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Introducción: El síndrome visual informático o fatiga visual digital es una enfermedad causada por el cansancio ocular que provoca el pasar mucho tiempo frente a una pantalla. Objetivo: Diagnosticar el síndrome visual informático en pacientes menores de 35 años atendidos en la consulta de refracción. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo y transversal de pacientes atendidos en la consulta de refracción del Policlínico Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clínicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora, durante el periodo de abril a junio de 2022. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes en las edades comprendidas entre 26 y 35 años y del sexo femenino; los síntomas más frecuentes fueron el cansancio visual, ardor ocular, sensación de ojo seco, visión borrosa de cerca, ojo rojo y el dolor de cabeza después del esfuerzo visual. Los dispositivos digitales más usados fueron el celular y la computadora con un tiempo de uso de una a tres horas, destacándose este último con un tiempo superior a 4 horas. Los defectos refractivos constituyeron la principal causa de limitaciones visuales. Los pacientes con síndrome visual informático y alguna ametropía sin corrección fueron los que mayor cantidad de síntomas tuvieron, seguidos de los pacientes corregidos inadecuadamente. Conclusiones: Este síndrome afecta en gran medida a la población más joven. El adecuado interrogatorio y la incorporación de los procedimientos correctos en el estudio optométrico diario permitió el diagnóstico de tal síndrome en los pacientes atendidos y la corrección óptica pertinente.

Introduction: Digital visual syndrome or digital visual fatigue is a disease caused by the ocular fatigue provoked by spending much time in front of a screen. Objective: To diagnose the digital visual syndrome in patients under 35 years assisted in the refraction service. Methods: A prospective descriptive and cross-sectional study of patients assisted in the refraction service of the Specialties Polyclinic in Saturnino Lora Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital, was carried out from April to June, 2022. Results: There was a prevalence of patients aged 26 and 35 and female sex; the most frequent symptoms were visual fatigue, ocular burning, dry eye sensation, closely blurred vision, red eye and headache after visual effort. The most used digital devices were the cellphone and the computer with a time of use from one to three hours, with emphasis in the last one with more than 4 hours. The refractive defects constituted the main cause of visual limitations. The patients with digital visual syndrome and some type of ametropia without correction were those with more symptoms, followed by the patients inadequately corrected. Conclusions: This syndrome affects the youngest population to a great extent. The appropriate interrogation and the incorporation of correct procedures in the daily optometric study allowed the diagnosis of such a syndrome in the assisted patients and the pertinent optic correction.

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Introduction: The coronavirus pandemic continues to affect the mental health of healthcare personnel in Latin America (LA). Objective: To estimate the prevalence of psychological disturbances and associated risk factors for mental health in healthcare personnel in LA during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This multicenter cross-sectional study included a total sample of 5437 healthcare professionals from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and a brief demographic questionnaire were used. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was estimated based on the cut-off points of the instruments. Two multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Results: A population burden of anxiety (40.1%) and depression (62.2%) was found in healthcare personnel in LA. Among professionals in Argentina (OR = 1.374; P<.001), those working in state hospitals (OR = 1.536; P<.003), frontline healthcare workers for COVID patients (OR = 1.848; P<.001), general practitioners (OR = 1.335; P<.001), and specialists (OR = 1.298; P<.001), a higher risk of experiencing mental disorders was observed. Among women, younger personnel, and administrative staff, a higher probability of experiencing anxiety and depression was identified. Conclusions: The burden of mental disorders on healthcare personnel in Latin America is alarming. Psychological support services are necessary, aimed at providing measures for professionals to develop healthy coping mechanisms that mitigate the impact of the pandemic on their well-being and facilitate post-crisis adjustment.

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Background and objectives: An increase in emotional disturbances and complaints about cognitive performance has been observed in Latin American healthcare workers during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which can affect attention capacity and increase the levels of stress and burnout of these professionals. The objective was to analyse subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) and associated factors in health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic in five Latin American countries.Methods: Multicentre cross-sectional study, which included 3,738 professionals from Colombia, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression, and the Mini-Z to assess Burnout. For the SCC, an item on cognitive concerns in attention and memory was used.Results: The prevalence of cognitive complaints was 69.2%. The factors associated with a higher risk of SCC were the scores in the GAD-7, PHQ and Mini-Z, in addition to being part of the Ecuadorian health personnel.Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of SCC in health personnel, which is modulated by emotional states and stress.

