RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Predictive equations are the best option for assessing fat mass in clinical practice due to their low cost and practicality. However, several factors, such as age, excess adiposity, and ethnicity can compromise the accuracy of the equations reported to date in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate two predictive equations for estimating fat mass: one based exclusively on anthropometric variables, the other combining anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance variables using the 4C model as the reference method. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that included 386 Hispanic subjects aged ≥60 with excess adiposity. Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured by the 4C model as predictive variables. Age, sex, and certain anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance data were considered as potential predictor variables. To develop and to validate the equations, the multiple linear regression analysis, and cross-validation protocol were applied. RESULTS: Equation 1 included weight, sex, and BMI as predictor variables, while equation 2 considered sex, weight, height squared/resistance, and resistance as predictor variables. R2 and RMSE values were ≥0.79 and ≤3.45, respectively, in both equations. The differences in estimates of fat mass by equations 1 and 2 were 0.34 kg and -0.25 kg, respectively, compared to the 4C model. This bias was not significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The new predictive equations are reliable for estimating body composition and are interchangeable with the 4C model. Thus, they can be used in epidemiological and clinical studies, as well as in clinical practice, to estimate body composition in older Hispanic adults with excess adiposity.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Obesidade , Idoso , Humanos , Composição Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Hispânico ou Latino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Age- and obesity-related body composition changes could influence the hydration factor (HF) and, as a result, body composition estimates derived from hydrometry. The aim of the present study was to compare the HF in older Hispanic-American adults to some published values. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 412 subjects, men and women, aged ≥60 years from northern Mexico. HF values were calculated based on the ratio of total body water-using the deuterium dilution technique-to fat-free mass, derived from the four-compartment model. The mean HF value for the total sample (0.748 ± 0.034) was statistically (p ≤ 0.01) higher than the traditionally assumed value of 0.732 derived from chemical analysis, the "grand mean'' value of 0.725 derived from in vivo methods, and the 0.734 value calculated for older French adults via the three-compartment model. The HF of the older women did not differ across the fat mass index categories, but in men the obese group was lower than the normal and excess fat groups. The hydration factor calculated for the total sample of older Hispanic-American people is higher than the HF values reported in the literature. Therefore, the indiscriminate use of these assumed values could produce inaccurate body composition estimates in older Hispanic-American people.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Água Corporal , Idoso , Envelhecimento , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Although freelisting and semi-structured interviews are widespread methods in ethnobotany, few studies quantitatively examine how these methods may bias results. Using a comprehensive ethnobotanical inventory of palm species, uses and names in the Chácobo tribe of Bolivia, we show that interviews elicit more items than freelists, but the effect is sensitive to sample size, item type and data categorization. This implies that even subtle methodological choices may greatly affect reported results.
Assuntos
Etnobotânica/métodos , Plantas Medicinais , Bolívia , Humanos , Entrevistas como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: That the answers elicited through interviews may be influenced by the knowledge of the interviewer is accepted across disciplines. However, in ethnobotany, there is little evidence to quantitatively assess what impact this effect may have. We use the results of a large study of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) of plant use of the Chácobo and Pacahuara of Beni, Bolivia, to explore the effects of interviewer identity and knowledge upon the elicited plant species and uses. METHODS: The Chácobo are a Panoan speaking tribe of about 1000 members (300+ adults) in Beni, Bolivia. Researchers have collected anthropological and ethnobotanical data from the Chácobo for more than a century. Here, we present a complete ethnobotanical inventory of the entire adult Chácobo population, with interviews and plant collection conducted directly by Chácobo counterparts, with a focus on the effects caused by external interviewers. RESULTS: Within this large study, with a unified training for interviewers, we did find that different interviewers did elicit different knowledge sets, that some interviewers were more likely to elicit knowledge similar to their own, and that participants interviewed multiple times often gave information as different as that from two randomly chosen participants. CONCLUSIONS: Despite this, we did not find this effect to be overwhelming-the amount of knowledge an interviewer reported on the research subject had comparatively little effect on the amount of knowledge that interviewer recorded from others, and even those interviewers who tended to elicit similar answers from participants also elicited a large percentage of novel information.
