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Background: Testicular torsion is a rare condition in canines, affecting any animal, regardless of age and racial predisposition. The possible cause, when talking about young dogs, is often unreliable, and can be associated with traumatic processes or excessive physical activity. Dogs with spermatic cord twist usually show signs of acute and sudden pain in one of the testicles that can be propagated to the abdomen; besides edema, heat and scrotal flush. The absence of blood flow toward the affected testicle can be observed, however, the definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed through a surgical procedure or necropsy. This situation is considered a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention for resolution and has treatment of choice bilateral orchiectomy. The objective of this study was to report the case of a testicular torsion inside the scrotal pouch of a young dog.Case: A 6-month-old male Poodle dog, weighing 6.40 kg, was attended at the Metropolitan Veterinary Polyclinic, located in the municipality of Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil. During anamnesis it was reported by the owner of the animal an suddenly increase in volume of the scrotal pouch and right testicle. The physical examination observed normal mucous membranes, lymphadenopathy, capillary refill time of 2 s, temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 72 beats per minute and 68 breaths per minute. Hematologic test was requested, creatinine, dosage of ALT and ultrasound as complementary exams. The result of hemogram presented thrombocytopenia (150,000/mm3 ) and the presence of giant platelets. Besides, a biochemical series presented no alterations. On the Doppler ultrasound, the right testicle proved to show loss of normal structure, enlarged scrotum, hyperechoic epididymal region with adjacent liquid and absence of local vascularization.[...](AU)

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Este estudo foi realizado para determinar o efeito de hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) sobre a qualidade do sêmen canino congelado e descongelado, utilizando o diluidor à base de água de coco em pó (ACP-106c). Para tanto, foram realizadas quinze coletas de sêmen provenientes de cinco cães. O sêmen obtido foi diluído em ACP-106c acrescido de glicerol e gema de ovo. As amostras foram então transferidas para tubos contendo diferentes concentrações de BHT (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mM). Em seguida, as amostras foram envasadas, congeladas e armazenadas em nitrogênio líquido. O sêmen coletado foi avaliado in natura quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: coloração, volume da fração espermática, motilidade total, vigor, concentração, morfologia e funcionalidade de membrana espermática. Após uma semana, as amostras foram descongeladas e avaliadas por meio de análise computadorizada, como também foram realizadas análises da funcionalidade de membrana e da morfologia espermática. A motilidade progressiva no grupo BHT 2,0 mM foi significativamente superior (P < 0,05) do que a do grupo BHT 0 mM (27,6 ± 11,7% vs. 19,0 ± 9,5%, respectivamente). Em todos os demais parâmetros avaliados, não houve diferença entre os grupos testados. Portanto, conclui-se que a adição do BHT ao diluidor ACP-106c não afetou a qualidade do sêmen canino pós-descongelação.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the quality of canine sperm frozen and thawed using the powdered coconut water based (ACP-106c) extender. Therefore, fifteen ejaculates were collected from five dogs. Semen obtained was diluted in ACP-106c added of glycerol and egg yolk. The samples were then transferred to tubes containing different concentrations of BHT (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM). After that, the samples were filled into straws, frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Fresh semen was evaluated for the following parameters: color, sperm fraction volume, total motility, vigor, concentration, morphology, and HOST test. After one week, the samples were thawed and evaluated by computer analysis, as well as for membrane functionality and sperm morphology. Progressive motility in the 2.0 mM BHT group was significantly higher (P <0.05) than that of the 0 mM BHT group (27.6 ± 11.7% vs. 19.0 ± 9.5%, respectively). Regarding all other parameters evaluated, there was no difference between the groups tested. Therefore, the addition of BHT to the ACP-106c extender did not affect the quality of canine semen after thawing.

