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Background Blood pressure is determined by the interactions between the heart and arterial properties, and subjects with identical blood pressure may have substantially different hemodynamic determinants. Whether arterial hemodynamic indices quantified by impedance cardiography ( ICG ), a simple operator-independent office procedure, independently predict all-cause mortality in adults from the general population, and specifically among those who do not meet criteria for American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage 2 hypertension, is currently unknown. Methods and Results We studied 1639 adults aged 18 to 80 years from the general population. We used ICG to measure hemodynamic parameters and metrics of cardiac function. We assessed the relationship between hemodynamic parameters measured at baseline and all-cause mortality over a mean follow-up of 10.9 years. Several ICG parameters predicted death. The strongest predictors were total arterial compliance index (standardized hazard ratio=0.38; 95% confidence interval=0.31-0.46; P<0.0001) and indices of cardiac contractility: velocity index (standardized hazard ratio=0.45; 95% confidence interval=0.37-0.55; P<0.0001) and acceleration index (standardized hazard ratio=0.44; 95% confidence interval=0.35-0.55; P<0.0001). These remained independently predictive of death after adjustment for multiple confounders, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Among subjects without stage 2 hypertension (n=1563), indices of cardiac contractility were independently predictive of death and identified a subpopulation (25% of non-stage-2 hypertensives) that demonstrated a high 10-year mortality risk, equivalent to that of stage 2 hypertensives. Conclusions Hemodynamic patterns identified by ICG independently predict mortality in the general population. The predictive value of ICG applies even in the absence of American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association stage 2 hypertension and identifies higher-risk individuals who are in earlier stages of the hypertension continuum.

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Chronic diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These conditions require considerable time investment and resources from the health system in Peru, as well as from patients and their families. Paradoxically, the developed medical strategies for managing these conditions generate a constant and increasing burden for the patient and their environment, which affects quality of life and therapeutic results. In this article, the role of shared decision making and minimal disruptive medicine will be described as strategies to address these problems.

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Antecedentes: El sobrepeso y la obesidad aumentan el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares y otras patologías que alteran significativamente la calidad y expectativa de vida. Estudios en otras poblaciones de América Latina y el Perú muestran que la prevalencia de obesidad viene aumentando en las últimas décadas. Métodos: PREVENCION es un estudio poblacional realizado en la ciudad de Arequipa entre los años 2004-2006, en el que se obtuvo una muestra probabilística, multietápica y estratificada de adultos no institucionalizados de entre 20-80 años de edad constituida por 1878 individuos (867 varones y 1011 mujeres) pertenecientes a 626 familias. Evaluamos la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de acuerdo al índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la prevalencia de obesidad abdominal considerando el perímetro de cintura (PC). Resultados: El valor promedio del IMC en la población fue 26.2 kg/m2 (IC al 95 por ciento = 25.9û26.5 kg/m2). Las prevalencias estandarizadas por edad de obesidad (IMC≥30) y sobrepeso (IMC = 25.0û29.9) fueron 17.6 por ciento (IC al 95 por ciento=15.7û19.6 por ciento) y 41.8 por ciento (IC al 95 por ciento=39.3û44.4 por ciento), respectivamente. La prevalencia de obesidad fue más alta en mujeres (20.5 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=17.9-23.2 por ciento) que en hombres (14.7 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=12.3-17.5 por ciento; p=0.001). Sin embargo, la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue mayor en hombres (47.8 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=44.1-51.5 por ciento) que en mujeres (35.9 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=32.7-39.1 por ciento ; p<0.001), de modo que el 37.4 por ciento de hombres y el 43.7 por ciento de mujeres presentaron un IMC<25.0. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal según los criterios del ATP III fue de 15.2 por ciento (IC al 95 por ciento=12.8-18.1 por ciento) en hombres y 39.7 por ciento (IC al95 por ciento=36.3-43.2 por ciento) en mujeres (p<0.0001). A su vez, las prevalencias de obesidad abdominal en hombres y mujeres...

