RESUMO
Background: Despite the gain in life expectancy that people living with HIV (PLHIV) have had in the past few years, the disease is accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of noninfectious chronic diseases. PLHIV have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis, fracture, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance than the general population. It is unknown if insulin resistance is associated with osteoporosis and fractures in PLHIV. Our study aimed to assess the association between insulin resistance and osteoporosis in PLHIV. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in southern Brazil. PLHIV ages 50â years or older on antiretroviral treatment were included. Insulin resistance was considered present when the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was higher than expected for the Brazilian population (>2.7). The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index was also calculated. Results: Of the 101 PLHIV who agreed to participate, 84 underwent insulin and bone mineral density measurements. The prevalence of osteoporosis was 19%. The frequency of insulin resistance calculated by HOMA-IR was 68.2%. Participants with osteoporosis had lower body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride values than those without it. HOMA-IR [4.8(6.6) vs 8.68(9.6), P = 0.013] and TyG [5.0(0.3) vs 5.2 (0.4), P = 0.029]. The association between the total femur t-score disappeared after correction for BMI in the linear regression model. There was no association between vertebral fractures and insulin resistance. Conclusion: In our study, PLHIV with osteoporosis have lower insulin resistance than PLHIV without it. However, this finding appears to be related to lower BMI. The association between insulin resistance and bone in PLHIV appears to be somewhat similar to that of the general population.
RESUMO
The prevalence of chronic diseases is increasing in people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the post ART era. Sarcopenia is prevalent in the elderly and is associated with many chronic diseases. Our study aimed to evaluate the frequency of sarcopenia in PLHIV and its association with bone mineral density and fracture. A cross-sectional study was carried out at Santa Maria, South Brazil. It included PLHV age ≥ 50 years and registered to receive antiretroviral therapy. A structured questionnaire was applied, blood samples collected, muscle strength evaluated, body composition measured, and vertebral morphometry performed. Sarcopenia and presarcopenia were defined according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Of the 101 patients recruited, 83 underwent DXA and muscle strength measurements. The prevalence of sarcopenia and presarcopenia in the individuals studied was 12% and 16.9%, respectively. 66.7% of sarcopenic individuals had morphometric vertebral fractures and there was a tendency towards a higher frequency of multiple vertebral fractures when compared with non-sarcopenic subjects (44.4% vs. 16.2%, p = 0.066). BMI and total hip BMD were significantly lower in sarcopenic than non-sarcopenic individuals (p ≥ 0.035 and 0.032 respectively). In multiple regression analysis, sarcopenia was associated with age and multiple vertebral fractures. Sarcopenia was present in 12% of this population of PLHIV age ≥ 50 years and was associated with lower hip BMD and a high prevalence of vertebral fractures.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Sarcopenia , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral , Idoso , Composição Corporal , Densidade Óssea , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Sarcopenia/complicações , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The mitochondrial protein frataxin is involved in iron metabolism, as well as regulation of oxidative stress. To elucidate the association of frataxin with the pathophysiology of diabetes, we evaluated the mRNA levels of frataxin in leukocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, we investigated the relation between frataxin mRNA levels, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers. METHODS: A study including 150 subjects (115 patients with T2D and 35 healthy subjects) was performed to evaluate the frataxin mRNA levels in leukocytes. We assessed the relation between frataxin and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), total oxidation status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and serum iron. RESULTS: The frataxin mRNA levels in the T2D group were significantly lower than those in healthy subjects. It was also demonstrated that T2D patients with frataxin mRNA levels in the lowest quartile had significantly elevated levels of serum iron, TOS, and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, while TAC levels were significantly lower in this quartile when compared with the upper quartile. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that T2D patients with low frataxin mRNA levels showed a high degree of inflammation and oxidative stress. It is speculated that frataxin deficiency in T2D patients can contribute to the imbalance in mitochondrial iron homeostasis leading to the acceleration of oxidative stress and inflammation.