RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of swimming exercise, without overloading, on the biomechanical parameters of the calcaneal tendon of rats. 27 male Wistar rats (70 days) were distributed randomly into 2 groups, Control Group (CG; n=15) with restricted movements inside the cage and Swimming Group (SG; n=12), subjected to exercise training in a tank with a water temperature of 30±1°C, for 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. All animals were kept in a reversed light/dark cycle of 12 h with access to food and water ad libitum. After that, they were anesthetized and had their calcaneus tendons collected from their left rear paws. The tendon was submitted to a mechanical test on a conventional test machine. From the stress vs. strain curve, the biomechanical data were analyzed. For the statistical analysis, the Student-T test was used (p<0.05). Of the variables examined, the maximum tension (p=0.009), maximum force (p=0.03), energy of deformation/tendon cross sectional area (p=0.017) and elastic modulus of the tendon (p=0.013) showed positive outcomes in SG. There was no difference in the other parameters. The results indicate that the swimming exercise training, without overloading, was an important stimulus for improving the biomechanical parameters and structural properties of the calcaneal tendon.
Assuntos
Tendão do Calcâneo/fisiologia , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , Natação/fisiologia , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
To develop a systematic review to evaluate, through the best scientific evidence available, the effectiveness of aerobic exercise in improving the biomechanical characteristics of tendons in experimental animals. Two independent assessors conducted a systematic search in the databases Medline/PUBMED and Lilacs/BIREME, using the following descriptors of Mesh in animal models. The ultimate load of traction and the elastic modulus tendon were used as primary outcomes and transverse section area, ultimate stress and tendon strain as secondary outcomes. The assessment of risk of bias in the studies was carried out using the following methodological components: light/dark cycle, temperature, nutrition, housing, research undertaken in conjunction with an ethics committee, randomization, adaptation of the animals to the training and preparation for the mechanical test. Eight studies, comprising 384 animals, were selected; it was not possible to combine them into one meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of the samples. There was a trend to increasing ultimate load without changes in the other outcomes studied. Only one study met more than 80% of the quality criteria. Physical training performed in a structured way with imposition of overloads seems to be able to promote changes in tendon structure of experimental models by increasing the ultimate load supported. However, the results of the influence of exercise on the elastic modulus parameters, strain, transverse section area and ultimate stress, remain controversial and inconclusive. Such a conclusion must be evaluated with reservation as there was low methodological control in the studies included in this review.
RESUMO
AIMS: To perform a systematic review of observational studies which analyse tendon alterations in patients with diabetes mellitus compared with healthy individuals. METHODS: Data collection was performed, with no language restriction, using the databases of PubMed/Medline, BIREME, CINAHL, LILACS and Cochrane, as well as the references found in these studies. Three reviewers performed independent extractions of articles. Subsequently, these reviewers analysed the articles, focusing on their methodological quality, using the appropriate scale to evaluate observational studies from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. RESULTS: Six articles were included in the analysis. Of these, four had used ultrasonographic diagnostics, one computed tomography and one magnetic resonance imaging. The patient pool comprised 396 individuals. All the articles evaluated tendon thickness and presented heterogeneous results. Two articles stated thickening or increased volume of the tendons in diabetic people, one article did not report any alteration, the fourth failed to determine any alterations and the fifth showed thinning of the tendons. The arrangement of collagen fibrils and the presence of calcification were analysed in only one article (n = 80), showing that 88.10% (n = 68) of individuals with diabetes presented disorientation of collagen fibril arrangement, while only 10% (n = 1) of healthy individuals presented this condition. Regarding tendon calcification, the article showed diabetic individuals with higher values than healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: All the articles indicated some relation between diabetes mellitus and tendon alterations in human beings, but due to methodological drawbacks, this association could not be sustained.
Assuntos
Tendão do Calcâneo/patologia , Glicemia/metabolismo , Calcinose/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Tendões/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Fusobacterium nucleatum is a gram-negative non-spore-forming, non-motile, obligate anaerobic rod that is normally isolated from the oral cavity. Several studies have reported a significant heterogeneity within the F. nucleatum species. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clonal diversity of F. nucleatum strains isolated from intracanal infections and to evaluate the presence of Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-like sequences in the genome of F. nucleatum. Samples were collected from 13 single-root teeth from adult patients, all having carious lesions, necrotic pulps and radiographic evidence of periradicular bone loss. F. nucleatum was isolated from two different patients (subjects 5 and 7) by culture. Amplification of 19 colonies from subject 5 and 15 colonies from subject 7 using ERIC primers resulted in four clonal types, two per subject. An intense amplicon of approximately 700 bp was generated by ERIC-PCR for all F. nucleatum isolates and F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum ATCC 10953. The amplification reaction using primer 1254 confirmed the results obtained with the ERIC primer. Our findings indicate that DNA fingerprints provided by ERIC- and Arbitrarily Primed (AP)-PCR may constitute a powerful tool for investigating F. nucleatum clonal diversity.
