RESUMO
Bee honey is an exceptionally nutritious food with unique chemical and mineral contents. This report introduces the use of the second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy for imaging honey sugar crystals' morphology as an alternative for its authentication process. The crystals and their boundaries are clearly observed with SHG compared with bright-field microscopy, where the liquid honey avoids the visualization of a sharp image. Four different honey samples of Mexico's various floral origins and geographical regions are analyzed in our study. These samples are representative of the diversity and valuable quality of bee honey production. The SHG image information is complemented with Raman spectroscopy (RS) analysis, since this optical technique is widely used to validate the bee's honey composition stated by its floral origin. We relate the SHG imaging of honey crystals with the well-defined fructose and glucose peaks measured by RS. Size measurement is introduced using the crystal´s length ratio to differentiate its floral origin. From our observations, we can state that SHG is a promising and suitable technique to provide a sort of optical fingerprint based on the floral origin of bee honey.
Assuntos
Cristalografia/métodos , Mel/análise , Microscopia de Geração do Segundo Harmônico , Açúcares/química , Animais , Abelhas , Citrus , Desenho de Equipamento , Flores , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Glucose/química , México , Prosopis , Rhizophoraceae , Microscopia de Geração do Segundo Harmônico/instrumentação , Análise Espectral RamanRESUMO
RESUMEN Con el objetivo de caracterizar la morfometría e índices corporales de Eremophilus mutisii, se usaron treinta y tres peces (27 hembras y 6 machos) provenientes del río Bogotá, específicamente de la región de Suesca. La relación de aspecto de la aleta caudal se determinó mediante el software de análisis de imágenes ImageJ®. Se calculó el índice gonadosomático, hepatosomático y rendimiento en canal para cada pez. Para el análisis de los datos se usaron correlaciones, regresiones y técnicas de análisis multivariado (análisis discriminante canónico). Como resultado del estudio se encontró que el sexo no afecta la forma del cuerpo de los peces. La relación entre la longitud y el peso se ajustó para cada sexo. La relación de aspecto de la aleta caudal presentó un promedio de 1,57 lo que sugiere que la especie presenta hábito sedentario o de natación lenta. El índice gonadosomático de las hembras en maduración (media: 14,43%, rango: 8,84% a 23,22%) aumentó en función del peso corporal y fue mayor que el de los machos (media: 5,32%, rango: 2,31% a 8,29%). Por lo tanto, el rendimiento de la carcasa fue menor en las hembras en maduración. La media del índice hepatosomático para hembras fue 0,86% (rango: 0,43% a 1,88%) y para machos fue 0,63% (rango: 0,39% a 1,09%). En conclusión, Eremophilus mutisii es una especie sedentaria y las hembras se caracterizarán por presentar mayor índice gonadosomático y menor rendimiento en carcasa que los machos.
ABSTRACT With the aim of characterizing the morphometry and body indexes of Eremophilus mutisii, thirty-three fishes (27 females and 6 males) coming from the Bogotá river, specifically of the Suesca region, were used. The aspect ratio of the caudal fin was determined with the aid of the image analysis software ImageJ®. Gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indexes and carcass yield were determined for each fish. Correlation, regression and multivariate (canonical discriminant analysis) techniques were used for data analysis. Results indicated that sex does not affect the body shape of the fishes. The relationship between length and weight was fitted for each sex. The average aspect ratio of the caudal fin was 1.57, which suggests that the species has sedentary habits or slow swimming. The gonadosomatic index of the maturing females (mean: 14.43 %; range: 8.84 % to 23.22 %) increased as a function of body weight and was greater than in males (mean: 5.32 %; range: 2.31 % to 8.29 %). Therefore, the carcass yield was lower in maturing females than in males. The mean of the hepatosomatic index for females was 0.86 % (range: 0.43 % to 1.88 %) and for males was 0.63 % (range: 0.39 % to 1.09 %). As a conclusion, Eremophilus mutisii is a sedentary fish species, and females exhibit greater gonadosomatic index and lower carcass yield than males.