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Inflamação/diagnóstico , Proteínas de Ligação ao Ferro/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Incidência , Inflamação/epidemiologia , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao Ferro/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , RNA Mensageiro/genética , FrataxinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Uric acid presents different roles in an organism. High serum uric acid concentrations may induce inflammatory pathways and promote kidney damage through different mechanisms. Therefore, this study investigated the association among high serum uric acid concentrations, renal tubular damage, and renal inflammation assessed via estimation of urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and inflammatory cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: Urinary concentrations of KIM-1, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha, as well as other biochemical parameters, were assessed in 125 patients with T2D who were grouped into two groups based on the serum uric acid levels (<6.0 mg/dL and ≥6.0 mg/dL). Patients were also stratified according to the tertiles of serum uric acid concentrations. RESULTS: Urinary KIM-1, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were higher in patients with serum uric acid concentrations ≥ 6.0 mg/dL. However, the differences between the groups were not statistically significant when the urinary values of KIM-1 and cytokines were normalized by the urinary creatinine concentration. Serum uric acid concentrations were significantly associated with urinary KIM-1 (values normalized by urinary creatinine concentration) and urinary TNF-alpha (absolute values and values normalized by urinary creatinine concentration), independent of the body mass index (BMI) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). CONCLUSIONS: High serum uric acid concentrations were associated with high urinary KIM-1 levels accompanied by the increase of urinary proinflammatory cytokines in patients with T2D. However, normalization of urinary markers by urine creatinine concentration seems to influence the profile of the results.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Nefropatias Diabéticas/sangue , Ácido Úrico/sangue , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/urina , Creatinina/urina , Nefropatias Diabéticas/patologia , Nefropatias Diabéticas/urina , Feminino , Receptor Celular 1 do Vírus da Hepatite A/análise , Humanos , Interleucinas/urina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/urinaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate AChE activity in total blood and the FRAP levels in samples from dogs with mammary tumors before and after surgery, as well as the relationship between these variables with immunohistochemical markers of tumor (E-caderina, ki-67, COX-2). Materials and methods. In this study, 13 dogs with mammary tumors were divided into two groups (A and B). The group A was formed by dogs with tumors smaller than 3 cm of diameter, and the group B was formed by dogs with tumor of 3 cm of diameter or larger. The AChE activity and FRAP levels were evaluated before and after surgery and the immunohistochemistry were performed at the tumors. Results. The AChE activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in dogs with mammary cancer compared to control animals, and neither surgery or tumor size affected the AChE activity (p>0.05). FRAP levels before surgery were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to control animals. Also, FRAP levels increased significantly after surgery in animals of the group A compared to data before surgery, a fact not observed in dogs from the group B. E-cadherin showed low significant positive correlation with FRAP levels (r=0.37, p-value=0.05); COX-2 showed a moderate significant positive correlation to FRAP (r=0.55, p-value<0.05); and COX-2 showed a low significant positive correlation to AChE (r=0.32, p-value=0.01). Conclusions. AChE and antioxidant levels are modified in dogs with mammary cancer. These variables are involved in various physiological functions, and thus, they might be related to disease pathogenesis.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad de la AChE en sangre total y los niveles de FRAP en muestras de perros con tumores mamarios antes y después de la cirugía, así como la relación entre estas variables con marcadores inmunohistoquímicos de tumores (E-caderina, ki-67 , COX - 2). Materiales y métodos. En este estudio, 13 perros con tumores mamarios se dividieron en dos grupos (A y B). El grupo A estaba formado por perros con tumores menores de 3 cm de diámetro y el grupo B estaba formado por perros con tumor de 3 cm de diámetro o más. La actividad de AChE y los niveles de FRAP se evaluaron antes y después de la cirugía y la inmunohistoquímica se realizó en los tumores. Resultados. La actividad de la AChE aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) en perros con cáncer mamario en comparación con los animales control, y ni la cirugía ni el tamaño tumoral afectaron la actividad de la AChE (p>0.05). Los niveles de FRAP antes de la cirugía fueron significativamente más bajos (p<0.05) en comparación con los animales control. Además, los niveles de FRAP aumentaron significativamente después de la cirugía en animales del grupo A en comparación con los datos antes de la cirugía, hecho que no se observó en perros del grupo B. La E-cadherina mostró correlación positiva baja con los niveles de FRAP (r = 0.37, valor p=0.05); COX-2 mostró una moderada correlación positiva significativa con FRAP (r = 0.55, p-valor<0.05); Y la COX-2 mostró una correlación positiva de baja significación con la AChE (r = 0.32, p-valor = 0.01). Conclusiones. AChE y los niveles de antioxidantes se modifican en perros con cáncer de mama. Estas variables están implicadas en diversas funciones fisiológicas, y por lo tanto, pueden estar relacionadas con la patogénesis de la enfermedad.
