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Background: Rotator cuff tears are highly prevalent, and their association with critical shoulder angle (CSA) has been reported. There is controversy regarding whether the morphology of the acromion influences its incidence, as well as whether acromioplasty would impact the results of a rotator cuff repair. Lateral acromioplasty does not play a decompressive role; rather, it aims to correct the deltoid vector. According to some publications, this would achieve less loading on the repaired rotator cuff, a lower retear rate, and better function. CSA correction with lateral acromioplasty can be planned with radiography (2-dimensional [2D]), but its predictability has not been fully studied. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the predictability of 2D planning with radiography in CSA correction in patients with rotator cuff repair. The secondary objective is to analyze the association between the correction of the CSA and the functional outcomes. Methods: This single-center, prospective, observational, analytical study included candidates for arthroscopic repair of a rotator cuff tear with a CSA > 35°. Lateral acromioplasty was performed as planned with preoperative radiography (2D) to achieve a CSA of 35°. The degrees to be corrected were calculated. CSA was recalculated with a postoperative radiography; and the error in the planned grades to be corrected was calculated. At the end of follow-up, Visual Analog Scale, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), and Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick-DASH) scores were evaluated. Results: Forty one cases were included, 43.9% were men, and the mean age was 55.5 ± 8.6 years. The mean preoperative and postoperative CSA were 39.6° ± 1.9° and 35.7° ± 2.3°, respectively; 41.5% achieved a postoperative CSA ≤ 35°. The mean CSA planned correction error was 45.7 ± 28.8%. At the end of the follow-up, 33 (78.6%) had a functional evaluation, with an average follow-up of 41 ± 6.8 months. The mean Visual Analog Scale, Quick-DASH, and SSV were 0.9 ± 1.6, 5.3 ± 7.5, and 92.7 ± 10.6, respectively. There was a significant difference in Quick-DASH (P = .01) and SSV (P = .02) according to whether a postoperative CSA ≤ 35° was achieved. Conclusion: In lateral acromioplasty, planning of CSA correction with radiography (2D) is imprecise. Reaching a CSA ≤ 35° positively influences functional results.

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Environmental microbes routinely colonize wildlife body surface microbiota. However, animals experience dynamic environmental shifts throughout their daily routine. Yet, the effect of ecological shifts in wildlife body surface microbiota has been poorly explored. Here, we sequenced the hypervariable region V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the body surface microbiota of wild Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) under two ecological contexts: (1) Penguins walking along the coast and (2) Penguins sheltered underground in their nest, across three subantarctic breeding colonies in the Magellan Strait, Chile. Despite ecological contexts, our results revealed that Moraxellaceae bacteria were the most predominant and abundant taxa associated with penguin body surfaces. Nevertheless, we detected colony-specific core bacteria associated with penguin bodies. The most abundant were: Deinococcus in the Contramaestre colony, Fusobacterium in the Tuckers 1 colony, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 in the Tuckers 2 colony. Our results give a new perspective on the niche environmental hypothesis for wild seabirds. First, the ecological characteristics of each colony were associated with the microbial communities from the nest soil and the body surface of penguins inside the nests. For example, in the colonies with heterogenous vegetation cover (i.e. the Tuckers Islets), there was a similar microbial composition between the nest soil and the body surface of penguins. In contrast, on the more arid colony (Contramaestre), we detected differences in the microbial communities between the nest soil and the body surface of penguins.

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Animal hosts live in continuous interaction with bacterial partners, yet we still lack a clear understanding of the ecological drivers of animal-associated bacteria, particularly in seabirds. Here, we investigated the effect of body site in the structure and diversity of bacterial communities of two seabirds in the Strait of Magellan: the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) and the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to profile bacterial communities associated with body sites (chest, back, foot) of both penguins and the nest soil of Magellanic penguin. Taxonomic composition showed that Moraxellaceae family (specifically Psychrobacter) had the highest relative abundance across body sites in both penguin species, whereas Micrococacceae had the highest relative abundance in nest soil. We were able to detect a bacterial core among 90% of all samples, which consisted of Clostridium sensu stricto and Micrococcacea taxa. Further, the king penguin had its own bacterial core across its body sites, where Psychrobacter and Corynebacterium were the most prevalent taxa. Microbial alpha diversity across penguin body sites was similar in most comparisons, yet we found subtle differences between foot and chest body sites of king penguins. Body site microbiota composition differed across king penguin body sites, whereas it remained similar across Magellanic penguin body sites. Interestingly, all Magellanic penguin body site microbiota composition differed from nest soil microbiota. Finally, bacterial abundance in penguin body sites fit well under a neutral community model, particularly in the king penguin, highlighting the role of stochastic process and ecological drift in microbiota assembly of penguin body sites. Our results represent the first report of body site bacterial communities in seabirds specialized in subaquatic foraging. Thus, we believe it represents useful baseline information that could serve for long-term comparisons that use marine host microbiota to survey ocean health.