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Background: Testicular torsion is a rare condition in canines, affecting any animal, regardless of age and racial predisposition. The possible cause, when talking about young dogs, is often unreliable, and can be associated with traumatic processes or excessive physical activity. Dogs with spermatic cord twist usually show signs of acute and sudden pain in one of the testicles that can be propagated to the abdomen; besides edema, heat and scrotal flush. The absence of blood flow toward the affected testicle can be observed, however, the definitive diagnosis can only be confirmed through a surgical procedure or necropsy. This situation is considered a medical emergency that requires surgical intervention for resolution and has treatment of choice bilateral orchiectomy. The objective of this study was to report the case of a testicular torsion inside the scrotal pouch of a young dog.Case: A 6-month-old male Poodle dog, weighing 6.40 kg, was attended at the Metropolitan Veterinary Polyclinic, located in the municipality of Caucaia, Ceará, Brazil. During anamnesis it was reported by the owner of the animal an suddenly increase in volume of the scrotal pouch and right testicle. The physical examination observed normal mucous membranes, lymphadenopathy, capillary refill time of 2 s, temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 72 beats per minute and 68 breaths per minute. Hematologic test was requested, creatinine, dosage of ALT and ultrasound as complementary exams. The result of hemogram presented thrombocytopenia (150,000/mm3 ) and the presence of giant platelets. Besides, a biochemical series presented no alterations. On the Doppler ultrasound, the right testicle proved to show loss of normal structure, enlarged scrotum, hyperechoic epididymal region with adjacent liquid and absence of local vascularization.[...]

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Este estudo foi realizado para determinar o efeito de hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) sobre a qualidade do sêmen canino congelado e descongelado, utilizando o diluidor à base de água de coco em pó (ACP-106c). Para tanto, foram realizadas quinze coletas de sêmen provenientes de cinco cães. O sêmen obtido foi diluído em ACP-106c acrescido de glicerol e gema de ovo. As amostras foram então transferidas para tubos contendo diferentes concentrações de BHT (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mM). Em seguida, as amostras foram envasadas, congeladas e armazenadas em nitrogênio líquido. O sêmen coletado foi avaliado in natura quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: coloração, volume da fração espermática, motilidade total, vigor, concentração, morfologia e funcionalidade de membrana espermática. Após uma semana, as amostras foram descongeladas e avaliadas por meio de análise computadorizada, como também foram realizadas análises da funcionalidade de membrana e da morfologia espermática. A motilidade progressiva no grupo BHT 2,0 mM foi significativamente superior (P < 0,05) do que a do grupo BHT 0 mM (27,6 ± 11,7% vs. 19,0 ± 9,5%, respectivamente). Em todos os demais parâmetros avaliados, não houve diferença entre os grupos testados. Portanto, conclui-se que a adição do BHT ao diluidor ACP-106c não afetou a qualidade do sêmen canino pós-descongelação.(AU)

This study was conducted to determine the effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the quality of canine sperm frozen and thawed using the powdered coconut water based (ACP-106c) extender. Therefore, fifteen ejaculates were collected from five dogs. Semen obtained was diluted in ACP-106c added of glycerol and egg yolk. The samples were then transferred to tubes containing different concentrations of BHT (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM). After that, the samples were filled into straws, frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen. Fresh semen was evaluated for the following parameters: color, sperm fraction volume, total motility, vigor, concentration, morphology, and HOST test. After one week, the samples were thawed and evaluated by computer analysis, as well as for membrane functionality and sperm morphology. Progressive motility in the 2.0 mM BHT group was significantly higher (P <0.05) than that of the 0 mM BHT group (27.6 ± 11.7% vs. 19.0 ± 9.5%, respectively). Regarding all other parameters evaluated, there was no difference between the groups tested. Therefore, the addition of BHT to the ACP-106c extender did not affect the quality of canine semen after thawing.(AU)

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The present study was conducted to identify the major proteome of the sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction of canine seminal plasma. Three semen samples from four healthy dogs were obtained by digital manipulation. The pre-sperm fraction, sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction were separated from each ejaculate. Immediately after sperm analysis, a protease inhibitor was added to the sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction, and the fractions were separately centrifuged and frozen at -80 °C. The samples were thawed, re-centrifuged, and the total protein concentration was determined. Samples were subjected to 1D SDS-PAGE and Coomassie-blue stained gels, were analyzed by Quantity One 1D Analysis Software. Bands detected in the gels were excised and proteins subjected to digestion with trypsin. Proteins were identified by nano-HPLC-MS and tools of bioinformatics. Tandem mass spectrometry allowed the detection of 268 proteins in the gels of sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction of canine ejaculate. A total of 251 proteins were common to the sperm-rich and prostatic fractions, while 17 proteins were present in the sperm-rich fraction and absent in the prostatic fraction. The intensity of the bands detected in range 1 and 2 represented 46.5% of all of the band intensities detected in the 1D gels for proteins of the sperm-rich fraction and 53.0% of all bands in the prostatic fraction. Arginine esterase and lactotransferrin precursor were the protein with the highest intensity observed in the both fractions. Among the proteins present only in the sperm-rich fraction, the proteins UPF0764 protein C16orf89 homolog and epididymal-specific lipocalin-9 were the most abundant. In conclusion, canine sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction express a very diverse set of proteins, with unique biochemical properties and functions. Moreover, although most proteins are common to both sperm-rich fraction and prostatic fraction, there are some exclusive proteins in sperm-rich fraction.