Assuntos
Imuno-Histoquímica , Recuperação de Fluorescência Após Fotodegradação , Cães , NeoplasiasRESUMO
Uric acid presents different roles in an organism, since it can act as an antioxidant or a pro-oxidant molecule. High serum uric acid levels may cause damage to several structures, including nucleic acids and its components. Therefore, in this study the association between increased serum uric acid concentrations and oxidation of nucleosides was investigated by assessment of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and in healthy individuals. Urinary 8-OHdG and biochemical parameters were assessed in 61 patients who were initially grouped into 2 groups based on the median serum uric acid levels (<5.3 mg/dL and ≥5.3 mg/dL). Urinary 8-OHdG was higher in patients with T2D and serum uric acid levels ≥5.3 mg/dL, when compared with the patients with serum uric acid levels <5.3 mg/dL; however, co-occurrence of high serum uric acid with high urinary 8-OHdG was not observed in healthy individuals. A significant positive correlation between 8-OHdG and uric acid (r = 0.40, P < 0.01) was observed in patients with T2D. High serum uric acid levels were associated with high urinary 8-OHdG levels in patients with T2D, and this association was independent of gender, hypertension, body mass index, and serum creatinine.
Assuntos
Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Nucleosídeos/metabolismo , Ácido Úrico/sangue , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Adulto , Idoso , Creatinina/sangue , Desoxiguanosina/urina , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , OxirreduçãoRESUMO
To evaluate the effect of supplementation of iron dextran on blood variables and iron metabolism in lambs experimentally infected by Haemonchus contortus, four experimental groups were used: uninfected and non-supplemented animals (GI); infected animals supplemented with iron (GII); uninfected animals supplemented with iron (GIII); and infected non-supplemented animals (GIV). Groups II and IV received 10,000 larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus, and groups II and III received three doses of iron dextran (20mg/kg) intramuscularly with seven days of interval. Blood and faeces samples were collected on days 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24), and 31 (D31), in order to determine red blood cell counts, iron metabolism, and EPG. Infected animals developed anemia from D24 and anemia was more severe on D31. Animals from GII had higher hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration compared to animals of GIV on D31. Iron stores in the bone marrow were higher in GII and GIII compared to GI and GIV. The GIV showed lower seric levels of iron on D24 compared to the other groups. The iron supplementation reduces the severity of the anemia caused by infection with Haemonchus contortus in lambs, improving erythropoietic response after blood loss.(AU)
Para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de ferro dextrano sobre variáveis sanguíneas e metabolismo do ferro em cordeiros experimentalmente infectados por Haemonchus contortus, foram utilizados quatro grupos experimentais: animais não infectados e não suplementados (GI); animais infectados e suplementados com ferro (GII); animais não infectados e suplementados com ferro (GIII); e animais não suplementados infectados (GIV). Os grupos II e IV receberam 10.000 larvas (L3) de Haemonchus contortus, e os grupos II e III receberam três doses de ferro dextrano (20mg/kg) por via intramuscular com sete dias de intervalo. As amostras de sangue e fezes foram coletadas nos dias 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24) e 31 (D31), para determinar o eritrograma, o metabolismo do ferro e a quantidade de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG). Os cordeiros infectados desenvolveram anemia no D24, sendo esta mais severa no dia 31. Os cordeiros do GII apresentaram maior hematócrito e concentração de hemoglobina em comparação com animais dd GIV no D31. Os estoques de ferro na medula óssea foram maiores no GII e GIII em comparação com o GI e GIV. O GIV mostrou menores níveis séricos de ferro no D24 em comparação com os outros grupos. A suplementação de ferro reduz a gravidade da anemia causada por infecção por Haemonchus contortus em cordeiros, melhorando a resposta eritropoietica após a perda de sangue.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/fisiologia , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Haemonchus/enzimologiaRESUMO