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Natural herbivore populations have experienced uninterrupted pressures from direct and evident domestic-wildlife interactions and competition, to indirect or less obvious ones such as pathogen transmission. Thus, pathogen spillover between wild and domestic animals is a constant concern because the domestic-wildlife interface represents the ecological frontier in which pathogen transmission takes place in both directions. In Patagonian steppe communities, extensive sheep ranching and guanaco (Lama guanicoe) populations coexist, and guanaco have shown to be infected by pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) likely transmitted from livestock. MAP causes chronic enteritis and affects mostly domestic ruminants. We evaluated MAP prevalence and pathogen shedding in both species' faeces collected in non-shared and shared sites according to presence/absence of sheep and guanaco along a year, in four different seasons (autumn, winter, and spring 2018, and summer 2019). Our results indicate that MAP circulates in both sheep and guanaco populations with self-sustained transmission; however, both species differ in their levels of competence. We detected higher pathogen shedding in sites occupied by sheep, suggesting that sheep populations may be the main source of infection for susceptible animals due to their large numbers which drive MAP dynamics.

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In extensive livestock production, high densities may inhibit regulation processes, maintaining high levels of intraspecific competition over time. During competition, individuals typically modify their behaviours, particularly feeding and bite rates, which can therefore be used as indicators of competition. Over eight consecutive seasons, we investigated if variation in herd density, food availability, and the presence of a potential competitor, the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), was related with behavioural changes in domestic sheep in Chilean Patagonia. Focal sampling, instantaneous scan sampling, measures of bite and movement rates were used to quantify behavioural changes in domestic sheep. We found that food availability increased time spent feeding, while herd density was associated with an increase in vigilant behaviour and a decrease in bite rate, but only when food availability was low. Guanaco presence appeared to have no impact on sheep behaviour. Our results suggest that the observed behavioural changes in domestic sheep are more likely due to intraspecific competition rather than interspecific competition. Consideration of intraspecific competition where guanaco and sheep co-graze on pastures could allow management strategies to focus on herd density, according to rangeland carrying capacity.

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Diferentes factores influyen en la recidiva de luxación glenohumeral. La presencia de defectos de Hill-Sachs es frecuente tras episodios de luxaciones traumáticas de hombro. Este tipo de lesiones por si solas influyen de manera directa sobre la recidiva postoperatoria. Es por esto que técnicas habituales, como lo es la reparación capsulolabral en su forma abierta o artroscópica, son insuficientes como tratamiento definitivo. Se han descrito diferentes técnicas, algunas no anatómicas y otras que son consideradas totalmente anatómicas, con el objetivo de disminuir la tasa de recidiva. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las diferentes alternativas en técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la luxación glenohumeral asociada a la presencia de un defecto óseo humeral, e intenta brindar un esquema terapéutico ante los diferentes escenarios que involucren esta patología.(AU)

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Diferentes factores influyen en la recidiva de luxación glenohumeral. La presencia de defectos de Hill-Sachs es frecuente tras episodios de luxaciones traumáticas de hombro. Este tipo de lesiones por si solas influyen de manera directa sobre la recidiva postoperatoria. Es por esto que técnicas habituales, como lo es la reparación capsulolabral en su forma abierta o artroscópica, son insuficientes como tratamiento definitivo. Se han descrito diferentes técnicas, algunas no anatómicas y otras que son consideradas totalmente anatómicas, con el objetivo de disminuir la tasa de recidiva. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las diferentes alternativas en técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la luxación glenohumeral asociada a la presencia de un defecto óseo humeral, e intenta brindar un esquema terapéutico ante los diferentes escenarios que involucren esta patología (AU)

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Diferentes factores influyen en la recidiva de luxación glenohumeral. La presencia de defectos de Hill-Sachs es frecuente tras episodios de luxaciones traumáticas de hombro. Este tipo de lesiones por si solas influyen de manera directa sobre la recidiva postoperatoria. Es por esto que técnicas habituales, como lo es la reparación capsulolabral en su forma abierta o artroscópica, son insuficientes como tratamiento definitivo. Se han descrito diferentes técnicas, algunas no anatómicas y otras que son consideradas totalmente anatómicas, con el objetivo de disminuir la tasa de recidiva. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las diferentes alternativas en técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la luxación glenohumeral asociada a la presencia de un defecto óseo humeral, e intenta brindar un esquema terapéutico ante los diferentes escenarios que involucren esta patología.(AU)