Assuntos
Cavidade Pulpar/microbiologia , Necrose da Polpa Dentária/microbiologia , Infecções por Fusobacterium/microbiologia , Fusobacterium nucleatum/genética , Adulto , Perda do Osso Alveolar/microbiologia , Pareamento de Bases/genética , Células Clonais , Sequência Consenso/genética , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Primers do DNA/classificação , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Amplificação de Genes , Genoma Bacteriano , Genótipo , Humanos , Sequências Repetitivas Dispersas/genética , Doenças Periapicais/microbiologia , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of selected oral pathogens in root canal infections and their relationship with symptoms using a highly sensitive technique, the polymerase chain reaction. METHODOLOGY: Samples were obtained from 91 infected teeth associated with periradicular lesions, including cases of acute periradicular abscesses. DNA was extracted from the samples and analysed for the presence of target microbial species using a PCR-based identification assay. RESULTS: All samples were positive for the presence of bacteria. Streptococcus anginosus group was detected in 16.7%, Fusobacterium nucleatum in 14.3%, and Bacteroides forsythus in 7.1% of the abscess samples. No pus sample yielded Actinomyces israelii, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or fungal species. In general, B. forsythus was found in 20% of the cases (16 of 80), S. anginosus in 12% (6 of 50), F. nucleatum in 10% (6 of 60) and A. israelii in 5% (two of 40). A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any case. Fungi were present in only one of 50 cases (2%). There was no correlation between the species and symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Direct molecular approaches appear to be a valuable tool for the rapid and reliable diagnosis of infectious diseases, as well as for research purposes. There was no correlation between target microbial species and symptoms.
Assuntos
Cavidade Pulpar/microbiologia , Doenças da Polpa Dentária/microbiologia , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Ribossômico/genética , Actinomyces/genética , Actinomicose/diagnóstico , Adulto , Bacteroides/classificação , Bacteroides/genética , Infecções por Bacteroides/diagnóstico , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Infecções por Fusobacterium/diagnóstico , Fusobacterium nucleatum/genética , Humanos , Razão de Chances , Abscesso Periapical/microbiologia , Doenças Periapicais/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Infecções Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Streptococcus/classificação , Streptococcus/genéticaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of selected oral pathogens in root canal infections and their relationship with symptoms using a highly sensitive technique, the polymerase chain reaction. Samples were obtained from 91 infected teeth associated with periradicular lesions, including cases of acute periradicular abscesses. DNA was extracted from the samples and analysed for the presence of target microbial species using a PCR-based identification assay. All samples were positive for the presence of bacteria. Streptococcus anginosus group was detected in 16.7 percent, Fusobacterium nucleatum in 14.3 percent, and Bacteroides forsythus in 7.1 percent of the abscess samples. No pus sample yielded Actinomyces israelii, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans or fungal species. In general, B. forsythus was found in 20 percent of the cases (16 of 80), S. anginosus in 12 percent (6 of 50), F. nucleatum in 10 percent (6 of 60) and A. israelii in 5 percent (two of 40). A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any case. Fungi were present in only one of 50 cases (2 percent). There was no correlation between the species and symptoms. Direct molecular approaches appear to be a valuable tool for the rapid and reliable diagnosis of infectious diseases, as well as for research purposes. There was no correlation between target microbial species and symptoms
Assuntos
Cavidade Pulpar , Genes de RNAr , InfecçõesRESUMO
La cadena estilohioídea está mereciendo, considerable atención debido a la gran incidencia del alargue de uno de sus elementos llamado proceso estiloide del hueso temporal, que caracteriza al Síndromede Eagle, llegando a alcanzar el 28 por ciento de la población. Nuestro trabajo tiene como objetivo describir un método de disección macroscópica para un abordaje de la cadena estilohioídea. Utilizando 15 regiones del cuello de cadáveres humanos, de sexo masculino se obtuvieron 30 cadenas estilohioídeas a través del método de disección macroscópica, observándose que el método de acceso por etapas, a partir de ambas extremidades de la cadena, es el que ofrece menor riesgo de lesión del ligamento estiloihíodeo preservándose, de esta manera, la integridad de la cadena estilohioídea
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Osso Hioide , Osso Temporal , Cadáver , Dissecação/métodos , Osso Hioide , Ligamentos , Mandíbula/patologiaRESUMO
Endodontic sealers that possess both optimum flow ability and antimicrobial properties may theoretically assist in the elimination of microorganisms located in confined areas of the root canal system. The antimicrobial effects and the flow rate of the following sealers were investigated and compared: Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT, Grossman's Sealer, ThermaSeal, Sealer 26, AH Plus, and Sealer Plus. The agar diffusion test was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of the sealers. In the flow assay, the sealers were placed between two glass slabs and a weight of 500 g was placed on the top of the glass. The diameters of the formed discs were recorded. All root canal sealers tested showed some antimicrobial activity against most of the microorganisms. There were no significant differences between the materials tested (p > 0.05). All root canal sealers also flowed under the conditions of this study. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that AH Plus and Kerr Pulp Canal Sealer EWT had flow values significantly superior to the other sealers tested (p > 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that these sealers have the potential to help in the microbial control in the root canal system.