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The objective was to cryopreserve sperm recovered from the canine epididymal cauda immediately after an orchiectomy. The sperm was stored for 12h at 4 °C using ACP-106c and TRIS as extenders. Sixty adult male dogs were used. The testis-epididymis complex (TEC) was removed, immersed in 0.9% saline and transported to the laboratory. The 60 TEC were divided into groups according to the 4 °C cooling time (0 h or 12 h) and according to the extender used for sperm recovery (ACP-106c or TRIS), forming 4 experimental groups: G0h-ACP, G12h-ACP, G0h-TRIS and G12h-TRIS. The sperm were recovered from the epididymal cauda using the retrograde flow technique. Next, 1.0 mL of ACP-106c or 1.0 mL of TRIS (preheated to 37 °C for 5 min) was added to the sperm of each epididymis. One week later, the sperm was thawed at 37 °C for 1 min, and its morphology, functionality and total and progressive sperm motilities were analyzed. Other parameters were obtained by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA). The data were submitted to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) (P<0.05). The total motility values were 52.17 ± 1.78 and 49.8 ± 1.93 for groups G0h-ACP and G12h-ACP and 50.7 ± 2.06 and 43.90 ± 2.51 for groups G0h-TRIS and G12h-TRIS, respectively. A decrease in total sperm motility was observed after 12h of cooling for both extenders (P<0.05). ACP-106c can be used as an extender for freezing canine epididymal sperm, and the freezing procedure must be performed immediately after sperm recovery.

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Background: Two-dimensional ultrasound associated to the color and spectral doppler tool allows a complete anatomic and vascular hemodynamic evaluations. The use of these techniques are already well established in Human Medicine, however, in Veterinary Medicine, its use it still relatively recent. Studies on the male reproductive tract, especially in dogs, are scarce and based on small and heterogenic samples. Due to the importance of understanding the normal canine prostate and testes, it was aimed to evaluate the prostate and testes of Boxer dogs by two-dimensional ultrasound associated to color and spectral doppler. Materials, Methods & Results: Five Boxer dogs, ranging from fi ve to seven years old, healthy and presenting a known normal reproductive history were used. Prostatic and testicular volumes were obtained by two-dimensional ultrasonography linear measurements and the volume was calculated using the spheroid formula. The prostatic artery in locations: cranial (entering the gland), subcapsular (bordering the capsule), parenchymal (irrigating the prostatic parenchyma) and caudal (leaving the gland) and testicular artery in marginal locations and convoluted spermatic cord were characterized by color doppler ultrasonography through qualitative assessment of flow and measurement of the diameter and the number of pixels formed, and spectral for the morphological characteristics of the spectra and obtain the dopplervelocimetrics parameters: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), pulsatility index and resistance index. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and were submitted to ANOVA, followed by Student t test (P < 0.05). The mean prostatic volume was 18.20 ± 0.14 cm³. Right and left testes presented a mean volume of 10.89 ± 0.27 and 10.70 ± 0.41 cm³, respectively. According to the quality of flow, color Doppler signal was classified as intense in cranial and caudal prostatic arteries and along the testicular artery; moderate at subcapsular prostatic artery and little evident in parenchymal prostatic artery. The vessels studied by spectral Doppler showed arterial waveform morphology, with a continuous pattern, with laminar flow different among the studied locations. The testicular artery in both locations and the subcapsular and parenchymal prostatic arteries showed a flow of low resistance and monophasic waveform pattern. The cranial and caudal prostatic arteries showed a biphasic waveform of high resistance. Color and spectral doppler parameters differ at all locations of all vessels, except for PSV and EDV at all locations of the prostatic artery and the pulsatility index and resistance index of the cranial and caudal prostatic arteries. No statistical differences were found between right and left testes, Discussion: Until the present, there are no studies about normal prostatic size in Boxer dogs, mainly using animals within the same group and homogeneous weight. The volume determination is positively correlated to animal weight and it can represent testes development. The prostatic and testicular ultrasound patterns were similar to those already described. The doppler signal could be accurately detect in all studied vessels. The decrease in the vessel diameter collaborates to doppler variation measured by pixels. However, the absence of change in PSV and EDV occurred because there were no changes in cardiac acceleration speed. The presence of a notch is supposed to be due to the difference between subcapsular and parenchymal diameters. The two-dimensional ultrasound associated to Doppler ultrasound may serve as an additional tool in assessing reproductive dogs and that the location of both prostatic and testicular arteries will influence the results.