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Diferentes factores influyen en la recidiva de luxación glenohumeral. La presencia de defectos de Hill-Sachs es frecuente tras episodios de luxaciones traumáticas de hombro. Este tipo de lesiones por si solas influyen de manera directa sobre la recidiva postoperatoria. Es por esto que técnicas habituales, como lo es la reparación capsulolabral en su forma abierta o artroscópica, son insuficientes como tratamiento definitivo. Se han descrito diferentes técnicas, algunas no anatómicas y otras que son consideradas totalmente anatómicas, con el objetivo de disminuir la tasa de recidiva. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las diferentes alternativas en técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la luxación glenohumeral asociada a la presencia de un defecto óseo humeral, e intenta brindar un esquema terapéutico ante los diferentes escenarios que involucren esta patología.

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Objetivo: La alta prevalencia de lesiones condrales de rodilla que alcanza valores de 43.16% en ciruugía artroscópica según estudios en nuestro medio, asociado a su escasa capacidad reparativa, han impulsado el desaarrollo de distintas alternativas terapéuticas para alcanzar una mejoría clínica. Por otro lado, en cirugía de reconstruccción de LCA, es frecuente encontrar lesiones meniscales y condrales asociadas. El objetivo del presente estudio connsistió en evaluar retrospectivamente la incidencia, así como las características morfológicas de las lesiones condraales y osteocondrales encontradas en un grupo de pacientes en los que se realizó una reconstrucción de ligamento cruuzado anterior de rodilla. Material y Método.: Se revisan retrospectivamente 409 pacientes en los que se realizó una reconstrucción de LCA entre Junio de 1998 y marzo del 2006. De ellos 89 (21,8%) tenían al menos una lesión conndral asociada a la lesión de LCA. En este grupo se utiliza base de datos, evaluando localización, tamaño, número, así como las características morfológicas y tratamiento de las lesiones osteocondrales encontradas. Resultados: De los 89 pacientes con LCA y lesión condral, 15 son femeninos y 74 masculinos con un promedio de edad de 32,9 años.(l5-48) La localización mas frecuente fue en cóndilo femoral interno (47,2%), seguido de patela (36%) y cónndilo femoral externo (13,5 por ciento). El 65% de las lesiones corresponden a gr II Y ID de ICRS. El 28% del total tenían una segunda lesión condral y el 11 por ciento una tercera lesión condral. El 70% de los pacientes presentó lesiones meniscaales, y otras ligamentosas asociadas a la lesión condral y de LCA. En relación al tratamiento en el 17% de los casos se realizó rnicrofractura, en el 42% la lesión se estabilizó con RF, en el 7% se realizó solo debridarniento y en el 33% no se realizó tratamiento de la lesió...

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PURPOSE: To determine the incidence and morphologic characteristics of knee chondral lesions found at arthroscopy and their correlation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: This is a prospective study on 190 consecutive knee arthroscopic procedures performed between March 2003 and February 2004 by the same surgical team. The study group's age average was 34.8 years (14 to 77 years). The indication for surgery included anterior cruciate ligament tears, meniscal tears, and anterior knee pain. Patients without a preoperative MRI study were excluded. MRI reports were performed by qualified radiologists in all the cases. Chondral lesions were classified according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) classification and were included in a database along with the MRI reports. The results were analyzed statistically with analysis of variance, Pearson, kappa, and chi-square tests. RESULTS: One hundred fifteen chondral lesions in 82 patients were found during the arthroscopic procedure. Most of them were single lesions (72%) located on the medial femoral condyle (32.2%) or medial patellae (22.6%); 62.6% of the lesions were classified as ICRS type 2 or 3-A, with an average surface of 1.99 cm2. We found a significant direct correlation between the patient's age and the size of the lesion (P = .001). MRI sensitivity was 45% with a specificity of 100%. The sensitivity increased with deeper lesions (direct relation with the ICRS classification). Our results showed a statistical power of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Although unenhanced MRI using a 1.5-Tesla magnet with conventional sequences (proton density-weighted, T1-weighted, and T2-weighted) is most accurate at revealing deeper lesions and defects at the patellae, our study shows that a considerable number of lesions will remain undetected until arthroscopy, which remains the gold standard. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study of nonconsecutive patients.

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