To evaluate the effect of supplementation of iron dextran on blood variables and iron metabolism in lambs experimentally infected by Haemonchus contortus, four experimental groups were used: uninfected and non-supplemented animals (GI); infected animals supplemented with iron (GII); uninfected animals supplemented with iron (GIII); and infected non-supplemented animals (GIV). Groups II and IV received 10,000 larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus, and groups II and III received three doses of iron dextran (20mg/kg) intramuscularly with seven days of interval. Blood and faeces samples were collected on days 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24), and 31 (D31), in order to determine red blood cell counts, iron metabolism, and EPG. Infected animals developed anemia from D24 and anemia was more severe on D31. Animals from GII had higher hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration compared to animals of GIV on D31. Iron stores in the bone marrow were higher in GII and GIII compared to GI and GIV. The GIV showed lower seric levels of iron on D24 compared to the other groups. The iron supplementation reduces the severity of the anemia caused by infection with Haemonchus contortus in lambs, improving erythropoietic response after blood loss.(AU)
Para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de ferro dextrano sobre variáveis sanguíneas e metabolismo do ferro em cordeiros experimentalmente infectados por Haemonchus contortus, foram utilizados quatro grupos experimentais: animais não infectados e não suplementados (GI); animais infectados e suplementados com ferro (GII); animais não infectados e suplementados com ferro (GIII); e animais não suplementados infectados (GIV). Os grupos II e IV receberam 10.000 larvas (L3) de Haemonchus contortus, e os grupos II e III receberam três doses de ferro dextrano (20mg/kg) por via intramuscular com sete dias de intervalo. As amostras de sangue e fezes foram coletadas nos dias 10 (D10), 17 (D17), 24 (D24) e 31 (D31), para determinar o eritrograma, o metabolismo do ferro e a quantidade de ovos por gramas de fezes (OPG). Os cordeiros infectados desenvolveram anemia no D24, sendo esta mais severa no dia 31. Os cordeiros do GII apresentaram maior hematócrito e concentração de hemoglobina em comparação com animais dd GIV no D31. Os estoques de ferro na medula óssea foram maiores no GII e GIII em comparação com o GI e GIV. O GIV mostrou menores níveis séricos de ferro no D24 em comparação com os outros grupos. A suplementação de ferro reduz a gravidade da anemia causada por infecção por Haemonchus contortus em cordeiros, melhorando a resposta eritropoietica após a perda de sangue.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/fisiologia , Ferro da Dieta/análise , Haemonchus/enzimologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is present mainly in proximal renal tubule, and urinary GGT is an indicator of tubular damage since it may show renal changes before they are identified by using conventional measurements. Therefore, it is of interest to establish the reference limits of urinary GGT for a healthy population, as well as to investigate the stability of GGT in urine samples stored at 4⯰C and -20⯰C. METHODS: GGT was assessed in urine samples from 127 healthy patients by use of a reference method based on the 5-Amino-2-Nitrobenzoate formation. Stability of GGT was evaluated in 10 urine samples stored at temperatures of 4⯰C and -20⯰C for a period up to 4â¯weeks. RESULTS: Urinary GGT values for healthy volunteers were 14â¯U/g creatinine for the lower reference limit and 79â¯U/g creatinine for the upper reference limit. Urinary GGT values were approximately 56% lower in samples stored at -20⯰C than fresh samples, while samples stored at 4⯰C presented a decrease of 11% in GGT values compared to fresh samples. CONCLUSIONS: Reference limits for urinary GGT in healthy subjects were 14 to 79â¯U/g creatinine, and it is recommended to measure urinary GGT in fresh specimens.
