RESUMO
Citrus canker is an important bacterial disease of citrus in several regions of the world. Strains of Xanthomonas citri type-A (Xc-A) group are the primary pathogen where citrus canker occurs. After Xc-A entered the Northeast of Argentina in 1974, the disease spread rapidly from 1977 to 1980 and then slowed down and remained moving at slow pace until 1990 when it became endemic. Citrus canker was detected in Northwest Argentina in 2002. This paper presents the main steps in the fight of the disease and the management strategies that have been used to control citrus canker at this time. We think the process might be usefull to other countries with the same situation. Results from more than 40 years of research in Northeast (NE) Argentina indicate that we are at the limit of favorable environment for the disease. The severity of citrus canker is greatly affected by the environment and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon which causes cyclic fluctuations on the disease intensity in the NE region. Weather-based logistic regression models adjusted to quantify disease levels in field conditions showed that the environmental effect was strongly modulated by the distance from a windbreak. Production of healthy fruits in citrus canker endemic areas is possible knowing the dynamics of the disease. A voluntary Integrated Plan to Reduce the Risk of Canker has been in place since 1994 and it allows growers to export unsymptomatic, uninfested fresh fruit to countries which are free of the disease and require healthy, pathogen free fruits. The experience from Argentina can be replicated in other countries after appropriate trials.
RESUMO
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an important disease throughout many of the world wheat-growing areas that have humid to semi-humid climate. The infection happens mainly during the anthesis of the wheat, when there have been favorable conditions of moisture and temperature. The direct relation of the infection to environmental factors makes possible the formulation of mathematical models that predict the disease. The causal agent of the FHB of the spike of wheat is attributed principally to Fusarium graminearum. High economic losses due yield decrease have been recorded in Argentina. In the present work, 67 isolates of Fusarium spp. were obtained from samples of wheat grains from Pampas region from 15 locations distributed in Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Santa Fe and Córboba provinces during 2006 and 2007 wheat-growing seasons. The identification of species from monosporic isolates was carried out by morphological characterization and use of species-specific PCR-based assays. Both identification criteria were necessary and complementary for the species determination, since in some cases the molecular identification was not specific. Scanty presence of F. graminearum was observed in 2006 wheat-growing season coinciding with the lack of favorable meteorological conditions for producing FHB infection events. High presence of F. graminearum isolates was observed in 2007 wheat-growing season, in accordance with moderate incidence of the disease according to spatial distribution of FHB incidence values. The aim of this report was to identify the causal agent of the FHB disease by different taxonomic criteria and to relate its occurrence with disease incidence values predicted by a weather-based model in Argentina.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Triticum/microbiologia , Argentina , Clima , DNA Fúngico/genética , Fusarium/citologia , Fusarium/genética , Microscopia , Modelos Teóricos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Tempo (Meteorologia)RESUMO
We report the case of a 33-year-old woman in the 28th week of pregnancy and with signs of fetal death, admitted to hospital in an emergency due to pulmonary edema secondary to severe mitral valve stenosis. Intensive medical treatment was unsuccessful and the patient was submitted to an emergency percutaneous balloon mitral valvoplasty with prompt clinical improvement. Subsequent clinical deterioration secondary to fetal death was managed by cesarean section resulting in clinical establization. The patient was discharged 10 days after admission and at 11 months after the procedure she had mild symptoms without drug therapy and echocardiographic signs of mild residual mitral stenosis (mitral valve area: 2.0 cm2).
Assuntos
Cateterismo , Estenose da Valva Mitral/terapia , Complicações Cardiovasculares na Gravidez/terapia , Edema Pulmonar/terapia , Doença Aguda , Adulto , Emergências , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
Gestante com 33 anos na 28ª semana e sinais de óbito fetal foi admitida em caráter de urgência com quadro de edema pulmonar agudo secundário à estenose mitral grave. Com insucesso do tratamento medicamentoso intensivo, a paciente foi submetida à valvoplastia mitralpercutânea de emergência com melhora imediata. O agravamento subseqüente do quadro, atribuído ao óbito fetal, foi tratado através parto cesário com melhora clínica considerável. A paciente teve alta hospitalar no10§ dia, e 11 meses após o procedimento, encontraÄse em classe funcional I, sem uso de medicaçäo e com sinais ecocardiográficos de estenose mitral leve (área valvar: 2,0cm "ao quadrado".