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Polyphenol-rich diets have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few prospective epidemiological studies have examined the relationship between classes of ingested polyphenols and risk of CVD. Our aim was to evaluate the association between polyphenol intake and risk of major cardiovascular events in a prospective Spanish cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 17,065 university graduates (60.7% women, mean age: 37.2 years, age range: 20-89) followed-up for a mean of 10.1 years. Polyphenol intake was assessed at baseline using a validated semi-quantitative 136-item food frequency questionnaire and matching food consumption data with the Phenol-Explorer database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for incident cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death). Cherries, chocolate, coffee, apples, and olives were the major sources of variability in polyphenol intake. Participants with higher flavonoids intake (fifth quintile) had a 47% lower incidence of cardiovascular events compared to those in the lowest quintile (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29-0.98; P for trend = 0.09) after adjusting for potential confounders. The results were non-significant for other polyphenol types. CONCLUSION: The intake of flavonoids showed an inverse association with risk of cardiovascular events in a prospective cohort of Spanish middle-aged adult university graduates. REGISTRATION NUMBER FOR CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT02669602 in Clinical Trials.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Dieta , Polifenóis/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polifenóis/classificação , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Proteção , Fatores de Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Fatores de Tempo , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Para evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de diferentes fuentes de lípidos sobre el comportamiento productivo y la composición proximal del filete de tilapia nilótica Oreo-chromis niloticus, se formularon cuatro dietas con aceite de pescado (AP), aceite de palma (APL), semilla de chía (SC) o semilla de lino (SL). El experimento fue realizado durante 45 días en la represa de Betania (Huila, Colombia), en 20 jaulas flotantes, cada una con 504 peces con peso promedio de 557±16,87 g, distribuidos bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Adicionalmente se llevó a cabo un estudio de presupuestos parciales, con el fin de verificar el margen bruto de ingreso parcial (MBIP) obtenido con las diferentes dietas. Se observaron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) en el factor de conversión alimenticia (FCA) entre AP (1,19) y SL (1,54) y en la tasa de eficiencia proteica (TEP) para AP (3,64) al comparar con las demás dietas. Por su parte, la dieta que contenía SC generó el menor MBIP, seguido de SL, APL y AP. En la composición proximal de los filetes, únicamente se observaron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) en el contenido de proteína cruda entre AP (18,23%) al compararlo con SL (19,17%). En conclusión, es posible utilizar AP, APL, SC o SL como fuentes de lípidos en las dietas, sin afectar la sobrevivencia, biomasa final, ganancia diaria de peso, consumo aparente de alimento, tasa específica de crecimiento e índice viscerosomático.
In order to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different lipid sources on growth performance and proximate composition of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fillet, four diets were manufactured with: fish oil (FO), palm oil (PO), chia seeds (CS) or flaxseeds (FS). The experiment was conducted for 45 days at Betania reservoir (Huila), in 20 floating completely randomized experimental design. In Addition, an economical partial budget analysis was run to establish the partial gross marginal income (PGMI) obtained with the different diets. Significant differences (P < 0,05) were observed in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between FO (1,19) and FS (1,54) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among FO (3,64) and the other diets. The CS diet generated the lower IGMP followed by FS, PO and FO. In fillet proximal composition there were significant differences (P < 0,05) only in crude protein content, between FO (18,23%) compared with FS (19,17%). In conclusion it is possible to use FO, PO, CS or FS as lipids sources in the diet without affecting survival, final biomass, daily live weight gain, apparent food intake, specific growth rate and viscerosomatic index. cages, each one with 504 fish with mean live weight of 557 ± 16,87 g, distributed in a completely randomized experimental design. In Addition, an economical partial budget analysis was run to establish the partial gross marginal income (PGMI) obtained with the different diets. Significant differences (P < 0,05) were observed in feed conversion ratio (FCR) between FO (1,19) and FS (1,54) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) among FO (3,64) and the other diets. The CS diet generated the lower IGMP followed by FS, PO and FO. In fillet proximal composition there were significant differences (P < 0,05) only in crude protein content, between FO (18,23%) compared with FS (19,17%). In conclusion it is possible to use FO, PO, CS or FS as lipids sources in the diet without affecting survival, final biomass, daily live weight gain, apparent food intake, specific growth rate and viscerosomatic index.
