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Durante los últimos años, las enfermedades cardiovasculares (en adelante ECVs) en Chile se han situado como la primera causa de muerte y discapacidad. Frente a esta situación, el Ministerio de Salud ha generado programas de control de los factores de riesgo comunes para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Sin embargo, no se ha considerado los factores de riesgo psicosociales relacionados con el trabajo, los que según la tendencia internacional se han validado como parte de los factores causantes de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Este documento tiene por objetivo evidenciar la importancia que tienen los factores de riesgos psicosociales laborales (en adelante FRPSL) para el desarrollo de ECVs, reflexionando sobre la experiencia en otros países y comparando esas realidades con la mirada actual en el control de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en Chile. Las experiencias revisadas validan a los factores de riesgo comunes como los principales para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, pero avalan que los factores de riesgo psicosociales de origen laboral mantienen una relación tanto directa como indirecta con el desarrollo y/o agravamiento de estas patologías, pese a que en Chile esto aún no se reconozca en términos legales. (AU)

In Chile, in recent years, cardiovascular diseases (hereinafter CVD) have been the leading cause of death and disability. Faced with this situation, the Ministry of Health has developed programs to control the common risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, however, the work-related psychosocial risk factors have not been considered, which according to the international trend, have been validated as part of the causative factors of cardiovascular diseases.This study aims to highlight the importance of work-related psychosocial risk factors (hereinaf-ter PWF) for the development of CVD, reflecting on the experience in other countries, com-paring these realities with the current perspective in the control of cardiovascular diseases in Chile.The evidence confirms common risk factors as the key to the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, it guarantees that work-related psychosocial risk factors maintaining a relationship both directly and indirectly with the manifestation of these diseases, in despite of this is not recognized legally in Chile yet. (AU)

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The biological activity of extracts from the leaves, bark and roots of Muellera frutescens, an Amazonian ichtyotoxic plant, were evaluated to find new environmentally safe insecticides. The n-hexane extracts of bark, leaf, and root showed a strong toxic activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. Bioguided fractionation of the bark extract led to the isolation of seven isoflavonoids (12a-hydroxyelliptone, elliptone, (-)-variabilin, rotenone, rotenolone, tephrosin and deguelin). Rotenone and deguelin are responsible for the larvicidal activity of the plant. M frutescens leaves contain up to 0.6%, w/w, deguelin. These results justify the traditional ichtyotoxic use of M frutescens. The leaves contain a relatively high proportion of deguelin and, therefore, can be considered as a renewable source of this environmentally friendly insecticidal isoflavonoid.

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In an effort to find antimalarial drugs, a systematic in vitro evaluation on a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (FcB1) was undertaken on sixty plant extracts collected in French Guiana. The ethyl acetate extract obtained from the root barks of Symphonia globulifera exhibited a strong antiplasmodial activity (97% at 10 microg/ml). The phytochemical investigation of this extract led to the isolation of nine polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol (PPAPs) compounds and two oxidized derivatives. All compounds showed antiplasmodial activity with IC(50)s ranged from 2.1 to 10.1 microM. A LC/ESI-MS(n) study performed on polyprenylated benzophenones previously isolated from Moronobea coccinea provided a reliable method for their detection in the extract and structural elucidation.

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Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity of methanol extracts and polar fractions of the stem bark of Caryocar villosum and C. glabrum has been assessed. Seven new phenolic glycosides (1-7) were isolated from the most active fractions, along with 15 known compounds (8-22). The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR analysis, HRESIMS, and comparison with literature experimental data for known compounds.

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Fourteen new triterpenoid saponins (1-14) were isolated from the methanol extract of the fruits of Caryocar villosum along with 10 known saponins. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) and ESIMS studies. The toxicity of the methanolic extracts of the peel and the pulp of fruits and the crude saponin fraction of the peel was assessed using the Artemia salina test. The antimicrobial activities of caryocarosides IV-21 (14), II-1 (16), III-1 (17), and IV-9 (20) and of saponin 23 were also studied in vitro on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Enterococcus faecalis bacteria.

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Twenty-one new triterpenoid saponins, named caryocarosides (1-21), glycosides of 2beta-hydroxyoleanolic acid, hederagenin, bayogenin, and gypsogenic acid, have been isolated from the fruits of Caryocar glabrum along with nine known triterpenoid saponins (22-30) that are described for the first time from a plant in the Caryocaraceae. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR techniques ((13)C, COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY experiments), ESIMS, and acid hydrolysis. The isolated compounds could be classified into two series: glucosides (1-8, 22, 27, and 30) derived from the 3-O-monoglucoside and glucuronides (9-21, 23-26, 28, and 29) derived from the 3-O-monoglucuronide. In 22 of the saponins (1-8, 12-22, and 24-26), a galactose moiety was linked to C-3 of a glucuronic acid or a glucose moiety. The galactose was substituted in position 3 by a second galactose unit (6, 7, 20, and 21) or by a xylose unit (8). Seven saponins (4, 5, 16-19, and 26) were found to be bidesmosides with one glucose unit linked to C-28 of the aglycon. The hemolytic activity of the major saponins (2, 3, 5, 12-15, 17, 24, and 28) was measured on sheep erythrocytes in order to establish structure-activity relationships based on the type of sugar attached to the aglycon and on the structure of this aglycon.

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This paper is the first thorough analysis of takini, a hallucinogen used by the shamans of several peoples in Suriname, French Guiana, and the region east of the Para in Brazil. The drug is contained in the latex of the Brosimum acutifolium tree, and until now, its psychotropic properties appeared inconsistent with the more general medicinal uses of the tree in the surrounding region. Our chemical and botanical studies reveal that the active ingredient of takini is bufotenine; and that this compound is only contained in the subspecies Brosimum acutifolium Huber subsp. acutifolium C.C. Berg that is found in the same area of the eastern Guianas.

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Five new acylphloroglucinol derivatives, mahureones A-E (1, 3-6), have been isolated from the leaves of Mahurea palustris, and their structures determined by spectroscopic means. During the isolation process, several byproducts (7-9) were formed by reaction of one of the isoprenyl side chains with TFA, water, and acetonitrile. All the compounds were assayed for their ability to inhibit human DNA polymerase beta. The most active compounds, mahureones A (1) and D (5), exhibited IC50 values in the 10 microM range.

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Contenido: 1.Aspects botaniques et ethnobotaniques 2.Etude des quassinoides de quatre simaroubacees guyanaises 3.Activites biologiques des quassinoides isoles.