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Resumen Introducción: diferentes autores señalan la necesidad de realizar más estudios sobre las variables asociadas con la homonegatividad internalizada (HI) en Latinoamérica. Objetivo: explorar la asociación entre la HI, la autoidentificación con la homosexualidad y las variables sociodemográficas (género, edad, nivel educativo y desigualdad económica). Método: un muestreo no probabilístico tipo "Bola de nieve" fue realizado en un grupo de 489 personas con un promedio de 23.4 años de edad (DE=6.6) en cinco ciudades colombianas (Bogotá, Barranquilla, Pereira, Villavicencio y Tunja). El grado de autoidentificación con la homosexualidad fue estimado con la escala de Kinsey. También se utilizó un cuestionario de HI. Resultados: un análisis de regresión lineal jerárquica mostró que la HI está asociada significativamente con el género, el grado de identificación con la orientación sexual y la edad, pero no con el nivel educativo o la desigualdad económica. A pesar de que todas las variables estudiadas aportaron algún grado de varianza al modelo, la autoidentificación con la homosexualidad y el género aportaron el mayor porcentaje de varianza para explicar la asociación con HI. Discusión: este estudio permite una primera aproximación empírica al estudio de la HI en Colombia y resalta la importancia de implementar políticas públicas y el uso de terapias afirmativas para disminuirla, particularmente en hombres jóvenes en proceso de autoidentificación con la homosexualidad.

Abstract Introduction: Different authors highlight the need to conduct more studies on the variables associated with internalized homonegativity in Latin America. Objective: To explore the association between internalized homonegativity, self-identification with homosexuality and sociodemographic variables (i.e., sex, age, educational level, and economic inequality). Methods: Non-probabilistic type snowball sampling in a group of 489 people with an average of 23.4 years of age (SD = 6.6) from five Colombian cities (Bogotá, Barranquilla, Pereira, Villavicencio and Tunja). The degree of self-identification with homosexuality was measured with the Kinsey scale. An internalized homonegativity questionnaire was also used. Results: A linear hierarchical regression analysis showed that internalized homonegativity is significantly associated with sex, the degree of identification with sexual orientation and age, but not with educational level or economic inequality. Although all the variables contributed to some extent to the model, the identification with sexual orientation and sex showed the greatest contribution in variance to explain the association with internalized homonegativity. Discussion: This study is a first empirical approach to the study of internalized homonegativity in Colombia and highlights the importance of implementing public policies and the use of affirmative therapies to reduce internalized homonegativity, particularly in young men in the process of self-identification with homosexuality

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RESUMEN El trasplante se constituye en una alternativa de vida para pacientes con falla terminal de un órgano. Este tipo de tratamiento viene en aumento y para el caso de la falla cardiaca refractaria mejoran no sólo la expectativa de vida, sino la calidad de vida. Sin embargo cerca del 20% de las complicaciones observadas en estos pacientes, constituyen a complicaciones que afectan al sistema nervioso central, algunas relacionadas con el tratamiento inmunosupresor, como es el caso de las neuroinfecciones y las neoplasias. Se presenta y analiza el caso de una paciente quien posterior a un trasplante cardiaco, presenta una neoplasia del sistema nervioso central, en quién por patología de hace un diagnóstico post-morten de Linfoma de células B.

SUMMARY Transplantation is a life alternative for patients with organ terminal failure. This type of treatment is on the rise and in the case of refractory heart failure improves not only the life expectancy, too the quality of life. However, about 20% of the complications observed in these patients constitute complications that affect the central nervous system, some related to immunosuppressive treatment, such as infections and tumors. We present and analyze the case of a patient who, after a heart transplant, has central nervous system tumors, in whom by post-mortem diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma.