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Ao longo dos anos, têm sido desenvolvidas técnicas de colheita de sêmen em animais domésticos, como a massagem das ampolas dos ductos deferentes e massagem peniana, uso de vagina artificial e colheita direta da cavidade vaginal ou uterina. Contudo poucos estudos referentes à colheita de espermatozoides epididimários em animais domésticos até agora foram descritos. A recuperação de espermatozoides viáveis do epidídimo consiste em uma técnica importante para a obtenção de reservas de gametas de animais geneticamente valiosos ou de machos de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, constituindo-se em uma biotecnologia promissora para a reprodução dessas espécies. Uma vez recuperados os espermatozoides epididimários, faz-se necessário observar sua viabilidade, para posterior conservação. Assim, a presente revisão abordará esses pontos-chaves relacionados com os espermatozoides epididimários de diferentes espécies de mamíferos.

long the years, the techniques of semen collection of the domestic animals have been developed, such as: the massage of vesicular glands and ampullae by way of rectum, penis massage, artificial vagina and the directly collection from the vaginal or uterine cavity. However few works concerning the epididymal sperm collection of domestic animals were described. The recovery of viable sperm from the epididymis is an important technique to obtain genetic conservation of valuable animals or threatened species, constituting in an important biotechnology for the reproduction of those species. Once recovered, it is necessary to observe the viability, for its subsequent conservation. Thus, the present review will approach those key-points related to the epididymal sperms from different species of mammals.

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The objective was to determine the effect of powdered coconut water extender (ACP-106c) on the proportion of female puppies born. Twenty French Bulldog bitches were subjected to natural mating (NM) and, during the subsequent two estrus periods, were bred by intravaginal artificial insemination (AI), using chilled semen (from the same males) diluted in Tris-egg yolk (AI-Tris) or ACP-106c (AI-ACP-106c). Fresh semen was cooled to 5 °C and maintained at that temperature for 6 h, rewarmed (37 °C for 30 s), and used for AI. Pregnancy and whelping rates following NM were both 100% and were both 90.0% following AI with either extender. Litter size (mean ± SD) was 5.4 ±1.1, 4.7 ± 2.0, and 5.1 ± 2.0 (P > 0.05) for NM, AI-Tris, and AI-ACP-106c, respectively. Furthermore, for these groups, the number of female vs. male puppies born were 2.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.8 ± 1.0, 2.2 ± 1.0 vs. 2.5 ± 1.1, and 3.4 ± 1.6 vs. 1.8 ± 1.2 (P < 0.05 for AI-ACP-106c only). In conclusion, our hypothesis was supported; AI of semen in ACP-106c extender resulted in a significantly higher proportion of female puppies. Furthermore, this extender yielded acceptable litter size and rates of pregnancy and whelping.

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Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de ionóforos ao sal mineral sobre o ganho de peso, idade e peso à puberdade de fêmeas caprinas jovens. Trinta e três cabritas nascidas na época seca foram confinadas, pesadas e agrupadas, aleatoriamente para três tratamentos (T 0 - controle; T I e T II) após o desmame. Ao T 0 foi disponibilizado sal mineral; ao T I, sal mineral com 1,50% de salinomicina e ao T II, sal mineral com 1,50% de monensina sódica. Os animais foram pesados a cada 28 dias. Duas semanas após o início da época chuvosa, as cabritas tiveram contato com os rufiões para detecção do estro. Quatro a oitavo dias após, a fêmea era pesada e submetida à laparotomia para avaliação da função dos ovários. O ganho de peso, o peso e idade ao primeiro estro não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Oito cabritas do T 0, nove do T I e oito do T II, apresentaram estro clínico. A média de peso à puberdade foi de 19,73 ± 0,64. Para a idade à puberdade, a média geral foi de 333,04 11,59 dias. Sete cabritas (28,00%) apresentaram os primeiros estros clínicos anovulatórios, enquanto nove (36,00%) tinham corpus albicans ao primeiro estro. As taxas de ovulação foram 1,00; 1,14 e 1,00 para T 0, T I e T II, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a adição dos dois ionóforos ao sal mineral não favorece o ganho de peso na fase de recria e nem a idade e o peso à puberdade em fêmeas caprinas.