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OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of Arequipa, the second largest city in Peru. METHODS: The prevalence and patterns of smoking, alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, high-fat diet, and low fruit and vegetable intake were evaluated among 1 878 subjects (867 men and 1 011 women) in a population-based study. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence of current smoking, former smoking, and never smoking were 21.6 percent, 14.3 percent, and 64.1 percent, respectively. The prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher in men than women (31.1 percent vs. 12.1 percent; P < 0.01). The prevalence of current alcohol use was 37.7 percent and significantly higher in men than women (55.5 percent vs. 19.7 percent; P < 0.01). Similarly, the prevalence of binge drinking was 21.2 percent, and the percentage of men who binge drink (36.1 percent) was significantly higher than for women (6.4 percent; P < 0.01). The vast majority of alcohol drinkers reported a pattern of alcohol consumption mainly on weekends and holidays rather than regular drinking with meals during the week. The proportion of insufficiently active people was 57.6 percent and was significantly higher in women than men (63.3 percent vs. 51.9 percent; P < 0.01). Overall, 42.0 percent of adults reported consuming high-fat diets, 34.5 percent reported low fruit intake, and 33.3 percent reported low vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors found in this Andean population is of concern. Preventive programs are urgently needed to deal with this growing problem.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular relacionados con el estilo de vida de adultos de Arequipa, la segunda mayor ciudad de Perú. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de base poblacional para evaluar la prevalencia y los patrones de consumo de tabaco y bebidas alcohólicas, la falta de actividad física, la dieta rica en grasas y el bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales en 1 878 personas (867 hombres y 1 011 mujeres). RESULTADOS: Las prevalencias estandarizadas por la edad de los fumadores actuales, pasados y de los que nunca fumaron fueron 21,6 por ciento, 14,3 por ciento y 64,1 por ciento, respectivamente. La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue significativamente mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres (31,1 por ciento frente a 12,1 por ciento; P < 0,01). La prevalencia del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas fue de 37,7 por ciento, significativamente mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres (55,5 por ciento frente a 19,7 por ciento; P < 0,01). La prevalencia del consumo excesivo de alcohol fue de 21,1 por ciento, mayor en los hombres que en las mujeres (36,1 por ciento frente a 6,4 por ciento; P < 0,01). La gran mayoría de los bebedores presentó un patrón de consumo concentrado fundamentalmente en los fines de semana y los días feriados, más que el consumo habitual con las comidas en los días laborables. La proporción de personas con insuficiente actividad fue de 57,6 por ciento, significativamente mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres (63,3 por ciento frente a 51,9 por ciento; P < 0,01). En general, 42,0 por ciento de los adultos informaron consumir dietas ricas en grasas, 34,5 por ciento dijo tener un bajo consumo de frutas y 33,3 por ciento un bajo consumo de vegetales. CONCLUSIONES: La alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular relacionados con el estilo de vida encontrada en esta población de los Andes es preocupante. Se deben implementar urgentemente programas preventivos para resolver este creciente problema.

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OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors in the adult population of Arequipa, the second largest city in Peru. METHODS: The prevalence and patterns of smoking, alcohol drinking, lack of physical activity, high-fat diet, and low fruit and vegetable intake were evaluated among 1 878 subjects (867 men and 1 011 women) in a population-based study. RESULTS: The age-standardized prevalence of current smoking, former smoking, and never smoking were 21.6%, 14.3%, and 64.1%, respectively. The prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher in men than women (31.1% vs. 12.1%; P < 0.01). The prevalence of current alcohol use was 37.7% and significantly higher in men than women (55.5% vs. 19.7%; P < 0.01). Similarly, the prevalence of binge drinking was 21.2%, and the percentage of men who binge drink (36.1%) was significantly higher than for women (6.4%; P < 0.01). The vast majority of alcohol drinkers reported a pattern of alcohol consumption mainly on weekends and holidays rather than regular drinking with meals during the week. The proportion of insufficiently active people was 57.6% and was significantly higher in women than men (63.3% vs. 51.9%; P < 0.01). Overall, 42.0% of adults reported consuming high-fat diets, 34.5% reported low fruit intake, and 33.3% reported low vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of lifestyle-related cardiovascular risk factors found in this Andean population is of concern. Preventive programs are urgently needed to deal with this growing problem.