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OBJECTIVES: To characterize adult patients with sleep apnea attending Pereira's sleep apnea clinic between July and August 2011. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study. A personal semi-structured survey was performed, with full medical history, focused on perceived symptoms of mental and non-mental comorbidity. RESULTS: Fourty-three patients with diagnosis of sleep apnea were evaluated. These were compared with 21 patients without this diagnosis. The social demographic characteristics were similar to that reported in the literature. There were statistical significances for snoring, sleep apnea, corporal mass index, waist/hip index and dyslipidemia. The logistic regression analysis showed sex, Pittsburgh's quality of sleep index and body mass index as predictor variables. CONCLUSIONS: There are clinical and anthropometrics variables that can help the health professionals to suspect a sleep apnea diagnosis in a patient and provide better treatment to decrease its morbidity and mortality.

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Ojetivos: Caracterización clínica de los pacientes adultos con apnea de sueño que asistieron a una clínica del sueño de la ciudad de Pereira durante el periodo de julio a agosto de 2011. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal aplicando una entrevista semiestructurada personalizada, en la que se incluyó la realización de una historia clínica completa con énfasis en los síntomas percibidos y la presencia de comorbilidades mentales y no mentales. Resultados: Se evaluó a 43 pacientes con diagnóstico de apnea de sueño y se los comparó con 21 pacientes sin ese diagnóstico, y se encontraron valores sociodemográficos similares a los reportados en la literatura en los pacientes con diagnóstico positivo, además de significancia estadística en cuanto a la presencia de síntomas como ronquidos y apneas al dormir y en las medidas antropométricas del índice de masa corporal y el índice cintura/cadera. Igualmente se encontró una asociación positiva entre la apnea del sueño con el antecedente de sufrir dislipemia. El análisis de regresión logística mostró como variables predictoras del síndrome de apneas del sueño: el sexo, el índice de calidad de sueño de Pittsburgh y el índice de masa corporal. Conclusiones: Existen criterios clínicos y antropométricos que pueden ayudar a los profesionales de la salud a sospechar el diagnóstico de apnea del sueño y disminuir la morbimortalidad al darle el tratamiento adecuado.

Objectives: To characterize adult patients with sleep apnea attending Pereira's sleep apnea clinic between July and August 2011. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study. A personal semi-structured survey was performed, with full medical history, focused on perceived symptoms of mental and non-mental comorbidity. Results: Fourty-three patients with diagnosis of sleep apnea were evaluated. These were compared with 21 patients without this diagnosis. The social demographic characteristics were similar to that reported in the literature. There were statistical significances for snoring, sleep apnea, corporal mass index, waist/hip index and dyslipidemia. The logistic regression analysis showed sex, Pittsburgh's quality of sleep index and body mass index as predictor variables. Conclusions: There are clinical and anthropometrics variables that can help the health professionals to suspect a sleep apnea diagnosis in a patient and provide better treatment to decrease its morbidity and mortality.

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We aim was to estimate the difference of costs and expected cases from serotype coverage of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV13) and 10-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV10) in the population under 5 years of age in Colombia, using a deterministic model. We considered the probabilities of incidence, mortality and sequelae from infections of pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis and acute otitis media, as well as the clinical effectiveness of PCV13 and PCV10, which were determined by a systematic review of the literature. A2 + 1 immunization schedule was considered, and a 42% herd effect and 84.09% population coverage were assumed. The perspective was the Colombian health system with a time horizon of 5-years. The model showed greater protection of PCV13 in comparison to PCV10. A difference of 98 prevented deaths was observed for meningitis, pneu monia and sepsis. The opportunity cost difference found in the 5-year follow-up between PCV13 and PCV10 vaccines was COP (Colombian pesos) 36,128,082,380 at 2012 prices, which represents COP 7,225,616,476 of difference per year. PCV13 is considered the better alternative, this is mainly due to the impact that this vaccine has on the disease burden of the infections produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae in Colombian children under five years of age.