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Current medical treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires special attention to different comorbidities that often are associated with hyperglycemia, such as overweight or obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, microvascular or macrovascular complications, etc. .. The control of these factors risk to health is as important as the glucose control in diabetes type 2, it is essential for the antidiabetes drugs consider these risk factors. The consensus statement published by the ADA/EASD and AACE emphasizes that the potential effects of antidiabetes medications on CV risk factors besides hyperglycemia (ie, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) should be considered in pharmacotherapy selection. Since T2DM is a progressive disease with worsening HbA1C values over time, monotherapy, even with different agents, will eventually fail to maintain the glycemic target. Because insulin resistance occurs in a variety of organs and tissues, many patients may achieve fasting glycemic control but develop postprandial hyperglycemia. Other issues include the risk for hypoglycaemia or weight gain with traditional glucose-lowering medications. The AACE/ACE algorithm for glycemic control is structured according to categories of HbA1C and suggests an HbA1C goal of =6.5%, although that may not be appropriate for all patients.42 The algorithm recommends monotherapy, dual therapy, or triple therapy based on initial HbA1C level of 6.5% to 7.5%, 7.6% to 9%, and >9% and reserves initiation of insulin therapy until treatment with oral or other injectable agents has failed. GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors are novel options to improve glycemic control and reduce the incidence of weight gain. Combination therapy with newer and traditional agents improves glycemic control with a low incidence of hypoglycemia.
El tratamiento médico actual de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) requiere una especial atención a las distintas comorbilidades que a menudo aparecen asociados a la hiperglucemia, como por ejemplo el sobrepeso u obesidad, la dislipidemia, la hipertensión, las complicaciones microvasculares o macrovasculares, etc.. El control de estos factores de riesgo para la salud es tan importante como el control de la glucosa en la diabetes tipo 2, por lo que es fundamental que los medicamentos contra la diabetes tengan en cuenta estos factores de riesgo. La declaración de consenso publicado por la ADA (American Diabetes Association) / EASD (European Association for the Study of Diabetes) y la AACE (American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists) hace hincapié en que los efectos potenciales de los medicamentos antidiabéticos sobre los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, el sobrepeso/obesidad, hipertensión y dislipidemia, deben ser considerados en la selección del tratamiento farmacológico. Dado que la DM2 es una enfermedad progresiva con empeoramiento de los valores de HbA1c en el tiempo, la monoterapia, aunque sea con diferentes medicamentos antidiabéticos, a largo plazo será incapaz de mantener el objetivo glucémico. Debido a que la resistencia a la insulina se produce en una gran variedad de órganos y tejidos, muchos pacientes pueden conseguir el control glucémico en ayunas pero desarrollar hiperglucemia postprandial. Además, algunos fármacos llevan asociados riesgos adicionales como hipoglucemia o aumento de peso. La AACE/ACE han establecido un algoritmo para el control glucémico que se estructura de acuerdo a los niveles de HbA1C y sugiere un objetivo para los valores de HbA1C =?de 6,5%, a pesar de que puede no ser apropiado para todos los pacientes. El algoritmo recomienda monoterapia, terapia doble, o triple terapia basada en el nivel inicial de HbA1C de 6,5% a 7,5%, 7,6% a 9%, y > 9% y se reserva el inicio de la terapia con insulina hasta que el tratamiento con agentes orales u otros agentes inyectables no sea efectivo. Los agonistas del receptor de GLP-1 e inhibidores de la DPP-4 son nuevas opciones para mejorar el control glucémico y reducir la incidencia de aumento de peso. La terapia combinada con agentes nuevos y tradicionales mejora el control glucémico con una baja incidencia de hipoglucemia.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Algoritmos , Glicemia/análise , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/efeitos adversos , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
T2DM involves at least two primary pathogenic mechanisms: (a) a progressive decline in pancreatic islet cell function resulting in reduced insulin secretion and (b) peripheral insulin resistance resulting in a decrease in the metabolic responses to insulin. This dynamic interaction between insulin secretion and insulin resistance is essential to the maintenance of normal glucose tolerance (NGT). The transition from the normal control of glucose metabolism to type 2 diabetes mellitus occurs through the intermediate states of altered metabolism that worsen over time. The first state of the disease is known as prediabetes, and consists of a set of metabolic disorder characterized by a great hyperglycemia, enough to increase of retinopathies, nephropathies and neuropathies incidence. If we advance in the T2DM temporal sequence we found a remarkable change in the pancreatic cells population that form the Langerhans islets, mainly caused by amylin fibers accumulation over these cells from polypeptide hormone called amyloid polypeptide or IAPP. The IAPP hypersecretion and amylin fibers deposition attached to the endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by excessive workload due to biosynthesis overproduction of insulin and IAPP result in ?-cell apoptosis. In addition to these alterations, we must also consider the changes observed in incretins profiles like GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) directly related to glucose homeostasis maintenance. Risk factors that predispose to a healthy individual to develop T2DM are several, but the most important is the obesity. The body mass index (BMI) has been used in numerous epidemiological studies as a powerful indicator of T2DM risk. Lipotoxicity caused by circulating free fatty acids increased, changes in lipoprotein profiles, body fat distribution and glucotoxicity caused by cells over-stimulation are other risk factors to consider in T2DM developing.
