sobrepeso como pandemia, siendo los niños el grupo donde se recomienda intervenir, al poder incluir programas de actividad física (AF) y desarrollo psicomotor (DP) en los establecimientos educacionales. En Chile existen altos índices de sobrepeso, obesidad y sedentarismo, asociado a la inexistencia de programas preescolares sobre realización de AF. Objetivo: Relacionar el estado nutricional, el desarrollo psicomotor y la cantidad e intensidad de AF en la jornada escolar en preescolares de 5 años. Métodos: Estudio piloto, no experimental, transversal y correlacional, 23 preescolares de 5 años. Se midieron tres aspectos; Estado nutricional con puntaje z-IMC, AF con Actigrafía y DP con la Batería Da Fonseca. Resultados: Un 26% de los niños presentó sobrepeso y un 52% obesidad. Todos realizaron al menos 60 minutos de Actividad Física moderada a vigorosa (AFMV) durante la jornada escolar. El 82,6% de los niños se encontró en la categoría Normal en DP y el resto en la categoría de Dispraxia. Se encontró una relación inversa significativa (p=0,032) entre z-IMC y DP. Conclusión: El porcentaje de niños obesos, supera ampliamente cifras internacionales y encuestas nacionales. En la evaluación psicomotriz, 17,4% de los niños son dispráxicos. Los niños con mayor z-IMC tienen menor puntaje en la batería Da Fonseca, lo que puede ser atribuido a un mayor peso en relación a la estatura, generando a largo plazo un menor DP. No se observaron relaciones entre las demás variables.

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La sicología nació en los consultorios como práctica clínica individual y en los laboratorios como práctica experimental y aún sigue teniendo vigencia en esos escenarios; sin embargo, después de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, los grupos, las entidades educativas, las instituciones y comunidades han dirigido a la psicología demandas de intervención y preguntas que desbordan ese marco en el que nació la joven disciplina en el siglo XIX.

Psychology was born in the offices as an individual clinical practice and in the laboratories as an experimental practice and is still valid in these scenarios; However, after the second half of the twentieth century, groups, educational entities, institutions and communities have addressed intervention psychology and questions that overflow that framework in which the young discipline was born in the nineteenth century.

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¿Desde qué lugar observa, comprende y comenta el coordinador de grupos?, ¿cómo se las arregla con su deseo de saber y de poder a la hora de realizar las intervenciones?, ¿qué determina le elección de una técnica de intervención y su eficacia?, ¿qué tipo de miembro es en el grupo y cuál es la responsabilidad que asume en el acto de coordinar?

From what place does the group coordinator observe, understand and comment? How does he manage with his desire to know and be able to perform the interventions? What determines the choice of an intervention technique and its effectiveness ?, What type of member is in the group and what is the responsibility assumed in the act of coordinating?.

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El acelerado avance de la psicología social se ha visto compensado con el sin número de dificultades que ha encontrado, en aras de una definición que la separe de las dos ciencias que se desprende; la psicología y la sociología. Dentro de las primeras definiciones claras con las que cuenta la psicología social se encuentra la de entenderla como "la disciplina que investiga las relaciones entre individuo y sociedad", en donde contribuyen representantes de todas las ciencias de la conducta y de otras ramas científicas.

The accelerated progress of social psychology has been compensated with the number of difficulties it has encountered, for the sake of a definition that separates it from the two sciences that emerges; Psychology and sociology. Among the first clear definitions that social psychology has is to understand it as "the discipline that investigates the relationships between individuals and society", where representatives of all behavioral sciences and other scientific branches contribute.

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