Nuestro objetivo fue estimar la diferencia de los costos y los casos que se esperan de la cobertura de serotipos de la vacunas conjugadas 13-valente neumocócica (PCV13) y 10-valente neumocócica (PCV10), en la población menor de cinco años de edad en Colombia, mediante un modelo determinista. Se consideraron las probabilidades de incidencia, mortalidad y secuelas de las infecciones de neumonía, meningitis, sepsis y la otitis media aguda, así como la efectividad clínica de la PCV13 y la PCV10, que se determinaron mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura. Se consideró un esquema de vacunación A2 + 1 y se supuso un efecto grupal del 42% y una cobertura de la población de 84,09%. La perspectiva fue el sistema de salud colombiano, con un horizonte temporal de cinco años. El modelo mostró una mayor protección de PCV13 en comparación con PCV10. Se observó una diferencia de 98 muertes que se evitaron por causa de la meningitis, la neumonía y la sepsis. La diferencia costooportunidad encontrada en el seguimiento de cinco años entre las vacunas PCV13 y la PCV10 fue de 36,128,082,380 pesos colombianos (COP) a precios de 2012, lo que representa una diferencia de COP 7,225,616,476 por año.

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The empirical study of negative attitudes toward gay and lesbian people (homonegativity) is a way to understand the reason for its prevalence. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and gay men scale (ATLG). A total of 359 undergraduate students were recruited from two different cities in Colombia, South America. Participants' attitudes toward gays and lesbian people were assessed using the ATLG Scale and the Homophobia Scale; anxiety was measured using a short version of the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. Internal consistency analyses have shown that the ATLG Scale is a reliable measure of homonegativity in a Colombian sample. In addition, principal components analyses, as well as convergent and divergent validity analyses have confirmed that the ATLG Scale is a valid and reliable measure of homonegativity in the Colombian context and support its use as a research instrument.

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This study developed and examined the psychometric proprieties of the Spanish Family Needs Assessment Tool (FNAT) for caregivers of individuals with neurological conditions in Latin America. Twentyseven items from previously published caregiver family needs scales were combined to represent nine types of needs. These items were administered to 308 caregivers of individuals with neurological conditions in Latin America. An exploratory factor analysis suggested the retention 14 items and five factors: Household Needs, Informational Needs, Financial Needs, Health Needs, and Social Support Needs. A confirmatory factor analysis then examined the fit of the five-factor solution and suggested adequate model fit. Cronbach's alphas for the overall scale and subscales suggested acceptable internal consistency. The FNAT holds promise to help researchers and clinicians assess the family needs of caregivers in Latin America.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento de evaluación de necesidades familiares (FNAT) en un grupo de 308 cuidadores de personas con alteraciones neurológicas en Latinoamérica. El FNAT consta de 27 ítems que miden algunas de las principales necesidades que experimentan los cuidadores de estas personas. Con el objetivo de determinar la estructura factorial del instrumento se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio. Los resultados muestran que de los 27 ítems iniciales del instrumento se obtuvieron 5 factores (Necesidades de ayuda en tareas domésticas, necesidades de recibir información, necesidades apoyo financiero, necesidades de ayuda para mejorar la salud y necesidades de apoyo social) que estarían conformados por 14 ítems. Mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio, se evaluó el nivel de ajuste de estos cinco factores cuyo resultado final muestra un ajuste adecuado del modelo y un nivel aceptable de consistencia interna tanto para la escala completa como para las subescalas. En conclusión, esta nueva versión del FNAT de 14 ítems posee buenas características psicométricas que lo hacen ser un instrumento confiable en la evaluación de las necesidades de cuidadores de personas con alteraciones neurológicas tanto en contextos clínicos como de investigación.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of 99 caregivers of individuals with dementia and 95 healthy individuals from the general population in Colombia. The 36-item short-form (SF-36), a self-report measure composed of 8 component areas (physical function, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, energy/vitality, social function, role-emotional, and mental health), was used to measure HRQoL. Results indicated that the healthy control group had a higher level of education, socioeconomic status (SES), and number of male participants. After adjusting for education, SES, and gender, the caregivers of individuals with dementia scored significantly lower on all of the SF-36 subscales than the healthy controls. These findings suggest the need for rehabilitation health professionals to develop and implement culturally appropriate interventions to improve the HRQoL of caregivers of individuals with dementia in Colombia.