Assuntos
Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Materiais Restauradores do Canal Radicular/farmacologia , Ágar , Análise de Variância , Antibacterianos , Anti-Infecciosos/química , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bismuto/química , Bismuto/farmacologia , Hidróxido de Cálcio/química , Hidróxido de Cálcio/farmacologia , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cavidade Pulpar/microbiologia , Enterococcus faecalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Resinas Epóxi/química , Resinas Epóxi/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Imunodifusão , Lacticaseibacillus casei/efeitos dos fármacos , Teste de Materiais , Porphyromonas gingivalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Prevotella/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Reologia , Materiais Restauradores do Canal Radicular/química , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Streptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Cimento de Óxido de Zinco e Eugenol/química , Cimento de Óxido de Zinco e Eugenol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Bacteroides fragilis isolates from intestinal and non-intestinal infections, normal flora and the environment were examined for properties linked with interactions among cells in vitro. Different adhesion molecules were detected in agglutination assays with human erythrocytes and tests for auto-agglutination and adherence to human colon carcinoma cells (HT29). There was no correlation between these properties, indicating that independent molecules are involved. Treatment with trypsin, heat or EDTA inhibited agglutination and adherence, suggesting that these molecules are proteins. The lack of correlation with the origin of the strains did not permit any of these activities to be recognised as virulence markers. The expression of fragilysin, a protease associated with damage to intestinal cells and bacterial translocation, was examined. Only those strains from patients with diarrhoea expressed this protease activity in assays with HT29 cells and this was confirmed by specific PCR for the bft gene. The activity of fragilysin as an enterotoxin was confirmed in the rabbit intestinal ligated loop assay. The association of this property only with strains from intestinal infections indicates that it is too early to suggest this protease as a determinant factor of B. fragilis invasiveness.
Assuntos
Infecções por Bacteroides/microbiologia , Bacteroides fragilis/patogenicidade , Testes de Aglutinação , Animais , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteroides fragilis/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteroides fragilis/genética , Ácido Edético/farmacologia , Enterotoxinas/genética , Células HT29 , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Íleo/microbiologia , Enteropatias/microbiologia , Metaloendopeptidases/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Coelhos , Propriedades de Superfície , Tripsina/farmacologia , Virulência , Microbiologia da Água , Poluição da ÁguaRESUMO
Bacteroides fragilis is a component of the normal intestinal flora and an important pathogen in nonintestinal endogenous infections. It has been associated with enteric infections and has already been detected in polluted water. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of B. fragilis, a total of 31 isolates and two reference strains were examined. This collection included strains from nonintestinal infections [12], intestinal infections [5], intestinal microflora [10], aquatic environments [4], and the reference strains ATCC 25285 and ATCC 23745. DNA fingerprints were detected using two separate PCR reactions with different arbitrary primers. The computer-assisted system Taxotron (Institut Pasteur, Dr P. Grimont) was used to analyze the profiles obtained and dendrograms were generated. By using a distance of 0.65 as the threshold, two clusters (hereafter referred to as genotypes I and II) were defined. Strains of differents origins could be distributed into both genotypes. We were unable to detect any obvious correlation between a given genotype and the specific disease or the source of the corresponding strains.
