RESUMO

Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid widely used in aquaculture and nutraceutical industries. Among natural sources, the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis is the non-genetically modified organism with the greatest capacity to accumulate astaxanthin. Therefore, it is important to understand emerging strategies in upstream and downstream processing of astaxanthin from this microalga. This review covers all aspects regarding the production and the market of natural astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. Astaxanthin biosynthesis, metabolic pathways, and nutritional metabolisms from the green vegetative motile to red hematocyst stage were reviewed in detail. Also, traditional and emerging techniques on biomass harvesting and astaxanthin recovery were presented and evaluated. Moreover, the global market of astaxanthin was discussed, and guidelines for sustainability increasing of the production chain of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis were highlighted, based on biorefinery models. This review can serve as a baseline on the current knowledge of H. pluvialis and encourage new researchers to enter this field of research.

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RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina)platensiscultivated in Zarrouk culture medium and effluent from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in biofloc system. Four treatments were used: Control (100% Zarrouk), E50 (50% Zarrouk + 50% Tilapia effluent), E75 (25% Zarrouk + 75% Tilapia effluent), and E100 (100% Tilapia effluent), and the experiment lasted 10 days. Growth parameters such as maximum cell density (MCD), doubling time (DT), and growth rate (K) were daily evaluated, as well aspH and water temperature. In addition, the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-N (NO2-N), and nitrate-N (NO3-N) were analyzed in order to compare nitrogen absorption. Among treatments, E50 and E75 obtained higher maximum cell densities and presented an exponential growth rate similar to the control treatment. Regarding the concentrations of nitrogen compounds, a significant reduction was observed in all treatments, with an NO3-Nuptake of 99%, followed by 80% of TAN and 90% of NO2-N. Thus, giving the results obtained, besides being able to grow in wastewater, A. platensis can also be used in bioremediation processes, confirming the potential of this species.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Arthrospira (Spirulina)platensiscultivated in Zarrouk culture medium and effluent from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in biofloc system. Four treatments were used: Control (100% Zarrouk), E50 (50% Zarrouk + 50% Tilapia effluent), E75 (25% Zarrouk + 75% Tilapia effluent), and E100 (100% Tilapia effluent), and the experiment lasted 10 days. Growth parameters such as maximum cell density (MCD), doubling time (DT), and growth rate (K) were daily evaluated, as well aspH and water temperature. In addition, the concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite-N (NO2-N), and nitrate-N (NO3-N) were analyzed in order to compare nitrogen absorption. Among treatments, E50 and E75 obtained higher maximum cell densities and presented an exponential growth rate similar to the control treatment. Regarding the concentrations of nitrogen compounds, a significant reduction was observed in all treatments, with an NO3-Nuptake of 99%, followed by 80% of TAN and 90% of NO2-N. Thus, giving the results obtained, besides being able to grow in wastewater, A. platensis can also be used in bioremediation processes, confirming the potential of this species.

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RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to produce Daphnia magna in wastewater from Tilapia farmed in a biofloc system, to evaluate three different carbohydrate:nitrogen ratios. The experiment was conducted for 30 days following a completely randomized experimental design, with the three treatments: C:N 10:1, C:N 15:1 and C:N 20:1, all fed with Chlorella vulgaris. The physical-chemical variables of the water analyzed were: temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, TAN, NO2, hardness and alkalinity. The following growth variables of the Daphnia were also evaluated: Maximum average density (MAD), Maximum density day (MDD), Specific growth rate (SGR), Doubling time (DT) and yield (Y). The water quality variables remained in the range of ideal conditions for the species, presenting significant differences (p <0.05) among the treatments for: pH, DO, hardness and alkalinity. Regarding the growth variables, significant differences (p <0.05) were observed, with higher MAD, Y and SGR values for the 10:1 treatment (3,433 ± 267 ind L-1, 245 ± 19 ind L-1 day- 1 and 45.3 ± 0.6% day-1, respectively) and lower for the 20:1 (1,011 ± 283 ind L-1, 55 ± 15 ind L-1 day-1 and 28.3 ± 1.6% day-1, respectively). The MDD occurred on day 12 for the 10:1 treatment and on day 18 for the 15:1 and 20:1 treatments. Alkalinity and hardness had stronger influence on the growth variables, which was also indicated by the simple linear regression. The principal component analysis (PCA), with 80% of explanation, identified high values of SGR, density and Y for the 10:1 and high values of alkalinity, hardness, DT and NO2 for the 20:1. Thus, the use of effluent from Tilapia farming in a biofloc system with a C:N ratio of 10:1 provided better production results for D. magna, demonstrating that it is an option for the production of live feed for aquaculture.(AU)

