RESUMO
The current work reports how spray application of entomopathogenic fungi on alfalfa, tomato and melon plants may cause an additional Spodoptera littoralis larvae mortality due to a temporal colonization of the leaves and subsequent ingestion of those leaves by the larvae. Most entomopathogenic fungi (EF) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) endophytes seem to colonize their host plants in a non-systemic pattern, in which case at least a transient endophytic establishment of the fungus should be expected in treated areas after spray application. In this work, all strains were able to endophytically colonize roots, stems and leaves during the first 96h after inoculation. Whilst the treatment of S. littoralis larvae with a 10(8)ml(-1) conidial suspension resulted in moderate to high mortality rates for the Metarhizium brunneum EAMb 09/01-Su (41.7-50.0%) and Beauveria bassiana EABb 01/33-Su (66.7-76.6%) strains, respectively, an additive effect was detected when these larvae were also fed endophytically colonized alfalfa, tomato, and melon leaves, with mortality rates varying from 25.0% to 46.7% as a function of the host plant and total mortality rates in the combined treatment of 75-80% and 33-60% for B. bassiana and M. brunneum, respectively. Fungal outgrowth was not detected in any of the dead larvae feeding on colonized leaves, whereas traces of destruxin A were detected in 11% of the insects fed tomato discs endophytically colonized by M. brunneum. The combined effects of the fungal spray with the mortality caused by the feeding of insects on transient EF-colonized leaves have to be considered to estimate the real acute impact of field sprays with entomopathogenic fungi on chewing insects.
Assuntos
Beauveria , Inseticidas/administração & dosagem , Metarhizium , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodos , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Spodoptera/microbiologia , Animais , Larva/microbiologia , Plantas/microbiologiaRESUMO
Accidental extubation is an emergency situation occurring in patients on mechanical ventilation. In order to know the reality of our unit, a retrospective revision of all patients intubated during the second semester of the year 2000 was carried out and resulted in 5,98 percent accidental extubation rate. With the goal to diminish the incidence of accidental extubation and displacement of the endotracheal tube in patients of the general intensive care unit, an intervention program was designed based on continuos improvement of quality (1). The program was evaluated in june, 2001, achieving a 2,72 percent decrease in incidence. Despite the fact that our intervention has had the impact of reducing accidental extubations by 45 percent, this is not considered statistically significant most likely due to the studyïs short observation period
Assuntos
Humanos , Intubação Intratraqueal/enfermagem , Respiração Artificial/enfermagem , Cuidados de Enfermagem/métodos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Avaliação em Enfermagem , Qualidade da Assistência à SaúdeRESUMO
Sucrose forms a dicationic complex with cobalt(III)bis(phenanthroline) which can be isolated as the sparingly water-soluble triiodide salt or the water-soluble chloride. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum demonstrates the Delta configuration at Co(III) and the presence of two phenanthroline and one sucrose residues in the complex. The O-2(g)--O-1(f) distance in crystalline sucrose permits strain-free coordination of these centers with Co(III) and in the complex the H-1,1'(f) singlet of sucrose separates into a pair of doublets. The 1H NMR spectrum in DMSO-d(6) shows that OH-2(g) is deprotonated and the signal of OH-1(f) is shifted strongly downfield by complexation with Co(III). Coordination involving glucose and fructose residues is consistent with neither alpha-methyl glucoside nor fructofuranose forming mixed complexes with phenanthroline. Structure simulation with the semi-empirical PM3(tm) basis set indicates that complexation by O-2(g) and OH-1(f) can give a Delta-complex with little structural distortion, whereas in hypothetical Lambda-complexes there is distortion of the sucrose residue. Observation of an NOE involving the sucrose and phenanthroline residues supports the postulated structure of the Delta-complex.