El desarrollo de la DMT2 está provocado principalmente por dos mecanismos patogénicos: (a) un progresivo deterioro de la función de las células de los islotes pancreáticos que provoca una disminución de la síntesis de insulina y (b) una resistencia de los tejidos periféricos a la insulina que da como resultado un descenso de la respuesta metabólica a la insulina. Esta interacción entre la secreción y resistencia a la insulina es esencial para el mantenimiento de una tolerancia normal de la glucosa. El desarrollo de la diabetes mellitas tipo 2 puede describirse como una serie de alteraciones celulares y metabólicas que afectan y deterioran la homeostasis de la glucosa. La transición desde el control normal del metabolismo de la glucosa a la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 se produce a través de estados intermedios alterados de dicho metabolismo que empeoran con el tiempo. El primer estado de la enfermedad se conoce como prediabetes, y consiste en un conjunto de desordenes metabólicos caracterizados por una gran hiperglucemia, suficiente para incrementar la incidencia de retinopatías, nefropatías y neuropatías. Cuando avanzamos en la secuencia temporal de la DMT2 encontramos una notable alteración en la población de células del páncreas que componen los islotes de Langerhans, provocada principalmente por la acumulación sobre estas células de fibras de amilina procedentes de la hormona polipeptídica llamada polipéptido amiloide de los islotes o IAPP. Esta hipersecreción de IAPP y deposición de fibras de amilina junto al estrés del retículo endoplásmico provocado por el exceso de carga de trabajo debido a la sobreproducción en la biosíntesis de insulina e IAPP dan como resultado la apoptosis de las células ?. A todas estas alteraciones debemos sumar las observadas en los perfiles de incretinas como GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) y GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) relacionados directamente con el mantenimiento de la homeostasis de la glucosa. Los factores de riesgo que predisponen a una persona sana a desarrollar la DMT2 son varios, pero sobresale por encima de todos la obesidad. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) ha sido utilizado en numerosos estudios epidemiológicos como un potente indicador del riesgo de padecer DMT2. La lipotoxicidad causada por el aumento de ácidos grasos libres circulantes, el cambio en los perfiles de las lipoproteínas, la distribución de la grasa corporal y la glucotoxicidad provocada por la sobre-estimulación de las células son otros de los factores de riesgo a tener en cuenta en el desarrollo de la DMT2.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatologia , Resistência à Insulina , Insulina/metabolismo , Humanos , Secreção de InsulinaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: AMS: To describe the characteristics and surgical outcomes of full thickness macular hole surgery after laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for the correction of myopia. METHODS: 13 patients (14 eyes) who developed a macular hole after bilateral LASIK for the correction of myopia participated in the study. RESULTS: Macular hole formed 1-83 months after LASIK (mean 13 months). 11 out of 13 (84.6%) patients were female. Mean age was 45.5 years old (25-65). All eyes were myopic (range -0.50 to -19.75 dioptres (D); mean -8.4 D). Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) was not present before and was documented after LASIK on 42.8% of eyes. Most macular hole were unilateral, stage 4 macular hole, had no yellow deposits on the retinal pigment epithelium, had no associated epiretinal membrane, were centric, and had subretinal fluid. The mean diameter of the hole was 385.3 microm (range 200--750 microm). A vitrectomy closed the macular hole on all eyes with an improvement on final best corrected visual acuity (VA) on 13 out of 14 (92.8%) patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that vitreoretinal surgery can be successful in restoring vision for most myopic eyes with a macular hole after LASIK.