We evaluated the effect of adding ionophores to mineral salt on weight gain, age and weight at puberty in young female goats. Thirty-three lambs, which were born during the dry season, were confined, weighed and randomly divided into three treatments (T 0 control, T I and T II after weaning. Mineral salt was available to T 0; mineral salt plus 1.5% salinomicine to T I, and mineral salt plus 1.5% sodic monensine to T II. The animals were heavy every 28 days. Two weeks after the beginning of the rainy period, females were accompanied by teaser buck for estrous detection. Four to eight days after heat, the female was weighed and submitted to the laparotomy to evaluation of the ovarian function. The weight earnings and age and weight to the first heat did not differ (P>0.05) among the treatments. Eight females from T 0, nine from T I and eight from T II presented clinical heat. The weight of the goats in the puberty was 19.73 ± 0.64 Kg. The age to achieve the puberty was 333.04 ± 11.59 days. Seven females (28.00%) presented the first clinical heat, anovulatory while nine (36.00%) showed corpus albicans to the first heat. The ovulation rates were 1.00, 1.14 and 1.00 for T 0, T I and T II, respectively. In conclusion, the ionophores addition to the mineral salt does not support to the weight earnings, nor the age and weight at puberty in female goats.

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O presente estudo objetivou determinar o período máximo de conservação em diferentes caixas isotérmicas sobre a viabilidade do sêmen canino refrigerado. O sêmen de oito cães foi coletado por manipulação digital. A fração espermática foi avaliada quanto ao volume, coloração, motilidade, vigor, morfologia espermática, integridade acrossomal, resposta osmótica e concentração espermática. Em seguida, foi diluída em Leite UHT desnatado acrescido de 20% de gema de ovo e dividida em alíquotas, que foram armazenadas em caixas isotérmicas de poliestireno expandido de 3L ou 5L, contendo gelo biológico. As referidas caixas foram abertas após 12h, 18h, 24h e 30h de armazenagem. Nessa ocasião, o sêmen foi reavaliado quanto às características já citadas. A temperatura interna das caixas e a temperatura ambiente foram monitoradas. Como principais resultados, a motilidade espermática progressiva foi conservada de maneira aceitável até as 30 horas em ambas as caixas, as quais não apresentaram diferenças quanto à conservação de nenhuma das características seminais (P > 0,05). Porém, a temperatura interna da caixa de 3L apresentou uma elevação significativa a partir das 18h (P < 0,05), sendo que na caixa de 5L, a temperatura interna manteve-se constante por todo o experimento. Conclui-se que o sêmen canino diluído em leite UHT desnatado pode ser eficientemente conservado por até 30h em caixas isotérmicas de 3L ou 5L, contendo gelo reciclável. Mas salienta-se que a caixa de 5L apresenta maior segurança para a viabilidade espermática, pois é mais eficiente na manutenção de uma temperatura constante.

The aim of this study was to determine the maximum time of conservation in different isothermal boxes of the diluted canine semen under cooling. Semen from eight dogs was collected by digital manipulation. The sperm fraction was evaluated for volume, color, motility, vigor, sperm morphology, acrossomal integrity, osmotic answer and sperm concentration. Then, it was diluted in skimmed UHT milk plus egg yolk (20%) and divided in samples, which were stored in 3L or 5L expanded polystyrene isothermal boxes, containing recyclable ice. These boxes were open after 12h, 18h, 24h and 30h of storage and semen was reevaluated for the characteristics already mentioned. The temperature into the boxes and the environmental temperature were monitored. As main results, the progressive sperm motility was acceptably conserved up to 30h in both boxes, which did not present differences in the conservation of none of the seminal characteristics (P>0.05). However, the temperature into the 3L-box showed a significant elevation starting from the 18h (P <0.05), and the temperature into the 5L-box remained constant for whole the experiment. It is concluded that the canine semen diluted in skimmed UHT milk can be efficiently conserved for up to 30h in 3L or 5L isothermal boxes, containing recyclable ice. But it is pointed out that the 5L-box presents larger safety for the sperm viability, because it is more efficient in the maintenance of a constant temperature.

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