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Data regarding the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MTS) in Andean populations are limited. We evaluated the prevalence of MTS according to American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute criteria among 1878 subjects in the PREVENCION study in Peru. In women, the most common component was low HDL cholesterol (60.9%) followed by abdominal obesity (36.9%). In men, the most common component was elevated triglycerides (52.0%) followed by low HDL cholesterol (32.5%), whereas the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 14%. Abnormal fasting glucose was the least common component in men (5.4%) and women (5.0%). The prevalence of MTS was significantly higher in women compared to men (23.2% versus 14.3%) and increased steeply with age, particularly in women (p<0.0001). Using body mass index (BMI>or=30kg/m2) instead of waist circumference as a component of the MTS lead to equivalent prevalence estimates of MTS in men but significantly underestimated the prevalence in women. The MTS is highly prevalent among Peruvian Andeans, particularly in older women. The pattern of MTS components in this Andean population is characterized by a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and a relatively low prevalence of elevated fasting glucose. Further studies are required to characterize genetic and environmental determinants of these patterns.

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Cardiovascular disease is emerging as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Latin America. Population-based data regarding the prevalence of hypertension and hypertension subtypes in Andean Hispanic populations are scarce. The authors performed a population-based study that included 1878 Peruvian Andean adults to determine: (1) the prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension and (2) the relative frequency of hypertension subtypes (systolic vs. diastolic). The prevalence of hypertension was 15.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.0%-17.4%), did not differ by gender, and increased steeply with age, particularly in women. Awareness, treatment, and control rates were 47.9%, 39.5%, and 14%, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure increased until age 50 years and reached a plateau thereafter, whereas mean arterial pressure continued to increase with age even after age 50 years. Furthermore, in sharp contrast with the United States population, the predominant type of hypertension was systodiastolic (41.7%; 95% CI, 35.1%-48.5%). Isolated systolic hypertension accounted for only 29.3% of cases (95% CI, 23.9%-35.4%) and was responsible for a minority of cases in all age groups before age 70 years. Hypertension subtypes in this Andean population seem to differ significantly from those present in the United States population, with a much larger proportion of systodiastolic and diastolic hypertension even with advanced age. These differences result from interactions between hemodynamic and structural factors, and further studies aimed at characterizing their genetic and environmental determinants and implications in end-organ damage and prognosis in this population may contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension.

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Antecedentes: El sobrepeso y la obesidad aumentan el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares y otras patologías que alteran significativamente la calidad y expectativa de vida. Estudios en otras poblaciones de América Latina y el Perú muestran que la prevalencia de obesidad viene aumentando en las últimas décadas. Métodos: PREVENCION es un estudio poblacional realizado en la ciudad de Arequipa entre los años 2004-2006, en el que se obtuvo una muestra probabilística, multietápica y estratificada de adultos no institucionalizados de entre 20-80 años de edad constituida por 1878 individuos (867 varones y 1011 mujeres) pertenecientes a 626 familias. Evaluamos la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad de acuerdo al índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la prevalencia de obesidad abdominal considerando el perímetro de cintura (PC). Resultados: El valor promedio del IMC en la población fue 26.2 kg/m2 (IC al 95 por ciento = 25.9û26.5 kg/m2). Las prevalencias estandarizadas por edad de obesidad (IMC≥30) y sobrepeso (IMC = 25.0û29.9) fueron 17.6 por ciento (IC al 95 por ciento=15.7û19.6 por ciento) y 41.8 por ciento (IC al 95 por ciento=39.3û44.4 por ciento), respectivamente. La prevalencia de obesidad fue más alta en mujeres (20.5 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=17.9-23.2 por ciento) que en hombres (14.7 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=12.3-17.5 por ciento; p=0.001). Sin embargo, la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue mayor en hombres (47.8 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=44.1-51.5 por ciento) que en mujeres (35.9 por ciento; IC al 95 por ciento=32.7-39.1 por ciento ; p<0.001), de modo que el 37.4 por ciento de hombres y el 43.7 por ciento de mujeres presentaron un IMC<25.0. La prevalencia de obesidad abdominal según los criterios del ATP III fue de 15.2 por ciento (IC al 95 por ciento=12.8-18.1 por ciento) en hombres y 39.7 por ciento (IC al95 por ciento=36.3-43.2 por ciento) en mujeres (p<0.0001). A su vez, las prevalencias de obesidad abdominal en hombres y mujeres...

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