Assuntos
Ceratomileuse Assistida por Excimer Laser In Situ/efeitos adversos , Miopia/cirurgia , Perfurações Retinianas/etiologia , Perfurações Retinianas/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Perfurações Retinianas/fisiopatologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Acuidade Visual , VitrectomiaRESUMO
Pepsanurin is a peptidic fraction resulting from pepsin digestion of plasma globulins, that inhibits ANP renal excretory actions. We studied whether kinin-like peptides mediate the anti-ANP effect by testing if pepsanurin: 1) was blocked by the kinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE-140, 2) was produced from kininogen, and 3) was mimicked by bradykinin. Anti-ANP activity was assessed in anesthetized female rats by comparing the excretory response to two ANP boluses (0.5 microgram i.v.) given before and after i.p. injection of test samples. Pepsanurin from human or rat plasma (1-5 mL/kg), and bradykinin (5-20 micrograms/kg), dose-relatedly inhibited ANP-induced water, sodium, potassium and cyclic GMP urinary excretion, without affecting arterial blood pressure. The same effect was exerted by pepsin hydrolysates of purified kininogen, whereas hydrolysates of kininogen-free plasma had no effect. HOE-140 (5 micrograms, i.v.) did not alter baseline, or ANP-induced excretion, but blocked the anti-ANP effects of pepsanurin. Histamine (15 micrograms/kg) plus seroalbumin hydrolysates did not affect ANP response, despite inducing larger peritoneal fluid accumulation as compared with pepsanurin or bradykinin. We concluded that kinins cleaved from kininogen mediate the anti-ANP effects of pepsanurin by activation of kinin B2 receptors, independently of changes in systemic arterial pressure or peritoneal fluid sequestration.
Assuntos
Fator Natriurético Atrial/antagonistas & inibidores , Diuréticos/farmacologia , Cininas/fisiologia , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacologia , Animais , Bradicinina/análogos & derivados , GMP Cíclico/urina , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/sangue , Diurese , Feminino , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Cininogênios/sangue , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
In the present work we argue for the translation of the English term odds ratio, a term of formal anti-natural esthetics for the Spanish-speaking and with added phonetic difficulties, for oportunidad relativa. These words respect the English abbreviation OR facilitating the expression of consistent formulations which may be directly translated, as well as communication between users, since the linguistic confusion due to the present abundance of terms used in Spanish, is reduced to one. Our justifications are mainly syntactic and semantic and reflect reasonable comparability between the terms odds ratio and oportunidad relativa. Reviews of some of the most prestigious dictionaries of the English and the Spanish languages lend additional support to our proposition.
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Razão de Chances , Terminologia como Assunto , TraduçõesRESUMO
We report a 29 years old female admitted due to a congestive cardiac failure that failed to respond to therapy with furosemide and enalapril. Serum thyroid hormone profile showed a TSH over 40 microIU/ml, a thyroxine of 0.8 microgram/dl and a triiodothyronine below 20 ng/dl. Levothyroxine therapy was started with remission of cardiac failure. The study of thyroid function in patients with cardiac failure of unknown origin and resistant to therapy, should be bone in mind.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Hipotireoidismo/complicações , Adulto , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
An appropriate health technology to facilitate child growth and development in a rural area is presented and documented. Because mother's adequate behavior related to child's care does not produce immediate behavioral or physical changes it is necessary to create a long term social system of consequences. This was achieved joining a longitudinal measurement system with a program to train mothers to identify and deal with health and development issues. During four years, data were collected on weight-length development and morbidity twice a year and simultaneously skills were taught to diagnose treatment and prevent growth and development problems. After the third session child development and anthropometry data became the base of a system to assess maternal behavior, providing consequences for links in the behavior chains associated with child care. This system made organization and participation of the community in primary health care programs more likely, which implied a better score in each child growth and development chart.