Assuntos
Bacteroides fragilis/isolamento & purificação , Bacteroides fragilis/classificação , Bacteroides fragilis/genética , Variação Genética , Intestinos/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Microbiologia da Água , Poluição da ÁguaRESUMO
Bacteriodes fragilis isolated from aquatic environment, from infectious process and from human feces were compared as to their outer membrane protein electrophoretic profiles after staining with Coomassie blue and reacting with antibodies prepared against whole-cell antigens of a reference strain from a clinical source. A marked homogeneity was found among the strains with these methodologies. The profiles of all strains obtained after radio-iodination of the intact cell showed qualitative similarity when compared with the profiles obtained by the other methods. Thus, these data allow us to suggest the designation of the peptides observed in the autoradiograms as surface-exposed proteins. Differences observed in the autoradiograms in the expression of bands mainly detected at a molecular weight of 28 in the commensal strain 118,310 defined previously as avirulent, in addition to a distinction in the titres of agglutination with the sera tested and lower reactivity in the immunoblotting assays, suggest a relationship of the B. fragilis surface architecture with the virulence potential as well as with the origin of the strain.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/análise , Infecções por Bacteroides/microbiologia , Bacteroides fragilis/química , Testes de Aglutinação , Animais , Bacteroides fragilis/isolamento & purificação , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Humanos , Immunoblotting , CoelhosRESUMO
Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from different sources, i.e. 1 strain (AA1) from an aquatic environment, 1 strain from normal flora (118310) and the type strain (ATCC 25285) originally isolated from clinical material, were analysed for both cell envelope proteins composition and surviving under oxidative stress starvation. All strains examined showed a similar survival response when cultured in drinking water with a ten-fold decrease in viable counts per day during the 7 days of analysis. The outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles of all strains were quite similar during the stress period as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, the periplasmic proteins of the strain 118310 showed two protein bands at 48 and 58 kDa, respectively, that were absent in the strains AA1 and ATCC 25285 during the incubation period in potable water. Whole cells and periplasmic 35S-labelled proteins from bacteria cultured in drinking water showed a significant increase in proteins at 16, 18, 24, 26, 35, 48, and 58 kDa and 18, 22, 24, 48, 58, and 70 kDa, respectively, in all strains when compared to cells grown in BHI-PRAS media as detected by autoradiography following SDS-PAGE. These data suggest that B. fragilis may have a synthesis mechanism that allows them to adapt to adverse environments.
Assuntos
Bacteroides fragilis/química , Bacteroides fragilis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/análise , Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , HumanosRESUMO
In order to investigate the relationship among virulent and avirulent Bacteroides fragilis strains, SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins (WP) and periplasmic proteins (PP) were used to establish a protein profile of strains isolated from human infections, fecal flora and environmental water. Despite different sources of the strains, no significant differences were observed as determined by the WP SDS-PAGE analysis. In contrast, the proteins obtained from the bacterial periplasm showed differences in the electrophoretic protein profile. Two distinct PP profile patterns were obtained. Pattern A included 6 out of the 8 virulent strains and pattern B, 6 out of 8 avirulent strains. Interestingly, an environmental strain that was capable of inducing abscesses in mice, had a PP profile highly similar to that of the virulent strains from human infections. These data indicate that PP from B. fragilis may be useful to characterize differences among virulent and avirulent strains. Moreover, strains isolated from environmental water may also be a source of exogenous infections by B. fragilis.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Bacteroides fragilis/química , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Bacteroides/microbiologia , Bacteroides fragilis/classificação , Bacteroides fragilis/patogenicidade , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Periplasma/química , Virulência , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
The lingual nerves from ten mice were examined so that normal axonal populations could be determined. After perfusion fixation, they were removed and processed, and sections were taken from nerves for transmission electron microscopy. The fiber-diameter spectrum of unmyelinated fibers for the mouse lingual nerve is characterized by a unimodal curve with the more pronounced peak in the medium diameter fiber range (0.28 µm). The spectrum from the myelinated fibers also shows a population of axons of the lingual nerve (0.22-3.2 µm) that reflects different functional specialzations. These data establish some baseline values for morphological evaluation of the effects of experimental lingual nerve damage
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Nervo Lingual/anatomia & histologia , Terminações Pré-Sinápticas/fisiologia , Axônios , Língua/inervação , Terminações Pré-SinápticasRESUMO
The lingual nerves from ten mice were examined so that normal axonal populations could be determined. After perfusion fixation, they were removed and processed, and sections were taken from nerves for transmission electron microscopy. The fiber-diameter spectrum of unmyelinated fibers for the mouse lingual nerve is characterized by a unimodal curve with the more pronounced peak in the medium-diameter fiber range (0.28 micron). The spectrum from the myelinated fibers also shows a population of axons of the lingual nerve (0.22-3.2 microns) that reflects different functional specializations. These data establish some baseline values for morphological evaluation of the effects of experimental lingual nerve damage.