Assuntos
Criopreservação/métodos , gama-Glutamiltransferase/normas , Criopreservação/normas , Armazenamento de Medicamentos/métodos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos/normas , Estabilidade Enzimática , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Valores de Referência , Temperatura , gama-Glutamiltransferase/metabolismo , gama-Glutamiltransferase/urinaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of curcumin in the diet of commercial laying hens could have an anticoccidial action and improve egg quality. For this, 60 laying hens were divided into three groups: T0 (the control group); T30 and T50 (30 and 50â¯mg/kg of curcumin in the feed, respectively). Eggs recently laid were collected on days 14 and 21 of the experiment, and stored for 21â¯days. It was observed increased specific gravity and yolk index in stored eggs of the groups T30 and T50 compared to T0. The yolk color reduced in the eggs stored from groups T30 and T50 compared to T0. Moreover, TBARS levels were lower in fresh and stored eggs from groups T30 and T50. It was observed increased TAC levels in fresh eggs from groups T30 and T50 and in stored eggs from the group T50. The presence of curcumin was not detected by HPLC in the yolk and albumen. Seric levels of albumin and uric acid did not differ between groups, while seric levels of total proteins increased on day 21 on groups T30 and T50. Finally, it was observed a significant reduction on the number of oocysts in fecal samples on days 14 and 21 of T30 and T50 compared to T0. Based on these evidences, it is possible to conclude that the addition of curcumin in the diet of laying hens has an anticoccidial effect and improves egg quality.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Galinhas , Coccidiostáticos/administração & dosagem , Curcumina/administração & dosagem , Ovos/normas , Bem-Estar do Animal , Animais , Coccidiostáticos/farmacologia , Curcumina/farmacologia , Dieta , Gema de Ovo , Feminino , ÓvuloRESUMO
Nutritional factors have been associated with osteoporosis and fractures. The intake of coffee may increase the risk of fracture whereas the intake of black and green tea is associated with its reduction. Recently, consumption of yerba mate was associated with increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Nonetheless, its influence on fracture is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of yerba mate tea intake on fractures, bone markers, calcium homeostasis, and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women. A case-control study was carried out in South Brazil, 46 women with fractures and 49 controls completed the study. There was no significant difference between the frequency of fractures in women who drank mate tea and women who did not (48.3% vs. 48.5%, p = .99). Moreover, there was no significant difference concerning the serum levels of total calcium, phosphorus, PTH, vitamin D, P1NP, and CTX in the subjects with the history of yerba mate use when compared to controls. Higher serum levels of NOx were found in women who drank the yerba mate infusion. In conclusion, the yerba mate intake is not associated with fracture, and it appears to have a neutral effect on the bone metabolism.
Assuntos
Osso e Ossos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilex paraguariensis/química , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/química , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pós-MenopausaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) is a medicinal plant widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, studies on the use of this plant and of nanoparticle formulations against DM-related fungal infections are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of the treatments with aqueous seed extract of S. cumini (ASc) and ASc-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (NPASc) on biochemical parameters in Candida albicans-infected diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: Control, DM, C. albicans, C. albicans + ASc, C. albicans + NPASc, DM + C. albicans, DM + C. albicans + ASc and DM + C. albicans + NPASc. Rats were daily treated with ASc or NPASc (100 mg/kg) for 21 days. Biochemical parameters in serum and urine, advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) and TBARS levels in the serum, kidney, liver and pancreas and N-acetyl-ß-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities in kidney and urine were evaluated. RESULTS: Biochemical and oxidative stress parameters increased in rats with DM and/or candidiasis. NPASc was more effective than ASc in decreasing glucose (56%), cholesterol (33%) and creatinine (51%) levels; serum (16%) and pancreatic (46%) AOPP and renal (48%) TBARS levels when compared with DM + C. albicans group. In C. albicans group, both treatments decreased NAG activity but did not decrease creatinine levels. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the use of nanotechnology is able to improve plant extract properties such as antioxidant activity that may be useful in diabetes-related complications.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candidíase/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Nanopartículas , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Syzygium/química , Animais , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Biomarcadores/sangue , Biomarcadores/urina , Candidíase/sangue , Candidíase/microbiologia , Candidíase/urina , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/urina , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/urina , Composição de Medicamentos , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Pâncreas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Plantas Medicinais , Ratos Wistar , Sementes , Solventes/química , EstreptozocinaRESUMO