Assuntos
Modificador do Efeito Epidemiológico , Etnobotânica , Adulto , Idoso , Bolívia , Ecologia , Feminino , Humanos , Conhecimento , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plantas MedicinaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Chácobo are a Panoan speaking tribe of about 1000 members (300+ adults) in Beni, Bolivia. Originally nomadic, the Chácabo were relocated to their current main location in the 1960s. Researchers have visited the Chácabo since 1911. A first more detailed anthropological report exists from the late 1960s, and ecological-ethnobotanical studies were conducted in the 1980s and 1990s. The presented work represents a complete ethnobotanical inventory of the entire adult Chácobo population, with interviews and plant collection conducted directly by Chácobo counterparts. METHODS: Based on previous reports and our preliminary studies, we hypothesized that twenty-first century Chácobo plant use centered on income generation, and that traditional plant use related to household utensils, medicine and traditional crop varieties had almost disappeared. To test this hypothesis, we started the "Chácobo Ethnobotany Project," training 10 indigenous Chácobo participants in ethnobotanical interview and plant collection techniques, in order to more fully document Chácobo knowledge and avoid the influence of foreign interviewers. RESULTS: Our study found 331 useful plant species in 241genera of 95 plant families, with leaves, roots and bark being the most commonly used plant parts The comprehensive documentation that these methods enabled completely nullified our initial hypothesis of knowledge loss. Traditional crop varieties are still widely grown and traditional knowledge is alive. Moreover, it is being actively recuperated in certain domains by the younger generation. Most Chácobo know, and can name, traditional utensils and tools, although only the older generation has still the skills to manufacture them. While many Chácobo still know the names and uses of medicinal species, the younger generation is however often unsure how to identify them. CONCLUSIONS: In this paper we illustrate the complexity of perspectives on knowledge at different ages, and the persistence of knowledge over almost a century. We found that traditional knowledge was only partially affected by the processes of exposure to a market economy, and that different knowledge domains experienced different trends as a result of these changes. Overall knowledge was widely distributed, and we did not observe a directional knowledge loss. We stress the importance to not directly conclude processes of knowledge loss, cultural erosion or acculturation when comparing the knowledge of different age groups.
Assuntos
Etnobotânica , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Bolívia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Plantas Comestíveis , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), an increase in the frequency of human papillomavirus-associated oral lesions (HPV-OL) has been observed. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with HPV-OL in Mexican HIV-infected patients, as well as its genotyping, in the HAART era. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study developed at an HIV/AIDS referral center in Mexico City, HIV-infected patients were consecutively included from 2004 to 2011. An oral exam was performed; lymphocyte CD4(+) count, HIV-viral load, CDC-stage, and HAART use were recorded. HPV-OL samples were taken for routine histopathological analysis (H-E) and HPV-DNA amplification/sequencing. Logistic regression models were performed and the interactions tested using the STATA software. RESULTS: Among 787 HIV patients, 55 (6.9%) showed HPV-OL. HPV-OLs were independently associated with age (≥40 years) and with a longer time of HAART use (≥12 months). The most frequent lesion was squamous cell papilloma in 22 (40%) cases, followed by multifocal epithelial hyperplasia in 15 (27.3%) cases. Labial mucosa was the most common site involved (56.4%). Of the sequences obtained, 65.4% corresponded to low risk and 11.5% to high risk. Mixed high- and low-risk infection were identified in 7.7% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: Human papillomavirus-associated oral lesions were associated with older age and longer HAART use. All lesions were benign in nature and most of the HPV sequences corresponded to low-risk types. The rise of HPV-OLs in HIV patients on HAART may be related with the longer life expectancy of individuals with an impaired immune system rather than a direct effect of HAART.