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The current study aims to (1) determine whether there is a relationship between the problems of patients with dementia and the psychosocial functioning of the caregiver, (2) determine whether these relationships exist independent of sociodemographic and caregiving-related variables, and (3) determine which type of problems of patients with dementia best predict the psychosocial functioning of the caregiver. In all, 73 family caregivers were recruited from Bogota, Colombia. The caregivers completed a checklist of problems presented by the person with dementia, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-12), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Number of cognitive and behavioral/emotional problems presented by the person with dementia was positively correlated with caregiver PHQ-9 and ZBI scores. Number of behavioral/emotional problems was negatively correlated with ISEL-12 scores. Cognitive and behavioral/emotional problems, but not physical, presented by the person with dementia were associated with higher levels of depression and burden of caregiver. Behavioral/emotional difficulties were associated with lower caregiver-perceived social support rating.

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Neuropsychological evaluations conducted in the United States and abroad commonly include the use of tests translated from English to Spanish. The use of translated naming tests for evaluating predominately Spanish-speakers has recently been challenged on the grounds that translating test items may compromise a test's construct validity. The Texas Spanish Naming Test (TNT) has been developed in Spanish specifically for use with Spanish-speakers; however, it is unlikely patients from diverse Spanish-speaking geographical regions will perform uniformly on a naming test. The present study evaluated and compared the internal consistency and patterns of item-difficulty and -discrimination for the TNT and two commonly used translated naming tests in three countries (i.e., United States, Colombia, Spain). Two hundred fifty two subjects (136 demented, 116 nondemented) across three countries were administered the TNT, Modified Boston Naming Test-Spanish, and the naming subtest from the CERAD. The TNT demonstrated superior internal consistency to its counterparts, a superior item difficulty pattern than the CERAD naming test, and a superior item discrimination pattern than the MBNT-S across countries. Overall, all three Spanish naming tests differentiated nondemented and moderately demented individuals, but the results suggest the items of the TNT are most appropriate to use with Spanish-speakers. Preliminary normative data for the three tests examined in each country are provided.

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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo como primer paso de una investigación a nivel territorial central que recogió los resultados económicos de la Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria en Otorrinolaringología en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial "Paquito González" de Cienfuegos en el período enero 1996 ­ diciembre 1998, donde fueron tratados quirúrgicamente con criterio mantenido de Cirugía Ambulatoria 504 pacientes . Los 504 pacientes que mantuvieron criterio de Cirugía Ambulatoria redujeron los costos hospitalarios con la práctica de este proceder en aproximadamente 85,680 pesos por concepto de no ingreso hospitalario manteniendo un post- operatorio inmediato normal.

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1. Cambian los acontecimientos sociales y tambien las tradiciones. 2. Los postgrados universitarios como proceso de masas, un nuevo factor. 3. Los post grados y la necesidad de la critica. Cuidado con las maestrias con tesis empaquetadas. 5. Los cursos nerviosos: una carrera contra el tiempo. 6. La libertad de creacion es sagrada para el tesista. 7. El problema de la escogencia del objeto a inicios de la tesis. 8. La investigacion es un trabajo arbitrario mas que riguroso. 9. La tesis y el metodo. 10. La tesis y el sacrosanto metodo hipotetico-deductivo. 11. La pauta indagatoria le da el objeto. 12. El rito de tal defensa. 13. Que debe contener la tesis y que debe contemplar el proceso terminal de evaluacion. 14. Veintiun tips en caliente y de diversas indoles para el debate creativo. A. no hay investigacion cientifica sin paradigma. B. El valor de lo especifico en la ciencia. C. Acerca del metodo dialectico-concreto. D. Unidad cuanticualitativa de la investigacion cientifica. E. El poder es esclarecedor del error en la investigacion cientifica. F. Con las matematicas podemos comprender la naturaleza y la sociedad. G. Caracter dialectico del aprendisaje. H. El tesista ordinariamente es una persona en estado de stress. I. Facilismo versus dignidad. J. Acerca de los proyectos de tesis de post grado

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