Protection against experimental fasciolosis in rats immunized with recombinant myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) in TiterMax Gold® adjuvant was assessed. The experimental trial consisted of four groups of 15 animals; group 1 was unimmunized and infected, group 2 was immunized with MRLC in adjuvant and infected, group 3 was infected and immunized with adjuvant only and group 4 was unimmunized and uninfected. Immunization with MRLC in TiterMax Gold® adjuvant (group 2) induced a reduction in fluke burdens of 51.0% (p<0.001) when compared with the adjuvant control group, and 61.5% (p<0.001) when compared with the unimmunized infected controls. There was a reduction in fecal egg output in group 2 of 44.8% and 37.3% compared with group 1 and group 3, respectively; although this difference was not statistically significant. Measurement of cytokine levels revealed higher levels of TNF-alpha and IL-2 as well as lower levels of IL-4 in group 2 during the chronic stage of infection (p<0.05), along with higher levels of IFN-gamma during early stages of infection (p<0.05). These results suggest a mixed Th1/Th2 phenotype immune response; however predominance of Th1 cytokines was observed. Levels of anti-MRLC serum IgG in group 2 were significantly higher than controls at the time of euthanasia (p<0.05). This is the first report of immunization with recombinant MRLC in rats, demonstrating that this antigen significantly reduces fluke burdens, increases the Th1 immune response and encourages further studies to improve the vaccine's efficacy.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Antígenos de Helmintos/imunologia , Fasciolíase/prevenção & controle , Cadeias Leves de Miosina/imunologia , Poloxaleno/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Anti-Helmínticos/sangue , Antígenos de Helmintos/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fezes/parasitologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Masculino , Cadeias Leves de Miosina/genética , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , Carga Parasitária , Ratos Wistar , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Sintéticas/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to analyses nitric oxide, antioxidant status, and oxidative profile in the liver of laying hens naturally infected by Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum). The nitrite/nitrate (NOx), reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were measured in liver samples, as well the biomarkers of hepatic function (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein and albumin levels measured in serum. NOx levels and CAT activity were reduced in hepatic tissue of infected hens. On the other hand, TBARS and ROS levels, GR, GPx and GST activities were higher in infected animals. On biomarkers of tissue damage, ALT, AST, GGT and total protein levels were higher in serum of infected hens, and showed decreased albumin levels. In summary, ROS and TBARS production lead to damage on the membrane lipids that alter activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT, GR, GPx and GSH, an adaptive response against S. Gallinarum infection, contributing to the pathophysiology and clinical signs of the disease.
Assuntos
Galinhas , Fígado/microbiologia , Fígado/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/metabolismo , Salmonelose Animal/metabolismo , Salmonella enterica , Animais , Catalase/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico , Oxirredução , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/microbiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/patologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio , Salmonelose Animal/microbiologia , Salmonelose Animal/patologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the treatment with Achyrocline satureioides essential oil-loaded in nanocapsules (AS-NC) is able to protect the hepatic tissue against cytotoxic damage caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Thus, the rats were divided into four groups (n = 6 per group): uninfected/saline, uninfected/AS-NC, infected/saline, and infected/AS-NC. At day 4 post-infection (PI), the animals were euthanized and liver and sera samples were collected to perform the hepatic cell viability assay, and to determine seric levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx). Cell viability decreased (p < 0.05) in the infected/saline group compared to uninfected/saline group, while the treatment with AS-NC avoided this alteration in infected rats. Seric ROS and NOx levels increased (p < 0.05) in the infected/saline group compared to uninfected/saline group, while the treatment with AS-NC avoided this effect on ROS levels of infected rats. In summary, the treatment with AS-NC was able to protect the liver tissue against the cytotoxic effect caused by the parasite by avoiding exacerbated production of ROS.
Assuntos
Achyrocline/química , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/parasitologia , Nanocápsulas/administração & dosagem , Óleos Voláteis/administração & dosagem , Trypanosoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Tripanossomíase/patologia , Tripanossomíase/parasitologia , Animais , Feminino , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Nanocápsulas/química , Nanocápsulas/toxicidade , Nanocápsulas/ultraestrutura , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óleos Voláteis/química , Óleos Voláteis/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ratos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Tripanossomíase/tratamento farmacológico , Tripanossomíase/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fracture in women aged >55 years with self-reported premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study including 1057 post-menopausal women aged >55 years who were treated in a primary care facility in Santa Maria, South Brazil, from March 2013 through August 2013. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire for characteristics including fracture history, medication use, and reproductive history (oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, miscarriage, the diagnosis or treatment of hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia, or infertility). RESULTS: A non-significant trend towards an increased prevalence of all fragility fractures was observed in women with premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea when compared to those without (20.4% vs. 15.7%). After correction for age, falls, and comorbidities, fracture prevalence was significantly higher in the lower leg (OR 3.1 [CI 1.1-8.6]; P=0.029), and humerus (OR 2.6 [CI 1.2-5.4]; P=0.015) in the women with hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea. CONCLUSION: This is a hypothesis-generating study which evaluated the association between hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea and fractures in postmenopausal women. Our results suggest that premenopausal hirsutism and/or oligomenorrhea may be associated with an increased risk of fracture postmenopause, particularly in the humerus and lower leg.
