RESUMO
The objective of this study was to evaluate differential expression of innate and adaptive immune genes, including immunoglobulin, immune cell receptor, cytokine, inflammatory protein, toll-like receptors (TLR) and recombination-activating gene (RAG) in skin from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus after immunization with live theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) by intraperitoneal injection. The immunized catfish showed significantly higher survival rate (95%) than those of mock-immunized control fish (0% survival) after the theront challenge. The gene expression of innate immune system, such as cytokines (IL-1ß type a, IL-1ß type b, IFN-γ, TGF1-ß and TNF-α) and inflammatory proteins (NF-kB and iNOS 2), showed significant upregulation at day 1 (D1) post-immunization. Expression of TLR genes exhibited a rapid increase from hour 4 (h4) to D10 post-immunization. Genes of the adaptive response, such as the cell receptor MHC I, CD8+ , CD4+ and TCR-α, showed upregulation at D1, D6 and D10. The TCR-ß expression increased rapidly at h4 and remained upregulated until D10. Immunoglobulin IgM upregulation was detected from h4 until D2 while IgD expression was increased from D1 until D10. Rapid upregulation of innate and adaptive immune genes in skin of catfish following live theront vaccination was demonstrated in this study ultimately resulting in significant protection against Ich infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por Cilióforos/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Hymenostomatida/imunologia , Ictaluridae/imunologia , Ictaluridae/parasitologia , Pele/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/imunologia , Infecções por Cilióforos/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Imunização/veterinária , Imunoglobulina M , NF-kappa B , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfaRESUMO
The presence of pollutants in the ocean may affect different physiological parameters of animals. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were evaluated in D-shaped larvae of mussels (Perna perna) exposed to zinc sulphate (ZnSO(4)) and benzene (C(6)H(6)). When compared to the control group, both pollutants presented a significant reduction in oxygen consumption. A reduction in the ammonia excretion was also observed, both for ZnSO(4) and C(6)H(6) and also in the oxygen consumption. The results indicate that anaerobic metabolism may occur at the beginning of P. perna mussels development, as observed in veliger larvae. The O:N ratio under experimental conditions showed low values indicating that catabolism in veliger larvae was predominantly proteic.
Assuntos
Amônia/metabolismo , Benzeno/farmacologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Perna (Organismo)/metabolismo , Sulfato de Zinco/farmacologia , Animais , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/metabolismo , Perna (Organismo)/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Effects of anthropogenic pollution have been observed at different trophic levels in the oceans, and toxicity tests constitute one way of monitoring these alterations. The present assay proposes the use of two reference substances, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and zinc sulfate, for Perna perna larvae. This common mussel on the Brazilian coast is used as a bioindicator and is of economic interest. The chronic static embryo-larval test of short duration (48 h) was employed to determine the NOEC, LOEC, and IC50 for SDS and zinc sulfate, as well as the coefficient of variation. Salinity, pH and un-ionized ammonia (NH3) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were measured to monitor water quality. The results demonstrated that the main alterations in veliger larvae are the development of only one shell, protruded mantle, malformed shell, formation of only part of a valve, clipped edges, uneven sizes and presence of a concave or convex hinge. NOEC values were lower than 0.25 mg L(-1) for zinc sulfate and 0.68 mg L(-1) for SDS. The coefficient of variation was 17.63% and 2.50% for zinc sulfate and SDS, respectively.
Assuntos
Bivalves , Dodecilsulfato de Sódio/toxicidade , Tensoativos/toxicidade , Testes de Toxicidade/métodos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Sulfato de Zinco/toxicidade , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Embrião não Mamífero/anormalidades , Embrião não Mamífero/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , Nível de Efeito Adverso não Observado , Padrões de ReferênciaRESUMO
The effects of benzene on the swimming activity of the crustacean Mysidopsis juniae were investigated. The swimming activity of M. juniae was observed after 1.3 and 6 h of exposure to 5, 10 15 and 20 ppm benzene in sea water (35 ñ 1 grade/00 S, 25 ñ 1 grade C). The mysids were observed with a pair of coupled to a camara lucida, and the swimming activity was measured in a Petri dish, corresponding to the distance (cm) covered by the animals in 1 min (N=150 animals). The swimming activity of mysids exposed to 20 ppm benzene decreased significantly after all three periods of exposure to values which were 80-90% smaller than the control value. On the other hand, after 6 h exposure to 5 ppm benzene, the swimming activity of the mysids was significantly higher, increasing by 87% in relation to the control (29.8 ñ 8.9 cm?min). Furthermore, a slight nonsignificant increase in swimming activity was also observed in mysids submitted to 5, 10, 15 and even 20 ppm benzene, as the period of exposure to the pollutant increased from 1 to 6 h. These results indicate that short-term exposure to sublethal benzene concentrations can affect the swimming activity of mysids. in these situations, mysid populations can be seriously damaged since alterations in swimming activity could lead to a reduction in food intake and to a marked increase in their susceptibility to predation by other organisms