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Resumen Las redes sociales virtuales atraen a diferentes usuarios por las múltiples potencialidades e impactos característicos de esta sociedad tecnológica. El propósito de este estudio es identificar las redes sociales virtuales más usadas por los jóvenes, los motivos personales de uso y la relación de su utilización con la percepción de soledad y las habilidades de autoexpresión en escenarios sociales. En particular, se evalúan las diferencias de tales usos en función de la edad, el nivel de escolaridad y el género. En el estudio participaron 251 jóvenes adultos españoles con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 40 años (X = 26.33, D.T. = 5-91) contactados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se observó que el uso de las redes sociales virtuales se ve aumentado en los participantes con bajas habilidades sociales, altos niveles de soledad y más jóvenes. Destacan los motivos de aburrimiento y evasión o escape para usar los espacios digitales y se registra una tendencia en los jóvenes de la generación Z (18 a 28 años) a utilizar más las redes sociales virtuales, en comparación con los de la generación Y (29 a 40 años). Como conclusiones, se señala la conveniencia de controlar el uso problemático de las redes sociales virtuales y de entrenar las habilidades sociales para mejorar las relaciones interpersonales.

Abstract Virtual social networks are attracting different types of users thanks to the multiple potentialities and impacts characteristic of this technological society. The aim of this study is to identify the virtual social networks most used by young people, as well as the personal reasons for use and their negative effects in relation to the perception of loneliness and their self-expression skills in social settings. As specific objectives, it is proposed to determine the differences in such uses depending on age, level of education and gender. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling was carried out so that 251 young Spanish adults between the ages of 18 and 40 years old participated (X = 26.33, DT. = 5-91). It has been verified that the use of social networks is increased when presenting low social skills, having high levels of loneliness and the younger one is. The reasons for boredom and evasion or escape in the use of these digital spaces stand out, and a tendency is observed in the young people of Generation Z (young people between 18 and 28 years old) to use VSN more in comparison with the previous Generation Y (with a range of 29 to 40 years old). It emphasizes the convenience of controlling the problematic use of social networks, training social skills to improve interpersonal relationships and strengthening emotionally.

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INTRODUCTION: Alcohol abuse is a worldwide health problem because of its association with high rates of morbidity, mortality, and interpersonal conflicts. In Mexico, young people are the group most severely affected by high levels of alcohol intake. This study attempts to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in the Mexican youth population, since validation studies do not currently exist. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An opinion sampling method was used based on the inclusion criteria for the study and the accessibility of the sample. Participants' ages ranged from 14 to 30, and 44.2% (N = 854) were male and 55.8% (N = 1078) were female. RESULTS: The psychometric guarantees of AUDIT have been confirmed, highlighting the value of Alpha Cronbach (.804) of the scale, and the validity of its internal structure through a confirmatory factor analysis, which showed the validity of the model of the three factors (Risky use, Dependence symptoms, and Harmful alcohol use). The results confirm a pattern of non-daily use, and concentrated, excess use on a single occasion. The existence of significant differences has also been confirmed in terms of the legal drinking age in some of the indicators used, and the risk of alcohol consumption increases with age. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate psychometric properties of AUDIT have been confirmed in the Mexican youth population. It shows a public health issue that requires the design of prevention programs that impact risk factors and promote protective factors.

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Resumen La relación entre el consumo de alcohol y la conducta antisocial en adolescentes ha sido ampliamente reportada en investigaciones anteriores. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar dicha relación, además de estudiar cómo influye en ella la impulsividad. Se utilizó la Escala Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) para evaluar el consumo de alcohol, la Escala de Conducta Antisocial y Delictiva en Adolescentes, y la Escala de Impulsividad de Barratt para la conducta antisocial. Se hizo un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional que resultó en una muestra compuesta por 212 adolescentes con edades entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.1, DE = 1.48). Los resultados mostraron que las variables que mejor predicen la conducta antisocial en adolescentes son el consumo de alcohol y la impulsividad cognitiva; y se comprobó que existen diferencias significativas en la conducta antisocial según el género, pero no en función del consumo de alcohol. Respecto al nivel de edad, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre todos los niveles de edad en el consumo de alcohol; así como diferencias en la conducta antisocial entre la adolescencia temprana y la adolescencia media, y entre la adolescencia temprana y la adolescencia tardía. Se discuten las posibles implicaciones de la vinculación entre el consumo de alcohol y el delito, en virtud de los resultados obtenidos.