Assuntos
Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/prevenção & controle , Transtornos do Crescimento/prevenção & controle , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Comportamento Materno , Vigilância da População/métodos , Adulto , Estatura , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Educação Infantil , Pré-Escolar , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/epidemiologia , Feminino , Controle de Formulários e Registros , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Reforço Psicológico , População Rural , Aumento de Peso , Recursos HumanosRESUMO
Serum osteocalcin (OC) was serially measured along an ovulatory menstrual cycle in 4 healthy unmedicated volunteers (age 33-38 years). During the study the women maintained their normal diet and daily physical activity. Starting at days 4-5 of the cycle, blood samples were taken between 09-11 AM every 2 or 3 days for OC, FSH, LH, E2 and P determinations. Daily ultrasound assessment of ovulation was performed in all subjects between days 7-18 of the cycle. Hormone determinations and OC were performed by RIA. While blood levels of FSH, LH, E2 and P changed during the cycle, according to the expected ovulatory pattern, serum OC concentrations remained stable during the cycle in each subject. In conclusion, serum OC is independent of the gonadotropin and ovarian steroid variations during the normal menstrual cycle.
Assuntos
Ciclo Menstrual/sangue , Osteocalcina/sangue , Adulto , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Fósforo/sangue , RadioimunoensaioRESUMO
La concentración de Osteocalcina (OC) es un buen marcador del remodelamiento óseo. La influencia del estradiol sobre la OC ha sido descrita en el embarazo, lactancia y postmenopausia. No existe acuerdo si los cambios en la concentración plasmática de estradiol del ciclo menstrual normal se relacionan con modificaciones de la OC. En este estudio la OC sérica fue medida seriadamente a lo largo de un ciclo mesntrual normal en 4 voluntarias sanas, libres de toda medicación (edad 33-38 años). Durante el estudio las mujeres mantuvieron su dieta y actividad física habitual. A partir del día 4 ó 5 del ciclo, se tomaron muestras de sangre entre las 09 y 11 am, cada 2 ó 3 días, para determinación de OC, FSH, LH, E2 y P. Se realizó seguimiento folicular ecográfico día por medio entre los días 7 y 18 del ciclo. Las determinaciones hormonales fueron realizadas por RIA utilizando reactivos aportados por la OMS. La OC fue determinada por RIA (incstar OC 125 I Kit, Incstar, Stillwater, MN) con límite de sensibilidad de 0,78 ng/ml y coeficiente de variación intraensayo de 4,6%. Todas las muestras fueron corridas en el mismo ensayo. El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba de Kolmogorow-Smirnow (KS) y el coeficiente de correlación temporal de Sperman (S). Las concentraciones sanguíneas de FSH, LH, E2 y P cambiaron durante el estudio de acuerdo al caráter ovulatorio del ciclo. Como se muestra en la Tabla 1, las concentraciones de OC permanecieron estables a lo largo del ciclo en cada una de las 4 mujeres. Los valores de OC se expresan como promedio ñ ES de todas las muestras tomadas a lo largo del ciclo de cada mujer. d*: diferencia absoluta máxima entre el valor observado y la distribución teórica normal según la prueba de Kolmogorov. r**:, coeficiente de correlación temporal para los valores de OC. En conclusión, aparece como independiente de las variaciones de las gonadotrofinas y esteroides ováricos del ciclo menstrual normal. De este modo, la evaluación de la formación ósea no debería ser influenciada por el día o la fase del ciclo menstrual en el cual la muestra es obtenida
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Ciclo Menstrual , Osteocalcina/sangue , Estradiol/sangue , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Fósforo/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , RadioimunoensaioRESUMO
Serum osteocalcin (OC) was serially measured along an ovulatory menstrual cycle in 4 healthy unmedicated volunteers (age 33-38 years). During the study the women maintained their normal diet and daily physical activity. Starting at days 4-5 of the cycle, blood samples were taken between 09-11 AM every 2 or 3 days for OC, FSH, LH, E2 and P determinations. Daily ultrasound assessment of ovulation was performed in all subjects between days 7-18 of the cycle. Hormone determinations and OC were performed by RIA. While blood levels of FSH, LH, E2 and P changed during the cycle, according to the expected ovulatory pattern, serum OC concentrations remained stable during the cycle in each subject. In conclusion, serum OC is independent of the gonadotropin and ovarian steroid variations during the normal menstrual cycle.