Assuntos
Hirsutismo/fisiopatologia , Fraturas do Úmero/etiologia , Oligomenorreia/fisiopatologia , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/fisiopatologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/etiologia , Fraturas da Tíbia/etiologia , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Fíbula , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Hirsutismo/epidemiologia , Humanos , Fraturas do Úmero/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oligomenorreia/epidemiologia , Osteoporose Pós-Menopausa/epidemiologia , Fraturas por Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Pré-Menopausa , Prevalência , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Risco , Autorrelato , Fraturas da Tíbia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Although Eurytrema coelomaticum is considered a parasite with low pathogenicity, it may be associated with mortality and loss of productive performance in animals due to chronic pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of oxidative stress caused by E. coelomaticum in naturally infected cattle, correlating the biochemical findings with the parasite load and histopathological changes. For this study, blood and pancreas samples from 51 cattle were collected, and levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were measured in the serum and pancreas, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was measured in total blood. Parasite burden was determined opening the pancreatic ducts, and then fragments of pancreas were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and routinely processed for histopathology. From the 51 collected pancreas, 33 (63.5%) were parasitized. The average parasite burden per pancreas was 532 (12-2,578). TBARS and FRAP showed higher levels in serum and pancreas of infected animals (p<0.05), with a positive correlation between the histopathological changes and the number of parasites. SOD level in blood was 42% higher in parasitized group compared with control group (p<0.05), as well as AOPP in serum. Based on these results, we concluded that in natural infection by E. coelomaticum in cattle, oxidative stress occurs, characterized by the occurrence of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and activation of antioxidant system.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Pâncreas/patologia , Pancreatopatias/veterinária , Trematódeos/classificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , DNA de Helmintos/genética , Pâncreas/parasitologia , Pancreatopatias/parasitologia , Pancreatopatias/patologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/patologiaRESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of resveratrol and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (ST) on the treatment of mice experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii during the chronic phase of the disease considering infection, behavior, and oxidative/antioxidants profile aspects. For the study, 60 mice were initially divided into two groups: uninfected (n = 24) and infected by T. gondii (n = 36). These two groups were later subdivided into other groups and treated with resveratrol (free and inclusion complex containing resveratrol) alone and co-administered with ST: groups A to D were composed by healthy mice and groups E to J were consisted of animals infected by T. gondii (VEG strain). Treatments began 20 days post-infection for 10 consecutive days with oral doses of 0.5 mg kg(-1) of ST (groups B and F), 100 mg kg(-1) of free resveratrol (groups C and G) and inclusion complex of resveratrol (nanoparticles containing resveratrol) (groups D and H), and lastly an co-administration of both drugs (groups I and J). Behavioral tests (memory, anxiety and locomotion) were performed after treatment. Liver and brain fragments were collected to evaluate pathological changes, brain cysts counts, as well as oxidant and antioxidant levels. A reduction on the number of cysts in the brain of animals treated with both drugs combined was observed; there was also reduced number of lesions on both organs. This drug combined effect was also able to reduce oxidative and increase antioxidant levels in infected mice, which might be interpreted as a resveratrol protective effect. In addition, the combination of ST and resveratrol was able to prevent behavioral changes in infected mice. Therefore, the use of co-administration drugs enhances the therapeutic effect acting on a synergic way, reducing the oxidizing effects of the chemical treatment for toxoplasmosis. In addition, resveratrol in inclusion complex when co-administered with ST showed an improved therapeutic effect of ST reducing oxidative damage, liver damage and the number of cysts in the brain of T. gondii infected mice.