Resumo A relação entre o consumo de álcool e a conduta antissocial em adolescentes tem sido amplamente relatada em pesquisas anteriores. O objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar tal relação, além de estudar como a impulsividade tem influência nela. Utilizou-se a Escala Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (Rapi) para avaliar o consumo de álcool, a Escala de Condutas Antissociais e Delitivas em Adolescentes e a Escala de Impulsividade de Barratt para a conduta antissocial. Foi feita uma amostragem não probabilística de tipo intencional que resultou em uma amostra composta por 212 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 18 anos (M = 14.1, DP = 1.48). Os resultados mostraram que as variáveis que melhor predizem a conduta antissocial em adolescentes são o consumo de álcool e a impulsividade cognitiva; ainda, ficou comprovado que existem diferenças significativas na conduta social de acordo com o gênero, mas não em função do consumo de álcool. Com relação ao nível de idade, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre todos os níveis de idade no consumo de álcool, assim como diferenças na conduta antissocial entre a adolescência precoce e a adolescência média, e entre a adolescência precoce e a adolescência tardia. Discutem-se as possíveis implicações da associação entre o consumo de álcool e o delito em virtude dos resultados obtidos.

Abstract The relationship between alcohol use and antisocial behaviour in teenagers has been widely reported in previous research. Our main aim was to evaluate this relationship, and also to study how impulsivity influences it. The instruments used were the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI), to evaluate alcohol consumption; the Scale of Antisocial and Criminal Behaviour in Teenagers, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, to assess these behaviors in the youth. The sampling method was non probabilistic and intentional, and the sample consisted of 212 teenagers aged between 12 and 18 years (Average=14.1, SD=1.48). The results showed that the variables which better predict anti-social behaviour in teenagers are alcohol consumption and cognitive impulsiveness. On the other hand, it was found that there are significant differences in antisocial behavior according to gender, but not in terms of alcohol consumption. Regarding age level, significant differences were found in alcohol consumption between all age levels, and in antisocial behavior are concentrated between early and medium adolescence, and between early and late adolescence. The possible implications of the link between alcohol consumption and crime by virtue of the results obtained are discussed.

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El consumo juvenil de alcohol representa, en la cultura mediterránea, una práctica caracterísada por usos recreativos, ligada a procesos de interacción grupal e identitarios. Nuestro objetivo es ofrecer un análisis descriptivo y diferencial, por niveles de edad e ingesta realizada, de las tendencias de consumo de alcohol, así como de las percepciones de riesgo y motivadores de consumo, en un colectivo de 845 adolescentes escolarizados del Principado de Asturias (España). Se confirman las tendencias emergentes sobre hábitos de consumo de alcohol y los patrones de uso/abuso representativos del estilo de ocio juvenil, así como motivaciones y percepciones de riesgo diferenciales en virtud de la mentalidad del usuario. Se avanzan líneas prospectivas de actuación basadas en intervenciones psicosociales y sociocomunitarias.

In the Mediterranean culture the young consumption of alcohol represents a practice associated with a recreative culture tied to processes of group interaction and identity. Our aim is to offer a descriptive and differential analysis for levels of age and ingestion realized of the trends of consumption of alcohol, as well as the perceptions of risk and motivations of consumption in a group of 845 Spanish teenagers of the Principado de Asturias. The emergent trends are confirmed on habits of consumption of alcohol and the representative bosses of use/abuse of the style of juvenile leisure, as well as motivations and differential perceptions of risk by virtue of the mentality of the user. There are advanced market lines of prevention based on psychosocial interventions and socio community.

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La experimentación juvenil con drogas iniciáticas (alcohol y tabaco) y, en menor medida, con otras sustancias ilegales, se halla asociada a pautas de ocio juvenil caracterizadas por la sobreactivación, la vinculación grupal y la satisfacción hedónica en prácticas propias de la cultura recreativa. El inicio precoz se sitúa en los primeros añosde la adolescencia, de ahí que se haya realizado un estudio exploratorio con una muestra de estudiantes de educación secundaria del Principado de Asturias (España) con edades comprendidas entre los doce y los dieciocho años. El objetivo del estudio es ofrecer un perfil diferencialde consumo en función de los niveles de edad. Se ha hallado una tendencia de consumo de fin de semana conmayor habituación y frecuencia de experimentación en niveles superiores. Se ha confirmado la manifestación dela mentalidad del usuario con una percepción de riesgo distorsionada. Se concluye que han de promoverse políticas preventivas a nivel educativo, estatal y comunitario.