RESUMO
La concentración de Osteocalcina (OC) es un buen marcador del remodelamiento óseo. La influencia del estradiol sobre la OC ha sido descrita en el embarazo, lactancia y postmenopausia. No existe acuerdo si los cambios en la concentración plasmática de estradiol del ciclo menstrual normal se relacionan con modificaciones de la OC. En este estudio la OC sérica fue medida seriadamente a lo largo de un ciclo mesntrual normal en 4 voluntarias sanas, libres de toda medicación (edad 33-38 años). Durante el estudio las mujeres mantuvieron su dieta y actividad física habitual. A partir del día 4 ó 5 del ciclo, se tomaron muestras de sangre entre las 09 y 11 am, cada 2 ó 3 días, para determinación de OC, FSH, LH, E2 y P. Se realizó seguimiento folicular ecográfico día por medio entre los días 7 y 18 del ciclo. Las determinaciones hormonales fueron realizadas por RIA utilizando reactivos aportados por la OMS. La OC fue determinada por RIA (incstar OC 125 I Kit, Incstar, Stillwater, MN) con límite de sensibilidad de 0,78 ng/ml y coeficiente de variación intraensayo de 4,6%. Todas las muestras fueron corridas en el mismo ensayo. El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba de Kolmogorow-Smirnow (KS) y el coeficiente de correlación temporal de Sperman (S). Las concentraciones sanguíneas de FSH, LH, E2 y P cambiaron durante el estudio de acuerdo al caráter ovulatorio del ciclo. Como se muestra en la Tabla 1, las concentraciones de OC permanecieron estables a lo largo del ciclo en cada una de las 4 mujeres. Los valores de OC se expresan como promedio ñ ES de todas las muestras tomadas a lo largo del ciclo de cada mujer. d*: diferencia absoluta máxima entre el valor observado y la distribución teórica normal según la prueba de Kolmogorov. r**:, coeficiente de correlación temporal para los valores de OC. En conclusión, aparece como independiente de las variaciones de las gonadotrofinas y esteroides ováricos del ciclo menstrual normal. De este modo, la evaluación de la formación ósea no debería ser influenciada por el día o la fase del ciclo menstrual en el cual la muestra es obtenida (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Osteocalcina/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Estradiol/sangue , Fósforo/sangue , RadioimunoensaioRESUMO
Serum osteocalcin (OC) was serially measured along an ovulatory menstrual cycle in 4 healthy unmedicated volunteers (age 33-38 years). During the study the women maintained their normal diet and daily physical activity. Starting at days 4-5 of the cycle, blood samples were taken between 09-11 AM every 2 or 3 days for OC, FSH, LH, E2 and P determinations. Daily ultrasound assessment of ovulation was performed in all subjects between days 7-18 of the cycle. Hormone determinations and OC were performed by RIA. While blood levels of FSH, LH, E2 and P changed during the cycle, according to the expected ovulatory pattern, serum OC concentrations remained stable during the cycle in each subject. In conclusion, serum OC is independent of the gonadotropin and ovarian steroid variations during the normal menstrual cycle.
RESUMO
The power of the association between oral contraceptives and breast cancer was analysed in all the papers published up to date. Seventy-seven publications (from 44 studies) were collected and graded as to quality using meta-analytical methods. Power achieved a figure of greater than or equal to 0.8 in a 10.8% of the associations studied. It showed a significant relationship with the existence of a significant relative risk of the oral contraceptives for breast cancer. The relationship with the sample size of a study was not linear. Power did not show any significant relationship to other variables related to the design of a study (apart from matching, being the power higher in unmatched studies), or to the biases detected, although studies considered as unbiased yielded a higher power. Logistic regression analysis included as predictors of a power greater than or equal to 0.80 the existence of a significant relative risk and the lack of biases in a research.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/induzido quimicamente , Anticoncepcionais Orais/efeitos adversos , Análise de Variância , Viés , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Menopausa , Metanálise como Assunto , Análise de Regressão , RiscoRESUMO
Although ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have been known for a long time, the etiology is still unknown, and at times it is difficult to distinguish one from the other. In addition, the characteristics of the disease make their epidemiologic study difficult. We have reviewed 70 cases with the diagnosis of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, and compared our results with those published from other parts of the world. We found a high proportion of ulcerative colitis to Crohn's disease, 5.36:1. There was no difference in affected age groups or most frequent symptoms; but we found Crohn's disease to be more frequent in the colon. We also found a very low incidence of extraintestinal manifestations. We believe an adequate standard protocol should be followed for the evaluation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, including complementary studies to assess disease patterns and complications.