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir Daphnia magna em água residual do cultivo de Tilápia em sistema de bioflocos, avaliando relações carboidrato:nitrogênio. O experimento teve duração de 30 dias seguindo delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo os tratamentos: C:N 10:1, C:N 15:1 e C:N 20:1, todos com oferta de Chlorella vulgaris na dieta. Foram analisadas as variáveis físico-químicas: temperatura, OD, pH, TAN, NO2, dureza e alcalinidade; e as variáveis de crescimento: Densidade média máxima (DMX), Dia de máxima densidade (DMD), Taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), Tempo de duplicação (TD) e Rendimento (R). As variáveis de qualidade de água mantiveram-se na faixa ideal para a espécie, apresentando diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos para: pH, OD, dureza e alcalinidade. Com relação às variáveis de crescimento, foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,05), com maiores valores de DMX, R e TCE para o tratamento 10:1 (3.433 ± 267 ind L-1, 245 ± 19 ind L-1 dia-1 e 45,3 ± 0,6 % dia-1, respectivamente) e menor para o 20:1 (1.011 ± 283 ind L-1, 55 ± 15 ind L-1 dia-1 e 28,3 ± 1,6 % dia-1, respectivamente). O DMD ocorreu no 12º dia para o 10:1 e no 18° dia para os 15:1 e 20:1. As variáveis alcalinidade e dureza tiveram destaque sobre as variáveis de crescimento sendo também evidenciada na regressão linear simples. Já a análise de componentes principais (PCA), com 80% de explicação, identificou altos valores de TCE, densidade e R para o 10:1 e, elevados valores de alcalinidade, dureza, TD e NO2 para o 20:1. Assim, o uso de efluente proveniente do cultivo de Tilápia em sistema de bioflocos com relação C:N de 10:1 propiciou melhores resultados produtivos para a D. magnademonstrando ser uma opção para a produção de alimento vivo para a aquicultura.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to produce Daphnia magna in wastewater from Tilapia farmed in a biofloc system, to evaluate three different carbohydrate:nitrogen ratios. The experiment was conducted for 30 days following a completely randomized experimental design, with the three treatments: C:N 10:1, C:N 15:1 and C:N 20:1, all fed with Chlorella vulgaris. The physical-chemical variables of the water analyzed were: temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, TAN, NO2, hardness and alkalinity. The following growth variables of the Daphnia were also evaluated: Maximum average density (MAD), Maximum density day (MDD), Specific growth rate (SGR), Doubling time (DT) and yield (Y). The water quality variables remained in the range of ideal conditions for the species, presenting significant differences (p <0.05) among the treatments for: pH, DO, hardness and alkalinity. Regarding the growth variables, significant differences (p <0.05) were observed, with higher MAD, Y and SGR values for the 10:1 treatment (3,433 ± 267 ind L-1, 245 ± 19 ind L-1 day- 1 and 45.3 ± 0.6% day-1, respectively) and lower for the 20:1 (1,011 ± 283 ind L-1, 55 ± 15 ind L-1 day-1 and 28.3 ± 1.6% day-1, respectively). The MDD occurred on day 12 for the 10:1 treatment and on day 18 for the 15:1 and 20:1 treatments. Alkalinity and hardness had stronger influence on the growth variables, which was also indicated by the simple linear regression. The principal component analysis (PCA), with 80% of explanation, identified high values of SGR, density and Y for the 10:1 and high values of alkalinity, hardness, DT and NO2 for the 20:1. Thus, the use of effluent from Tilapia farming in a biofloc system with a C:N ratio of 10:1 provided better production results for D. magna, demonstrating that it is an option for the production of live feed for aquaculture.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir Daphnia magna em água residual do cultivo de Tilápia em sistema de bioflocos, avaliando relações carboidrato:nitrogênio. O experimento teve duração de 30 dias seguindo delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, sendo os tratamentos: C:N 10:1, C:N 15:1 e C:N 20:1, todos com oferta de Chlorella vulgaris na dieta. Foram analisadas as variáveis físico-químicas: temperatura, OD, pH, TAN, NO2, dureza e alcalinidade; e as variáveis de crescimento: Densidade média máxima (DMX), Dia de máxima densidade (DMD), Taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), Tempo de duplicação (TD) e Rendimento (R). As variáveis de qualidade de água mantiveram-se na faixa ideal para a espécie, apresentando diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos para: pH, OD, dureza e alcalinidade. Com relação às variáveis de crescimento, foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,05), com maiores valores de DMX, R e TCE para o tratamento 10:1 (3.433 ± 267 ind L-1, 245 ± 19 ind L-1 dia-1 e 45,3 ± 0,6 % dia-1, respectivamente) e menor para o 20:1 (1.011 ± 283 ind L-1, 55 ± 15 ind L-1 dia-1 e 28,3 ± 1,6 % dia-1, respectivamente). O DMD ocorreu no 12º dia para o 10:1 e no 18° dia para os 15:1 e 20:1. As variáveis alcalinidade e dureza tiveram destaque sobre as variáveis de crescimento sendo também evidenciada na regressão linear simples. Já a análise de componentes principais (PCA), com 80% de explicação, identificou altos valores de TCE, densidade e R para o 10:1 e, elevados valores de alcalinidade, dureza, TD e NO2 para o 20:1. Assim, o uso de efluente proveniente do cultivo de Tilápia em sistema de bioflocos com relação C:N de 10:1 propiciou melhores resultados produtivos para a D. magnademonstrando ser uma opção para a produção de alimento vivo para a aquicultura.

Assuntos