The young experimentation with initiation drugs (alcohol and tobacco) and, by smaller measurement, with illegal psychoactive substances is associated to young leisure trends distinguished by super activation, peer-groups tying and the satisfaction in own practices of the recreativeculture. The precocious consumption is placed in first years of adolescence, so we have achieved an exploratorystudy with a sample of secondary school students of the Principado de Asturias (Spain) between twelve and eighteenyears old. The aim of the study is to offer a differential profile of consumption depending on the levels of age. A week-end consumption trend with more habituation and use frequency by level of age has been found out. The user mentality with a distorted risk perception has been confirmed. We conclude that preventive to educative, state and community level politics ought to be promoted.

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Se ofrece un análisis clínico y psicosocial de la Dependencia Afectiva descrita como un tipo de dependencia sentimental caracterizada por la manifestación de comportamientos adictivos de apego patológico en la relación interpersonal. Se han evaluado los factores sintomáticos diferenciales de 78 casos diagnosticados de dependencia afectiva mediante el Test de Dependencias Sentimentales (TDS-100) con respecto a la población general (N=311). Según el perfil hallado se comprueba que los dependientes afectivos experimentan una dependencia pura con posesividad y manifestación de craving y abstinencia, presentan desajustes afectivos en forma de sentimientos negativos (culpa, vacío emocional, miedo al abandono) e inescapabilidad emocional, manifiestan conflictos de Identidad (pseudosimbiosis) y usan un locus de control externo. En población clínica se ha hallado que los varones son más buscadores de sensaciones y se muestran más inflexibles (Yo rígido) y las mujeres emplean más mecanismos de negación y no afrontamiento con conciencia de problema nula o distorsionada.(AU)

It offers a clinical and psychosocial analysis of the Affective Dependence, described as a type of sentimental dependence characterized by the manifestation of addictive behaviors of pathological attachment in the interpersonal relation. We have evaluated the symptomatic differential factors of 78 cases diagnosed of affective dependence by means of the Test of Sentimental Dependences (TDS-100) with regard to the general population (N=311). In agreement to the found differential profile in affective dependents we verify that they show a pure Dependence with possessively and craving and abstinence, they develop experience affective disruptions with negative feelings (blame, emotional vacuum, fear of abandonment), and emotional inscape sentiment, identity conflicts (pseudo symbiosis) and an extern control locus. In clinical population has found that the males are more seekers of sensations and they prove a stiff Self and the women use more mechanisms of denial and not confrontation, with void or distorted conscience of problem.(AU)

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Neste artigo são descritos as representações sociais sobre a experiência dos jovens com substâncias psicoativas e as mudanças nas tendências dominantes sobre os riscos associados ao consumo de álcool na cultura mediterrânea e outras drogas, como os derivados canábicos ou os psicoestimulantes. Propõe-se, como estratégia preventiva e de intervenção psicossocial e sociocomunitária, atuar na reflexão das representações sociais e o discurso dominante sobre as drogas para redimensionar as conseqüências da experiência com substâncias psicoativas, aumentar as percepções do risco e promover mudanças de atitude que culminem em tendência positiva, salubre em nível global (AU)

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O conceito droga representa uma construção sociolingüística cujo emprego encontra-se mistificado, devido ao poder de ação de discursos e mecanismos de poder e controle que contribuem para a regulação social de seus significados e representações sociais. Nesta aproximação psicossociológica, propõe-se análise das conseqüências derivadas da ideologia dos discursos e dos significados das representações sociais sobre a droga e seus usuários. São revisadas as acepções e seu estatuto diferencial e, dado o poder construtor de realidades da linguagem, advoga-se a desconstrução do termo droga e sua substituição por outro conceito, substância psicoativa, ainda não submetido a processos mistificadores. Finalmente, oferece-se uma explicação etiológica compreensiva do consumo de drogas baseada na hipótese frommiana do medo da liberdade (AU)

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