Assuntos
Alphapapillomavirus/fisiologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças da Boca/virologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Alphapapillomavirus/classificação , Alphapapillomavirus/genética , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/estatística & dados numéricos , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Estudos Transversais , DNA Viral/análise , Feminino , Hiperplasia Epitelial Focal/epidemiologia , Hiperplasia Epitelial Focal/virologia , HIV/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Doenças Labiais/epidemiologia , Doenças Labiais/virologia , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Doenças da Boca/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Bucais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Bucais/virologia , Papiloma/epidemiologia , Papiloma/virologia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Carga ViralRESUMO
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency (VAD) continues to be a major nutritional problem in developing countries, including Central America. In Mexico, milk is a well-accepted vehicle for the administration of micronutrients, including VA, to preschoolers. Thus, we conducted a randomized, controlled, clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of daily consumption of 250 mL of VA-fortified milk (which provided 196 retinol equivalents/d) for 3 mo on VA stores in mildly to moderately VAD (serum retinol concentration 0.35-0.7 µmol/L) preschoolers who were not enrolled in a food assistance program. Twenty-seven mildly to moderately VAD children were randomly assigned based on screening measurements to either the intervention (n = 14) or control group (n = 13) (children in the control group did not receive placebo). All children in the control group and 79% (n = 11) of the children in the intervention group completed the study. The total body VA (TBVA) pool size was estimated using the deuterated retinol dilution technique before and after the intervention. After 3 mo, median changes in the serum retinol concentration for the intervention and control groups were 0.13 and -0.21 µmol/L, respectively (P = 0.009). Median changes in the TBVA stores were 0.06 and 0.01 mmol, respectively (P = 0.006) and estimated median changes in the liver VA concentration were 0.09 and 0.01 µmol/g, respectively (P = 0.002). The VA-fortified milk was well accepted among preschoolers and significantly increased TBVA stores, liver VA stores, and serum retinol concentration, indicating that it may be an effective means to ameliorate VAD in young Mexican children.
Assuntos
Alimentos Fortificados , Leite , Deficiência de Vitamina A/dietoterapia , Vitamina A/metabolismo , Vitamina A/uso terapêutico , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Deutério , Países em Desenvolvimento , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Preferências Alimentares , Alimentos em Conserva , Humanos , Técnicas de Diluição do Indicador , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , México , Pacientes Desistentes do Tratamento , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Vitamina A/administração & dosagem , Vitamina A/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/etiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina A/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Objetivo. Estandarizar un medio de cultivo utilizando la infusión de espárrago (Asparagus officinalis) para la producción masiva de bacillus thurningiensis (Bti) H-14 bvar. israelensis y determinar el efecto biolarvicida del Bti sobre Anopheles sp en criaderos naturales del distrito Laredo durante los meses de enero a diciembre del 2000. Materiales y métodos: Se ensayaron 3 medios a base de infusión de espárragos blanco: M1: 100 mL de la infusión, pH 9; M2: 50 mL de la infusión con 50 mL de buffer fosfato, pH 7; y M3: 25 mL de la infusión con 75 mL de agua destilada, pH 9. Como control se utilizó biolarvicidad a través del LC50 y LC90. El medio de cultivo óptimo (menor LC50 y LC90) sirvió para la producción masiva del Bti, el cual se sometió a bioensayo de laboratorio y aplicaciones en criaderos naturales. La efectividad fue determinada mediante la densidad larvaria pre y post aplicación del Bti. Resultados: El medio de cultivo óptimo para la producción de Bti fue M1, mostrando alta efectividad, con 100 por ciento de mortalidad en condiciones de laboratorio y 71-97 por ciento de mortalidad en el campo a las 24 horas de exposición con 3 aplicaciones realizadas semanalmente. Conclusiones: M1 es el medio óptimo para cultivar Bti, con alta efectividad para controlar larvas de Anopheles en el laboratorio y en el campo.
Objective: To standardize a culture medium using asparagus infusion (Asparagus officinalis) for the massive production of Bacillus thurigiensis (Bti) H-14 var. israelensis and to determine Bti bio-larvicide effect upon Anopheles sp. in natural breeding sites in Laredo district from January to December, 2000. Materials and methods: Three media based on white asparagus infusion were tested: M1: 100-mL infusion, pH: 9; M 2: 50-mL infusion plus 50-mL buffer phosphate, pH: 7, and M 3: 25-mL infusion plus 75-mL distilled water, pH: 9. The standard TPH medium was used as a control. Bti production in the different culture media was assessed in order to determine the bio-larvicide effectiveness using LC50 and LC90 The optimum culture medium (lower values for LC 50 and LC90) served for Bti production, and it was evaluated in laboratory and natural breeding sites. Effectiveness was determined measuring larval density prior and after Bti application. Results: The optimum medium for Bti production was M,. It showed high effectiveness, with 100% mortality under laboratory conditions, and 71-97% mortality in the field after 24 hours of exposition with three weekly applications. Conclusions: M1 is the optimum medium for culturing Bti, with high effectiveness for controlling Anopheles larvae both under laboratory and field conditions.